Who is the first black president

Someone that I know has been posting that Barack Obama is not the first African-American President, that indeed there was an African-American President before him, John Hanson.

I did my own research and found that John Hanson was the President of the Constitutional Congress, something quite different than the President of the United States (considering the United States wasn't even formed then). I also found that the John Hanson that was the President of the Constitutional Congress was not African, he was indeed Swedish.

I have found web sites that claim there is a cover-up about John Hanson and say that he was an African and that history has been changed to make him appear white. They have a photo of a man that they claim to be him. However, I don't believe these claims. I don't know who the man in the photos is, but I do know that there was a John Hanson who lived a hundred years after the John Hanson that I'm looking for, he was from Liberia and African—but NOT the president of the Constitutional Congress.

I am wondering if you can help clear the air in some way. The only reason I have a problem believing what they say, is because of the time period that they claim this happened in. There is no way that the people of that era would have voted for an African President of anything. I obviously don't agree with discrimination and racism, I just believe that given the circumstances of that time, the claims of John Hanson (president of the Continental Congress) are untrue. Will you please help me prove this to my friend, beyond doubt?

Answer

John Hanson, who held the office that was known officially as "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" from November 5, 1781 to November 4, 1782, died in November 1783 long before the invention of photography. The African-American man in the photograph that you saw on a website could not have been this John Hanson.

The possibility remains that the John Hanson in question had one or more African ancestors, either known or not known to his colleagues or even to himself. J. Bruce Kremer, one of Hanson's biographers, states that Hanson's grandfather and his three brothers emigrated in 1642 from Sweden to the recently formed New Sweden settlement on the Delaware River with newly appointed Governor Johan Printz. Kremer points out that one of the Hanson brothers, Andrew, had the same name as "Andrew Hanson, freeman, who once worked as a farmhand" for New Sweden landowner and military leader Lieutenant Måns Kling, the owner of a tobacco plantation on the Schuylkill.

Whether this Andrew was the same man as John Hanson's great-uncle, "must be a matter of conjecture," Kremer concludes.

One could conjecture, therefore, that John Hanson had an African ancestor as he may have been related to a man described as a freeman, that is, a freed black slave. Yet, the term freeman, in the context of the 17th-century New Sweden colony, did not indicate a freed black slave, as one might assume. According to Gregory B. Keen of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, who has researched and written about the New Sweden colony, "The 'freemen' (frimännen)— so called because they had settled in the colony entirely of their own will, and might leave it at their option—held land granted them in fee, temporarily not taxed, which they cultivated for themselves, being aided also by the [Swedish West India] Company with occasional gifts of money, food, and raiment." Such "freemen" were distinguished from criminals forced to leave Sweden who had to work for a few years in New Sweden before they were classified as frimännen.

Those who believe that John Hanson was black might argue that his signing of the Proclamation of the Freemen of Maryland lends credence to the claim of African heritage. The Freemen of Maryland, however, was not an association of freed black slaves but of men advocating resistance to what they perceived as British tyranny in the period that led to the colonists' break with England. On July 26, 1775, the Freemen of Maryland resolved that the American colonies "be put into a state of defense" and approved armed resistance to British troops.

The Internet provides proponents of conspiracy theories with a way to reach a vast audience. Googling the phrase "John Hanson first black president" retrieves more than 350,000 hits. One website argues that because Hanson's signature is not to be found on the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, and that a black man appears in the engraving on the back of the two-dollar bill of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, therefore a conspiracy to keep knowledge of Hanson's African-American identity from the public must have occurred. Yet Hanson was not a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1776, the year in which all but one of the signers signed the Declaration. Hanson died before the Constitution was created. Hanson, however, as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention beginning in June 1780 did sign and ratify the Articles of Confederation on March 1, 1781. In addition, while the skin color of one figure on the back of the two-dollar bill is ambiguous, the engraving was based on the painting in the U.S. Capitol by John Trumbull of the signing of the Declaration. In the painting, none of the figures have black or brown skin.

Historians cannot claim to prove "beyond doubt" that occurrences in the past did or did not happen. In a recent book on historical epistemology, Allan Megill acknowledges that historians cannot provide proofs of absolute certainty to support knowledge claims about the past. "Some persons of hypercritical bent demand that all knowledge be certain knowledge," he writes. "Following established philosophical tradition, they take all certain knowledge to fall into one of two categories. These are, on the one hand, the immediately certain knowledge of one's experience and, on the other, the logical certainty that is accorded to valid deductive reasoning. Neither of these forms of certainty is attainable to historical knowledge, however." Even a seemingly indisputable factual proposition such as "Napoleon Bonaparte existed," Megill argues, cannot be proven with absolute certainty since the past cannot be experienced in the present and Napoleon's past existence cannot be proven using logical deductive reasoning.

Rather than look for proof "beyond doubt" of beliefs about the past, historians instead should try to determine how well beliefs in question help, in Megill's words, "make sense of the totality of the historical record." In cases in which two or more accounts are credible, he advises that "the responsible historian will clearly indicate that the matter is not beyond dispute."

Historians then will examine evidence that supports rival claims and judge which is the best explanation on the basis of such evidence, an operation he terms "inference to the best explanation." In cases in which one account "is far better at accounting for the totality of the data than the alternatives," he insists that "the historian has every right to claim that such-and-such was the case."

With regard to John Hanson, historians thus have the right to claim that he was not black, with one caveat. As with all European Americans, Hanson may have had African ancestors in the far distant past if the arguments of scientists who claim that all humans have roots in African hominids are to be accepted, as opposed to the views of scientists who offer claims that humans developed independently in multiple regions.

By Reuters Staff

Shared thousands of times on Facebook, posts claim that a man named “John Hansen,” rather than Barack Obama, was the first Black president of the U.S., that he was president before George Washington, and that he “ran the country when America got (its) independence from the British.” The claims made in these posts are false.

Reuters Fact Check. REUTERS/Axel Schmidt

Examples of these posts can be found here , here , and here .  

The posts confuse two men by the name of John Hanson, misspelled as “Hansen,” one white and the other Black.

The image of the Black man shows an early daguerreotype photo of John Hanson, viewable here , published between 1856 and 1860. Hanson, a former slave who had purchased his own freedom, arrived in Liberia in 1827, where he became a merchant and later a senator in Grand Bassa County, Liberia (here, here ). 

Hanson’s daguerreotype, part of a series of portraits of African American leaders in Liberia, was taken by Augustus Wilson, a free Black man associated with the American Colonization Society.  Founded in 1816, the society, whose members included future presidents Andrew Jackson and James Monroe, advocated the creation of a colony in western Africa for the formerly enslaved. In 1847, that colony achieved independence and became the nation of Liberia ( here ). Eleven thousand African Americans emigrated to Liberia between 1820 and 1864, 7,000 of whom gained freedom from slavery by agreeing to emigrate (  here  ). More information on the American Colonization Society, provided by the Virginia Center for Digital History at the University of Virginia, can be found here .  

The white John Hanson, described in the Facebook posts as “president before George Washington,” was the first president of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the agreement the U.S. government operated under before the advent of the Constitution in 1781 (  here  ). A portrait of this John Hanson can be found here .  

Ratified in 1781 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation “created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments” (  here  ). A delegate to the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782, Hanson served as president of the congress from 1781 to 1782 (  here  ). There was no national executive under the Articles of Confederation, however, and Hanson’s position had no broad executive powers  (  here  ).  

On April 1, 2014, the Library of Congress published a post called “Don’t Be Fooled by Primary Sources, this misinformation may have started as an April Fool’s joke ( here ).  

The Library explains: “When people search the Library’s Web site, loc.gov, for an image of president John Hanson, they often find—and sometimes publish — (the image of the Liberian statesman) from our daguerreotype collection.” They note that “the daguerreotype process wasn’t even invented until the 1830s,” over half a century after the death of Continental Congress President John Hanson.

On January 21, 2009, Barack Obama was inaugurated as the 44th president of the United States, making history as the nation’s first Black president ( here  ). 

Reuters previously fact-checked a similar claim where social media posts had mistakenly identified a Black Abraham Lincoln, here. 

VERDICT

False. The John Hanson shown in the image of the daguerreotype was a senator in Liberia. He is not the same person as the John Hanson who served as first president of the Continental Congress.

This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Read more about our fact-checking work  here  .           

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.