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the coal diggers are obviously entitled to higher cannot cope with the situation and bring about a rewages," remarks the Chambersburg "Public Opinion. "But sumption of coal mining that will be adequate for the country's needs. It must do so or fail in its obligait adds that "neither the miners any organized tion. minority has the right to plunge the country into "The United States has passed through too many dark hours; faced too many grave crises, to allow the obe stinacy and unjust demands of a small class her citizens whether that class be coal mine operators or coal miners to bring disaster upon the whole people. The coal strike is bound to end in victory for the great majority, just as every other great meno ace to the nation's welfare in the past has ended."
Blame for the present crises is placed by the Pitts burgh "Press" on the shoulders of the Government and the operators because they have "insisted upon the technicality that the war is not over and that tho miners are therefore bound by their agreement until March 31, 1920." A similar view of the case is pressed by the "Citizen", of Columbus, Ohio, which af. firms that "the nation should not be plunged into in. dustrial war by insistence upon a technicality." So, too, says the "Daily News", of Lima, Ohio, which de. claros however, that "the demands of the miners unjust," and that "the strike cannot be settled any. where but at a conference table." "The strike is il. legal" insists the Cleveland "Plain Dealer". Turning to Indiana, which with the States already named makes up the Central Competitive Field, we find the Lafayette "Journal" declaring confidently that the strike will fail because the rights of the public are
SOMEBODY ELSE CAN STRIKE, TOO! ---Evans in the Baltimore American.
economic and social cheos to obtain the merited increase;" and it goes on to say:
"A labor autocracy is as dangerous as a capital autocracy; classism must be submerged, and it will be. Our form of government is on trial and our Government will win this civil war, as it did in 1861-65. But because the Government will win is no why the coal operators should receive an unfair share of the profits from coal production. The matter must be fairly arbitrated."
The people will uphold the Government, predicts the Nilkesbarre "Record", and "when the radicals see that they can not make headway, the strike will collapse." The probable end, thinks the Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, "Evening Journal", will be "a compromise, with the miners gaining some concessions resulting in an increased price for coal which will be passed along to the public." The Lancaster "Intelligencer" thinks the demands of the miners are "unreasonable," but it minds us that "on their side of the question may be placed their assertion that they have not been given continuous employnent." "He has small faith in the soundness of the foundations upon which the American cormonwealth ręsts who imagines for a moment that the present conspiracy against the Government of the United States, under the guise of a strike of the bituninous coal miners, can succeed,' says the Philadelphia "Publio Ledger." And in the Erie "Times" read: "It is inconceivable that the Federal Government
"No strike which prostrates the prosperity of the nation, defies the power of organized society, and endangers the health and the lives of the millions can Page 3
eral Governments that," asserts the Providence "Journal" (Ind.) "is what the Coolidge triumph means. The New York "Sun" (Ind.) is confident that "as the mob was beaten in Massachusetts so it will be beaten in other states. And we read in the New York "Times" (Dem.): "Massachusetts expressed the will of the people of every other State, of the whole United States. It was a representative election. The American people are, perhaps, a little too tolerant, good-natured, easy. Perhaps they are a little too lazy. They put up with a good deal. Once in a while, and always when their essential welfare is at stake, they show what they are, what they think, what they mean...... In all the great industrial cities where this radical foam and froth has been most evident, they made inanifest again the stem determination of Americans that their polity Bhall not be changed by the preachers of crazy exotio theories." Altho Governor Coolidge's victory was overwhelming, his success had by no means been taken for granted. Ealf-2-dozen Governors came from other states to speak for him, as did also Senator Lodge and ex-President Talt. His opponent, Richard H. Long, whom Ir. Coolidge only narrowly defeated in last year's gubernatorial campaign, made a vigorous and spectacular race and was supported by the more radical labor element. His reply to the Governor's "law-and-order" slogan was the retort that the Governor stood for "the Prussian law and order that were used in high office to crush justico and humanity." He declared that the Governor was re. sponsible for and could have prevented the riots in Boston, but his appeal for radical votes and partico ularly his pledge to re-instate the Boston police strikers lost him the support of some of the leading Democratic newspapers. The Boston "Post" (Dem.), which has the largest circulation of any newspaper in New England, came out strongly for Coolidge, and after the election said of the result: "Massachusetts did herself proud yesterday, and the one supreme meaning of her day's work is that she tolerates no assault upon the majesty of her laws or upon the right of her people to be safeguarded in a law. abiding existence. That is the message she sends out to the Union today, and it is a message of cheer and confidence." Fundamentally, says the Boston "Herald" (Rep.) "the outcome shows that the people o: llassachusetts believe in law and order; that they adhere to the ancient traditions of the Commonwealth; that they prefer Bay State conditions to Russia; that they are not ready for a Soviet Government or for the ideals of the Bolsheviki." Massachusetts struck a good blow at Bolshevism" in reelecting Governor Coolidge, says the indem pendent New Bedford "liercury." "llassachusetts is vindicated", declares the Worcester "Gazette", "the blotch put upon her fair name when Boston for time turned over to the mob has been effectively erased." It tells the European Bolshevists that if they had hoped for encouragement from discords in this country
"they can now brood upon their disappointment." And"if that minority of residents of the United States bred to anarchy under depotism abroad" thought on the morning of election day they were soon to see the red flag wave triumphant on this hemisphere, they knew the morna ing after that "there is no place for their hideous doctrines in America." "The Gazette" finds a special cause for gratification in the l'assachusetts result in that it will "stiffen the heart and backbone of every executive in the land." It was "a terrific blow to hudding Bolshevism in the United States" which tho llassachusetts voters delivered in the first "clear test of the American attitude toward radicalism of the rubicund type," observes the Lovell "Courier-Citizen," (Rep.) which wishes to voice its admiration for and its trust in "the sterling judgment of the great middle class." This class may be derided by radicals "stupid" and "stodgy" but "you can tie to it in pinch and feel perfectly safe. It brought this country, safely and victoriously, through a great war and it will bring it back to normal decency in the ensuing peace despite all this Bolshevist insanity and Bolshea vist intellectualism which amounts to the same thing." In Governor Coolidge's home city of Northampton “The Hanpshire Gazette" (Rep.) calls the vote for the Gove ernor "not a party matter, but a life and death mattor for security of person and property." The Boston "Globe" (Dem.) and Springfield "Union" (Rep.) call at. tention to the failure of Governor Coolidge's opponent to win over the labor vote in such numbers as he pected. Governor Coolidge has offered his om explanation of why such "an adroit attempt" to "enlist orcanized labor against law and order" failed. In die election night statement he said:
"The nien of Massachusetts are not labor men, oi poi licemen, or union men, or poor men,or rich men, or any other class of men first. They are Americans first. The wage earners have shown by their votos that they resent trying to use them for private interests. They are for the Government. American institutions are safe in their hands." Such an impressive victory in a doubtful state and upon what is becoming a great national issue "the foremost national issue", says the Springfield paper just quoted has naturally thrust Governor Coolidge into the limelight for the Republican nomination for President in 1920. On every side in the Massachusetts capital, writes the Boston correspondent of the New York "Times", "is heard the prediction that the namno of Calvin Coolidge will be heard from in the next Re. publican Presidential convention. Upon which the Democratic Boston "Post" comments rather sympathetically: "The Republican party is not rich just now in polito ical timber of the White House size, and Governor Coolidge looms well in comparison with others tioned.
foresee any fatal clash on the immediate concerns of the Conference, which in the matter of hours, unemploy• ment, and protection of women and children may be summed up as an attempt to minimize the hazards of labor." The opening of this conference, notos the Newark "News", marks "the most advanced step yet taken to es. tablish and extend standards for safeguarding the phys ical and moral welfare of workers everywhere." "This conference is important," declares Ernest Mahaim, one of the government representatives in the Belgian dele. gation, "because all social relations depend tho settlement of the labor question." "I believe," says J. Onde geest, labor representative in the delegation from Holland "that the conference can allay the violent unrest of revolution now working in the minds of
may result from the International Labor Conference now in session in Washington only benefit the United States, whatever its economio effects in some other countries may be, cheerfully declares the Chicago "Daily News", 'For thie labor standards of the United States are already high. We are i "short-hour and high-wage country," and as such have 1 special interest in any movement shorten the bours and increase the wages of labor in nations which are our commercial competitors. We have hitherto used tariff's to protect ourselves from overworked and underpaid foreign labor, remarks the "Daily News", but the International Labor Conference, in this session and in succeeding sessions, professes to intend to attack overworked and underpaid foreign labor at its source." We read further:
"The Treaty especially provides that no government Bhall even be asked to 'lessen the protection afforded by its existing legislation to the workers concerned.' The topics scheduled by the Treaty for discussion at this present conference are the length of the workday, the prevention of unemployment, the work of women and children in industry and prohibition of the of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches. In respect of all these topics, it seems quite unlikely that the standards now reached by the United States could possibly be exceeded by any concerted decision of twothirds of the nations belonging to the League of Nations. "If certain low standard countries can be persuaded to limit their hours of work the United States will be distinctly benefited through being relieved of a sort of international competition which is now beginning to be called unfair. We have long discussed international unfair competition in such matters as the infringement of patents and of copyrights and in such matters nisbranding and dumping. We are now beginning. to discuss unfair competition in the matter of the hours and wages of labor. The final end of the international labor conference, by necessity, will be to try to reorganize and remove unfair competition in labor costs!
This gathering in the Pan-American Building of somo two hundred delegates and expert advisers from more than thirty countries is described by Louis Levine in the New York "Worla" as "the first concrete manifestation of that international government which President Wilson and the Allied statesmen wish to establish. It is, in fact, part of the structure of the League of Nations, and its annual gathering is provided for in the the Peace Treaty. To quote Mr. Levine further: "The International Labor Conference is an official body. It meets under the provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The delegation from each country includes men and women who officially represent their Government, The rules provide that each country may have four delegates, two of whom ap pointed directly by the Government. As the Govern ments are obligated morally by the deliberations of the conference, it was deemed desirable to give them a numerioal preponderance in the proceedings, of the other two delegates from each country one represents the employers and the other the wage earners, "I talked to delegates of employers and of workers and to Government officials from various countries. Evidently what all hope for is that the conference will equalize conditions of labor throughout the world as much as possible. This would allay the fear of unfair commercial competition between the nations. The workers and employers discuss their industrial probe lem from a national point of view. that they must do everything in their power to maintain their position in the markets of their own country as well as in foreign countries. But they realize that this must not and cannot be done at the expense of the laboring people. The only other way out is to eliminate the lower and undesirable forms of competition by lifting labor in all countries to a higher level. At present labor in backward countries acts as a drag on the workers of the more advanced countries, Not only is there excessive migration of cheap and ploited labor to countries of higher standards. There is also in many cases unfair competition between manufacturers which results in economic and commercial irritation between nations and breeds the germs of That is why they insist that the problem of labor is international. "The practical international aspect of labor legis. lation explains the limited scope of the programme of the conference. The topics for consideration at this first meeting are the application of the eight-hour day, or of the forty-eight hour week;provision against unemployment; the employment of women in unhealthy
Nobody predicts for the International Labor Conference any such disastrous experiences as stultified and wrecked our own Industrial Conference in the same city For, as the New York "Evening Post" remarks, "the Industrial Conference failed because it set to work without a definite program, and because , quence, it plunged immediately into 'Pundamentals' which might well have been postponed until the machinery and spirit of conciliation had learned to Iunca In the case of the International Conference, this danger has been provided against. As the samo paper reminds us, "its program has been laid down in the Treaty of Versailles, and its procedure has doubt been outlined in the course of several months of preliminary work that has been going on in Paris and London. The "Evening Post" therefore "cannot
three years, several of the laws having gone into efPect since the end of the war. In addition, in September of this year Government bills for an eight-hour day in industry were pending in Belgium and Denmark, and a similar measure for a forty-eight-hour week has been prepared and introduced by the Government in Great Britain. The delegation from Sweden upon landing in New York last week announced that 'just before we sailed both Houses of Parliament passed the eighthour-day law'."
Turning to the subject of unemployment we read:
occupations during the night, as well as before and after childbirth; the employment of children; and the extension and application of the conventions adopted at Berne in 1906 on the prohibition of the of 'white phosphorous in the manufacture of matches." In preparation for this conference a committee has been collecting since April statistics relating to the status and conditions of labor in various countries. Some of the results of this research are summarized in the New York "Evening Post" by John B. Andrews, Secretary of the American Association for Labor Legislation, and Technical Adviser to the Organizing Committee of the International Labor Conference, On the subject of the eight-hour day Mr. Ardreva says: " Particular interest has been manifested in the proposal for international recognition of the eight-hour day, or the forty-eight-hour week perhaps the most far-reaching question that will come before the ference. Official data bearing upon the world-wide movement toward shorter hours, both through labor lego islation and through voluntary agreements,clearly disclose that, in spite of more or less superficial differences in form, scope and method, the modern industrial countries are moving together toward the shortened workday. Moreover, in the last five years, since Che outbreak of the World War, the tendency in this direction has been much accelerated. "Sixteen countries and the Australian State of New South Wales are enumerated as having eight-hour laws which apply in general to most industrial establish ments. The new States of Czecho-Slovakia, Finland and Poland have already passed legislation of this type, the latter setting up a forty-six-hour week as well as an eight-hour day. In New South Wales and New Zealand the few eight-hour laws are of fairly long standing, but in almost all the other States , (which include Ecuador, France, German-Austria, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Druguay) the legislation was passed within the last
"Unemployment is characterized by the committee as 'one of the most subtle and pervading diseases of the present industrial system.' While the of unemployment have long been generally known, nevertheless the conference will have to grapple with the fact that while in every civilized country numerous thorities study the problem and collect statistics, and an International Association on Unemployment with sixteen national sections is also maintained, yet information the nature and extent of unemployment, especially in its international aspects, is wholly inadequate. Measures taken by the Government against unemployment are divided into two classes, those for prevention and those for relief. "Among preventive measures, the provision of public employment offices which provide knowledge of the state of the labor market and shorten the period of joblessness, is by far the most widespread. No less than twenty-one countries, including the new territory of Czecho-Slovakia and Jugo-Slavia, Japan, several South American countries, the United States, five out of six Australian states, and the principal countries of Europe, have set up a more or less complete system. In several cases, notably in the United States, the offices are for the most part a creation of the war emergency. Great Britain had the most strongly organized permanent national system. And Great Britain, with 3,500,000 workers insured under a compulsory scheme supported by contributions from employers, employees and the State, illustrates the possibilities of a wide development of insurance against the unemployment evil."
the League of Nations, the Portland "Oregonian" cites "a great array of well authenticated facts," contained in a recent pamphlet op "The Solvency of the Allies," published by the Guaranty Trust Company of New York. Observe how the nations of Europe are "pressing their cargoes to our shores in steadily increasing volume," exclaims the New York "Sun," which presents figures showing the rapid increase in exports from belligerent and neutral nations, even including such "war-wrecks" as Germany, Austria, and Russia, since the fighting ended, "armies of belligerents and armies of neutrals alike demobilizing and returning to the pursuits 'of peace now deliver their strokos and fashion their wares to freight deeply laden argosios for our golden market." Meanwhile, "our national leaders talk, national workers idle and quarrel; Lord help the Unit. ed States trade target of the world!" But while we are facing future European competition, Europe has her own very present problem of American competition, Everybody knows that the war made us an exporting instead of an importing nation, though the Boston "News Bureau" cites figures showing a gradual decrease in our favorable "balance of trade" since the first of the year. Every day, says an Amsterdan correspondent to the New York "Evening Post", "n signs appear of the investment of American capital in Europe." He notes in particular investments in CzechoSlovakia and Jugo-Slavia, In commerce, he says, ican competition is felt everywhere." It is with Great Britain that our sharpest trade rivalry is to come, various authorities assert. According to a London dispatch to the New York "Evening Sun", "What threatens most to disturb a friendship full of promise is the rivalry in trade." That there will be inoreased competition between this country and Great Britain is evident enough, remarks the "Journal of Commerce", but there is "a rather violent conflict of ideas as to what the consequences will be." Mackay Edgar, an English authority, has recently declared that England's struggle with America. for trade supremacy may last twenty years, but that America's present lead is not so very commanding, that it will be reduced quickly, and that Britain has a far brighter comercial future than America. Sir Auckland Goddes recently made the statement that:
no parallel in pre-war days." Our leaders of finance, declares one of the business experts who writes for the Ilew York "Evening Post", "are convinced that this country is on the eve of the sharpest competition in its history." At the International Trade Conference at Atlantic City the keynote of the speech of welcome to the foreign delegates was this: "We shall be competitors, but let us be friendly competitors", and the delegates did their best to insure the friendliness of this corapetition by planning a World Trade League to keep trade rivalries from endangering the world's peace. As the Brooklyn "Eagle" comments some of the speeches made by the visiting business of Europe it notes that "the more intimate the contact tiae greater the certainty of keen competition. It is true, adds "The Eagle", "that when we help others we help ourselves, but it is also true that we help them to regain their ability to compete." The ability of western European nations to resume competition in international trade in spite of the war's devastation is testified by many observers. As proof that the Allies are not bankrupt, even though a United States Senator said they were while debating
can competition, and cites a large number of facts showing America's advantage in the coming trade test. These are concerned largely with America's ability to produce such things as coal,steel, and ships more cheaply than Great Britain.
Opinion in this country naturally divides much does British opinion. Our New York "Sun", for instance, first points out that "Great Britain with her low pound, like Germany with her low mark, undersell us, other things being equal, in any market not excepting our own home market." It notes the steady gain of British exports month by month since January and the increasing imports of raw materials to be made into finished products for export. England's favorable position is attributed to early planning, wise leadership, hard work and patriotic co-operation. In short, concludes "The Sun"
WAT THE BOSS", a recent editorial in William Randolph Hearst's New New York "Evening Journal" mentioning "Boss" Líurphy, of Tammany Hall, in rather uncomplimentary terms, and characterized by the Brooklyn "Eagle" as "vitriolic", provided the opening wedge in a Tammany-Hearst split that to a distant observer like the Los Angeles "Times", 'cannot fail to have an important bearing on the next Presidential election." "Nearer home, too, the Hearst-Tammany rupture seems' to the New York newspapers to be complete, and they believe the fight will go into the Presidential election of 1920, and that the climax will be reached in the New York Layoralty election of 1921. To the Tammany forces have been added former Mayor George B. McClellan, who broke with Leader Murphy fourteen years ago. The Springfield "Republican", well known for its acute political sense, wishes to know if anyone can be sure that Hearst "is not clearing the way for the part he means to play next year in the contest for the Presidency", and adds, bearing in mind that "there's a reason" for all political moves made by Hearst:
"Great Britain, in our own Yankee vernacular, got the jump on us. Great Britain got the jump on everybody else." But we have our optimists. The Brooklyn "Eagle" disagrees with Sir Auckland Geddes about America not being well placed for world trade, and disputes his assertion that every other country is short something that Great Britain can supply, asserting that we have coal, iron, copper, cotton, wheat, and petroleum in abundance, will soon have our own rubber supply in the Philippines, and can get tea and coffee from British sources, while "no American would suffer if all British imports of manufactured articles were cut off."
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land, industry, and commerce. The change they aspire to bring about is the fundamental principle of Socialism,
O EMINENT A WORLD FIGURE in Russian politics as "Unhappily, the method by which they endeavor to imAllied armed intervention in Russia and a cyni- pose upon a state very strongly centralized nism, that reminds one of Babeuf and which paralyzes cal disbeliever in the democracy of Admiral Kolchak the constructive work of the people, puts any possibil Moreover, and General Denikine. it is Whatever ity of success out of the question. the original ideas of preparing for us a furious and evil reaction. In order Kolchak and Denikine were, the men close about them to restore the ancient regime this reaction is organare all reactionaries, according to Prince Kropotkin, izing by taking advantage of the national exhaustion produced first by the war and then by the famine who condemns the Allied armed intervention suffer in Central Russia, and through the complete dis back movement calculated to set the Russians instead ruption of exchange and production, which is inevitable during so widespread a revolution, accomplished by deof leading them forvard. What Russia needs is food, crees. manufactured articles, and experienced organizers to The letter, it will be remembered, written in lift her out of industrial and comnercial chaos. His April of this year, and Prince Kropotkin recalls to statement on Russian conditions appears in the famous his friend how opposed he was to those who worked to Paris Socialist journal "L'Humanité", which received disorganize Russia's power of resistance, which proit only recently, altho the letter is dated from longed the war by one year, gave Russia a German invaDmitrov, Government of Moscow, April 28, 1919. In an sion under cover of a treaty, and cost "seas of blood editorial note "L'Humanité" speaks of the universal to prevent triumphant Germany from grinding Europe unrespect which "attaches to Despite the evil Prince Citizen Pierre Kropotkin, who at the same time as he Kropotkin saw in this event, he protests with all his was the theorist of anarchistic communism was also at power against armed intervention by the Allies the downfall of czarism the patriarch among Russia, because--scribed of the Russian Revolution.". The letter "Such intervention could anly result in an access written to the celebrated Danish critic,George Brandes, of Russian chauvinism. It would bring back chauvin ist monarchy--of which we have already the indications to whom Prince Kropotkin says that he is not at all --and what is more, it would inspire in the whole sure that the letter will ever reach its destination. Russian people a hostile attitude toward Western Europe, which attitude could have only the most melanAs to rumors of his arrest, Prince Kropotkin says they choly consequences. The Americans have already thorwere without foundation as were also the stories about oughly grasped this idea. It is believed, mayhap, that in supporting Admiral Kolchak and General Denithe state of his health, and he alludes to his quiet kine, the Allies are supporting a liberal, republican home life as follows: party, but this is wrong. Whatever were orginally the personal intentions of these two military chiefs, "The person who delivers this letter to you will the greater number of their entourage have entirely tell you of the lonely life we lead in our little different ideas. It is unavoidable that this will provincial town. At my age it is physically impossi bring back upon us restoration of the monarchy, reacble for me to take part in public affairs during tion, and bloodshed. revolution; and to occupy myself with it as an amateur is not natural to my character. Last winter we spent Therefore those of the Allies who are clear-sighted at Moscow, where I worked with a group of collaborators on the plan of a federalist republic. But this group in contemplating events should repudiate all armed in was of necessity dispersed, and I went back to my book tervention, and if they want really to aid Russia they on Ethics, which I began fifteen years ago in England. All I can do now is to give you a general idea of the can do a great deal in another direction, according to Russian situation which in my opinion is not properly Prince Kropotkin, who speaks of the bread famine in the understood in the West. An analogy may perhaps afford and immense area of the central the explanation. southern provinces. *We are going through what France went through dur- Moreover, Russia needs manufactured articles badly, ing the Jacobin revolution from September, 1792 to July, 1794, with this fact superadded, that it is now and he continues: a social revolution that is finding itself. The dictatorial method of the Jacobins was false. It could "Instead of playing the role which Austria, Prussia not create a stable organization, and was bound to end and Russia played in 1793 toward France, the Allies in reaction. But the 'Jacobins nevertheless succeeded ought to have done everything in their power to help in 1793 in abolishing feudal rights, effort the Russian people escape from their dreadful situa commenced in 1789, but which neither the Constituent As tion. Moreover, the shedding of blood would only set sembly nor the Legislative wished to achieve. Yet they the Russian people back in their old state. The Allies proclaimed from the house-tops the political equality should rush to our assistance in the construction of a of all citizens. These are two immense fundamental now future and a new life, which, in spite of all, can be traced in outline. changes which in the course of the 19th century made Above all, they should come to the aid of our children. their way through Europe." They should come to help us in necessary reconstruction, Towards this end they The situation is paralleled to-day in Russia,Prince should send us not diplomats nor generals, but bread, Kropotkin goes on to say,where the Bolsheviks, through tools to work with, and the organizers who knew SO Page 5
GAINING AND LOSING HUMAN POWER
As these are important things we will look at some of the concrete evidence bearing upon the matter, "The trotting horse is able to reproduce before he is three years old, and is full grown before he is four. But development of trotting power under continued training does not stop at the attainment of full growth. It is known to continue up to at least seventeen years of age, and there are records of thousands of cases in which it continued beyond ten years of age. The race tracks of the United States showed more than a hundred such cases during 1917. Those persons who think that animal power is a function of animal structure might try to explain how the structure of adult animal will continue to change year after year under continued training. The idea that power is function of structure is the same fallacy that impels men to try to make perpetual motion machines. "The cow reproduces before two years of age, and is full grown at three, But the cow's milk-producing power is not limited to what exists at full growth. When cows are regularly bred and regularly milked they will continue to increase in milk-producing power up to at least twelve years of age. This is true for both Holstein and Jersey cows, as is shown by official tests. I have published tables taken from official records for both of these. The developinent of power under continued exercise is independent of growth in size or shape. "Let us turn aside and consider the powers of plants, because the matter under immediate consideration is some thing fundamental in living things. If take some wild plant and attempt to reproduce it by cuttings, we are likely to find that it can be reproduced that way only with difficulty. But if we take a cutting from the first plant raised that way we find the second time it grows a little more readily. If we take a cutting from the second plant to raise a third, we again find that it starts more easily, and time after time. By riany repetitions the plant develops the power of producing roots abundantly from cuttings. By exercising the powers which it has it quires powers which it did not have before, and which never existed in any ancestor."
OW HUMAN POWERS AND ABILITIES are gained and lost is explained in the "Western Medical Times" (Denver, Ootober) by C. L. Redfield, author of "Dynamic Evolution". Mr. Redfield's thesis is that power is gained always by exertion and that the doctrine that the powers of living things can be altered by "mutation" from generation to generation is "scientifically unsound." He begins with an elementary case by assuming two similar boys, James and John. John is physically the stronger, but in scholarship, James is superior. The difference is inherited. In due time John and James leave school. John gets a job in a lawyer's office, and James finds as a helper in an athletic club. jonn's mental ef. forts occupy practically all of his time, and his physical efforts are reduced to the smallest consistent with existence. In his work, James exercises his muscles day after day and becomes physically much more powerful. after ten years the two come together in a physical contest, it will be found that John stands no show against James. On the other hand, John is now mentally more powerful than James. To quote and summarize Mr. Redfield directly: "We know that physical strength is built up by physical exercise. It is impossible to make athlete out of a man by simply feeding him, neither can make a 2:10 trotter out of the best horse in the world by simply feeding him. The same thing is true of mental powers. "Physical strength declines or degenerates as a result of physical idleness, as is seen by the fact that à sedentary man loses the strength he had in his lier and more active days. When a race horse is tired from the track, his racing powers gradually decline as the result of idleness. These things are well known and may be classed as positive knowledge. While we do not have direct positive knowledge that mental powers decline as a result of mental idleness, we have plenty of indirect evidence on the point. "Let us suppose that John and James were twenty when they gct their respective jobs. Ten years later, at the age of thirty, James is physically stronger than John... Another ten years of physical activity by James and physical inactivity by John, and the two are now Porty. James is stronger than John, but is the difference between them in this respect greater at the age of forty than it was at the age of thirty? Do powers continue to increase indefinitely by continued exercise, and do they continue to degenerate indefinitely by continued idleness? "The answer is that such development of powers by exercise, and such degeneracy of powers by idleness, continue as long as activity or idleness continue up to some unknown point near the end of life, This fact not only has a bearing upon a person's efficiency as member of society, but it affects his powers of resista ing disease, and his longevity under normal conditions, It also affects the inherited ability of his offspring, their powers of fighting disease, and their longevity.
"All plants raised for any considerable length of time by division, like tubers, bulbs, .cuttings, buds or grafts, gain the power to produce roots abundantly, and at the same time they lose the power, sooner or later, to produce seeds. By continually exerting themselves along particular lines plants develop new powers along those lines, and by continued idleness along other lines (seed production) they lose the powers they originally had. "Man took wild plants, and, by continually training them, developed their powers of producing the things he wanted. Many persons will say that such changes were brought about by selection, I will return to the matter a little later, but in the meantime I may mark that selecting a change is not making it.
Copyrighted By Press Illustrating Service. THE FUTURE FRANCE: FRENCH WAR ORPHANS RECEIVING GIFTS FROM AMERICA.
'"In the wild state these plants had to fight for rattlesnake poison. Resistance has been built up in existence in a world covered with other plants. When this way until pigeons were able to withstand a dose man domesticated these plants he protected them from more than four times as powerful as that which would weeds. As a consequence of not having to fight for kill in the first place. By exercising the feeble room against other plants, our domesticated kinds have powers which they had, these pigeons acquired powers, lost the power of so fighting, and are unable to main- which they did not have before, and which never tain themselves when deserted by man, Idleness along isted in any ancestor. that line caused a loss of power on that line. There "Disease-producing bacteria active when in a is no selection in this. Man did not select plants be- hostile environment. When they invade man the cause of their inability to protect themselves. question is simply whether they kill the man or the "Flagellata are protozoa which multiply by division. man kills them, It is a match of strength and Dallinger subjected these animals to heat and found fight to a finish. If the bacteria are removed from them dying at 74 decrees Fahr. But by beginning at 60 the hostile environment in the man or other animal, and degrees and gradually increasing the temperature he are cultivated on artificial media for some time, they finally got them to stand 158 degrees without dying. are relieved from the necessity of fighting for exisSeveral years were required to accomplish that result. tence, and gradually lose the power to so fight. It There was no selection in this. The final animals were is a case of loss of power by idleness. Bacteria so simply divisions from the original ones. By continu- raised lose their disease-producing virulence. On the ally exercising the powers they had, they acquired other hand, if bacteria are inoculated from animal to powers they did not have before. animal in series, they are put through a regular "Corn is sensitive to climatic changes, and can en- course of training which increases their virilence, dure only slight changes without suffering seriously. "Let us return to John and James. John was origiBut by moving it a short distance northward each year, nally more powerful than James, but by reason of activit is now fully acclimated in regions where it was im- ity by James and idleness by John, the positions were possible to raise it forty years ago. Corn goes reversed and James became more powerful than John. through the seed stage; flagellata do not. But each of We know that James gained in physical strength by them by continually exerting the powers they had, physical exercise, and the other things have re'acquired powers of resisting temperature changes which viered show that the principle involved is universal they did not have before. The presence or absence of in all living things. James gained in power by physa seed stage does not affect the matter except as to ical exercise, which is work measureable in footthe rate at which the acquircment occurs. The acquire pounds. Is it possible that James, or any descendant ment comes as a direct result of exercising the powers of his could gain in porrer in any other way than by in existence. When the matter extends over several work performed? Is there any hocus-pocus operating generations, the seed stage simply inserts idle periods through the germ by which a son of James be born during which there is no acquirement. more powerful than his father without anyone having "Persons who take arsenic, opium, cocaine, etc., be- done any work to acquire that power? gin with small doses, but gradually increase the amount "Those who think that such a thing can occur should until they are able to take quantities which would have give some reason for their belief. Or, better yet, been fatal if taken at first. By fighting a poison they should point to some concrete case in which such person develops a power of resistance he did not have a thing actually did occur. There are plenty of rebefore. The same thing is true of vaccination. By cords among trotters to be examined, but not one of fighting a relatively weak cow pox a man acquires the them shows anything of the kind, The idea that impower of resisting the more virulent smallpox. provement in the powers of living things come by "By beginning with small doses and gradually in- mutation is unsound. It involves a belief in either creasing them, pigeons have been made resistant to special creation or spontaneous generation.
TO STOP RACE SUICIDE IN FRANCE
be conscripted 'to work, near her own home, for a certain number of hours daily, in a workshop, office military hospital, in order to make available for actual military service all the soldiers who are corrionly drawn off for non-corbatant operations. "'The mother with three children will be exempt from this · obligation; she who has two will do only six months of service; the mother of one child will serve for a year, and the childless woman two years.' In this way woman will be pushed toward maternity by a force with a different compulsion than that of taxation, Obliged to perform a service that is noble, beautiful, equitable, but in practice disagreeable, or to bear children, she will be naturally led to seek maternity. And in doing this she will not fear putting herself into a position of inferiority, for from the social as from the military point of view, procreation is more useful than an auxiliary service in the army Similarly the husbands will rather make their wives mothers than send them into military service for two years. This method of preventing depopulation will be efficacious; and it will be only justice to make it serve the military interests of the state, which are particularly endangered by race-suicide: But quality as well as quantity is necessary in a population, as the author does not fail to recognize; and he devotes a good deal of thought to finding the optimum compromise between these two contradictory demands. He would have the marriage, or at least the parenthood, of two persons with the inheritable defect prevented. In case only one of the parents is tainted, it would suffice that the other be warned of the fact, so that at least: he or she would marry with open eyes. To aid in this work of restrictive eugenics, he would have a 'eugenics registry' maintained by the state, were all families would be described. "To enable this increase in maternity, financial means of caring for the children must be provided; but as children are in the last analysis the sole wealth of the state, Dr. Toulouse sees reason why the stato should hesitate to invest its funds in such good interest-bearing securities. He would have the expense of the early care and education of all children borne by the state if the parents required it!
POPULOUS AND GROWING GEFN_ NY still faces the Rhine. Many plans have been suggested in France to remedy this perilous situation. A clever idea is proposed by Dr. Edward Toulouse, one of the best known French specialists in diseases of the brain and nerves, in a recently published book reviewed in the "Journal of Heredity" (Washington, October). Dr. Toulouse's idea is to conscript childless to take the places of men in the industries in war time, making more men thus available for military service. Exemption from this conscription, and also the amount of service under it, would depend the number of children. Having thus put a premium offspring, Dr. Toulouse expects that the number of children would rapidly increase. The'reviewer points out that men in Europe have often tried to bolster up a claim of superiority for their sex by pointing out that the perpetuation of the nation depended on its army and that they, by their compulsory military service, recognized and fulfilled the supreme obligation. "But;" the women have answered, "it is we who bear these men that thus defend the fatherland." Therefore they have claimed at least the equality of their sex. Dr. Toulouse, in his system of eugenics, merely proposes to take them at their word. Says the reviewer:
"Every. able-bodied woman, at the age of thirty, will
STARVING THE INSANE IN WAR-TIME BRITAIN
According to the writer there is now a great reduo. tion in the recorded members of the registered insane in Britain but this is due to high mortality, and must not be taken as indication of a diminished incidence of insanity. Already over 20,000 cases with mental symptoms, which do not come under the present statistics of lunaoy, have been treated by the Army Medical Service, He goes on: "It is not sufficiently appreciated t'at insanity is a disease, and without doubt an obscure, if not mysterious, one, but it is the most remediable when treated in the early stages, and it is the most costly to maintain. Its treatment does not bear stinting,for. the rate of nervous disintegration is so rapid in acute insanity that death, often takes place before restoration can be effected, As is well know to those who practise in this department of medicine, it is a disease which does not respond to the so-called anti-phlogistic treatment. Without affecting to give a scientific definition of insanity, we know that the human body is a mass of matter of various kinds, kept alive and moving by different internal secretions having a bio-chemical nature, yet these organs are coordinated and disposed in a marvellous manner by the mind, which again is a mystery of which have not even the key, and certainly not the solution. There may be reasons for believing the mind, soul, or spirit denotes something that may or will exist independently of the body as we now know and see it, and though this belief gives life its whole dignity and interest, yet the operations of the mind are only known through bodily functions. Our experience of the war has vinced us that many of the discharges from the Army and much unfitness for service have been of psychogenetic origin, and altho mental processes are carried out' according to certain principles, yet these consistent with the utmost variety which need for their explanation and investigation the most patient and delicate researches by the ablest minds. "I am convinced from long personal experience that the present treatment of insanity, and certainly its incipient stages, shows an insensibility to the general principles of humane action, and, as recently stated in a leading medical journal, psychiatry is to-day an isolated medical interest and out of contact with the current of medical thought and practice. Your leading article is a most timely call to a matter of great public. interest."
he importance of realizing that insanity is just as much a disease as is typhoid or influenza, and that the insane 'need nourishing and carefully adjusted diet, is insisted upon by Dr. Robert Armstrong-Jones, a London physician, who writes to the London "Times" on the subject. Owing, he charges, to culpable lack of this knowledge; the British insane died off during the war at a rate about sixteen times as great as that of the general population, even when infant morality is included. Many of the large insane hospitals in Grea Britain were taken for military purposes, and their former 'inmates were housed elsewhere, often with overcrowding: They were made the objects of rationing along with the general population; as apparently it was not realized that they themselves were hospital patients. The whole thing was one of those sad minor incidents of the war, overlooked amid its greater and more terrifying events, but worth recalling for its lessons both to medical and layo Dr. Armstrong-Jones takes as his text a recent report of the Lunacy Board of Control, which he thinks demonstrates two facts--"first, that insanity is not generally regarded as a disease; and, secondly and in consequence, that rationing was unscientifically adjusted for sick people." He says: "Rationing was not imposed to deprive anyone of Pood, but to ensure its being fairly divided according to need.... "Calories have become a fetish. They take no notice of the accessory foods, the vitamines, which help to maintain growth and preserve health, and which are mostly present in milk and fat,elements which were deficient in the patients dietary. Calories take no notice of refuse or waste in food, such bones and gristle, or the useless part of vegetables, and a diet is not calculated upon 'utilizable calories,' for at present there is no such list. In addition to food rationing, there was also the limitation of fuel, which was the burden of us all through the shortage of coal during the whole of the winter months of Without a compensatory increase in the amount or the quality of the food, and unless more liberally clothed by day and provided with new and thick blankets by night, the health of persons suffering from . mental diseases must become lowered, so that they fall a ready prey to tuberculosis, diarrhoea, and dysentery, diseases which are indicative of diminished vigour. As is generally known, asylums. are large institutions, usually built in isolated places upon unprotected sites, and if health is to be maintained they must be provided with that warmth which healthy men demand even when employed in workshops. "It is impossible to sustain a sick person upon 15 shillings ($3.75 per week, when this also has to include rates, taxes, necessaries, and the salaries and wages of a staff now further multiplied into three shifts. If this rate be compared with the average cost of 45 shillings ($11.25) per week at Red Cross hospital with 1,000 beds, where the staff is mainly a voluntary one, or an average for all of 28 shillings ($7.) per week, it demonstrates conclu. sively that the insane mist have come off badly. More. over, pressure is always brought to bear upon the chief administrative officer in an asylum to reduce the maintenance rate and the easiest way to effect this has been to curtail the food and necessaries of the patients."
"This article makes a statement, apparently well borne out by recent experiences, to the effect that plant consuming 50 tons of coal or more per day of 24 hours and operating on a 24 hour-schedule, can, by adopting the comparatively inexpensive process of lowtemperature coal distillation, enough byproducts to pay for the cost of the raw material(coal) and have enough fuel left for its own use to generate all the power that it needs. Particularly would this be the case if this low-temperature process were bined with that of the by-product gas producer, whereby ammonium sulphate might be recovered from the coal. In other words, a plant operating urder the above ditions would not only have its fuel free, but would materially conserve the supply of coal for other purposes. If future research and experience shows the process to be practicable, it is extremely important development from two points of view. In the first place, the majority of our public service utili
ties belong to the class of concerns consuming "When shooting through a loophole in masonry, the tan 50 tons per day and operating 24 hour sniper must water the aperture thoroughly so no dust schedule. They also belon to the class of concerns would be blown into the air when the rifle spoko. In which vere hardest hit by the rise in the cost of shooting from a house, the sniper never occupied a labor and materials, in particular the cost of fuel, window, but stationed himself at the far end of the and the result of low-temperature distillation of coal room where he could not be seen, and sent his bullets mith its attending saving night help them to pass through the window from this distance. through an unusually bad business contingency. But "He was never permitted, in the later days, tu use even more important is the promise of fuel conser- binoculars, but was supplied with a telescope ,for the vation held out by the new development. That it use of the latter meant that the gleam of only one amounts to really is an i?provenent of about 100 per glass lens might be caught by the enemy, thus betraycent. in the utilization of the resources contained in ing the sniper, whereas with binoculars the chances our coal, and if the installation of a comparatively were double. With this telescope he studied enemy simple and cheap process ray produce such a treinendous trenches and 'snipers' nests' all day long, scarcely saving what greater promises does the near future hold moving, so keen was the enemy's lookout. out to us. "Snipers always worked in pairs,one using the telescope and the other the rifle, the former whispering directions to the latter. Lying a fex feet apart, so
HE SNIPER DOESN'T SNIPE simply by getting be- hind some convenient object and discharging his rifle. Experience has taught him much, and he now has a code of rules to observe, of which relate to the accuracy of his fire and some to the efficiency of his concealment from the enemy. With the recent return to the United States snipers attached to the American Expeditionary Force, the "detailed lessons in trickery and shootingmagic," as Ret Harrow expresses it in "Popular Mechanics" (Chicago, November) have become known. Ingenious and scientific to a microscopic degree, they reveal how technical, and yet how fascinating, sniping became in the progress of warfare. Says Mr. Harrow:
AMBU SHED IN A RUINED HOUSE
"Without a doubt the most dangerous pursuit in the war, sharpshooting was the one branch of the service that Americans clamored with the greatest fervor to join, for it harked back to a traditional American superiority--the use of the rifle. Not even the generally credited statement that a sniper's life was, an average, but 10 days, stopped them, and with the British and French they worked out an artful system of rules that completely baffled the Germans. Toward the last of the fighting, the American sharpshooters came to be called body snatchers,' on account of their success in this particular field. "The first rule for these daring riflemen who stole out in 'No Man's Land' to pick off opponents, was that they should always hide 'before' cover rather than behind it. By lying down between an object and the enemy a sniper was much more efficient than when lying with the protecting object between him and He was taught to blend himself with the house, tree, wall, or trench in his rear, open to the enemy's fire, but concealed from his sight. He was never to let his head appear against, the sky line; never to shoot at German head directly in front of him but always at heads far to the right or left. This mode of procedure prevented the Germans from discovering the angle from which the bullets were coming. "Every sniper carried a barometer and little gauge for the measuring of the wind's velocity. He knew just how much the wind swerved the bullets at any and all velocities, and just how the amount of moisture in the air slowed the speed of a bullet. "One extremely important rule that he should swab the muzzle of his rifle after every shot, to make sure that no moisture had collected there. One tiny drop of water would, upon the rifle's discharge, send up a puff of steam that would reveal him to his fully watching enemies.
that, if one was detected, the other need not necessarily be killed also, they lay all day long in position, their only relief being the exchange of spyglass and rifle to lessen the intense strain. "Each pair of snipers made two sets of 'nests' nights before going out, establishing a false pair of 'nests' where the enemy might discover them and placing near by the hiding places which they would actuаllу occupy. Often from the shrewdly camouflaged 'nests' they could discover German snipers shooting at the dumny retreats and perhaps get a bullet into selfsatisfied Heinie. If their nests discovered, they took chances on wriggling out into shell holes, and thus away, but not until they had put up a little sign reading 'Danger,' which they always carried, that no brother-sniper might occupy it låter to his misfortune. "One of the most imperious rules was that no sniper who suspected the presence of an enemy sniper was to look directly at his adversary's hiding place. He was taught to move his eye all about the vital point--above, below, and to either side--but never squarely This was in obedience to the optical laws of man. The center of the eye fastened upon an object cannot detect action nearly so readily the outer sections of the eye. About the rim of the eye's pupil, action is caught quickly, and then the center of the eye automatically swings upon the object and focuses perfectly. For this obvious reason the sniper was drilled to observe this rule rigidly. "Snipers' rifles always the pick of those furnished an entire division and were fitted with tremely complicated and accurate calibrated sights. Small telescopes, with scaled measures spaced upon them, gave the sniper the distance of an object while he sighted his weapon, and permitted him to tell within a few feet how far away his intended prey was stationed."
Page 6
THE WORLD'S COSTLIEST poems, dedicated to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of South ampton, now supposed by many to be the mysterious pe BOOK tron of the 'Sonnets, ' had won him fame. There are al. so the books which Shakespeare may have used in writ. HEN THE HOE LIBRARY WAS SOLD a few years ing his dramas or which may have exerted an influence upon him. Finally there are the works of the contemago it became a matter of extended interest poraneous and later writers who recognized Shakesthat a copy of the Gutenberg Bible sold peare's genius, and the various commentators of the Shakespeare plays. for $50,000. It was then the highest recorded price "The earliest attempt to issue a collected edition for a single volume ever paid, and occasion was seized of Shakespeare's works was made in 1619 by the pub lisher, Thomas Pavier and his printer, William Jaggard. by the religious press especially to comment with sat Nine plays, all but one with the line 'Written by isfaction on the fact that the book, regarded as the William (or, W) Shakespeare, ' 'and the date of the ear lier edition from which they were reprinted, the most precious by the Christian World, should find , title page, were issued by Pavier and Jaggard in 1619. purchaser willing to measure his appreciation by so large a sum. What then shall be said of Shakespeare which was sold in Philadelphia the other day for twice the sum? One hundred thousand dollars has more than once been paid for a single picture, but in these cases of course the pictures had no duplicates. There are three or four copies of the Gutenberg E.RDAGWYNN Bible in vellum, for which the large price was paid. There is again but one known copy of the Shakespeare, now dubbed "the most valuable book in the world," barring the ancient manuscripts. It is the first collected edition, published in London by Thomas Parier in 1619, and printed by William Jaggard, who also printed the famous folio edition of 1623. The "Publio Ledger" (Philadelphia) continues its descriptioni "The volume contains nine plays by the Bard of Avon and at one time belonged to Edward Gwynn, the Eliza A BOOK SOLD FOR $100,000 bethan collector, "Besides setting a new high water mark so far as The unique copy of the first collected edition of price is concerned, the sale also record for Shakespeare, dated 1619, which you might comfortquick dealing. The book fórmed part of the famous Marsden J. Perry Shakespearean library, which ably carry in your pocket, bought by the Rosenbach Company. only three days ago. The firm paid more than $500,000 for the collection, They may have been sold separately, but probably at consisting of 5000 works by Shakespeare, books relating least half a dozen were bound up in sets and existed to the master tragedian and volumes used by him in his in original bindings toward the close of the sevenyouth. teenth century. Through the hands of Edward Turnbull "The book sold for $100,000 is smaller than many a of the Walpole Galleries in New York passed several of piece of jewelry bringing that price. It measures these plays which appear to have been separated from a seven by five and one-quarter inches and is hall bound volume : But a single exception remains in the inch thick volume found in the Perry collection, which is pre served intaot in its original condition. This copy beThe previous of this Shakespeare longed to Edward Corynny a well-known English collector Mr. Marsden J. Perry of Providence whose Shakespeare of the seventeenth century, and in some way found its way into Germany, whence it returned to England in library, for years "has been the Mecca of Shakespeare 1902, and thence came to Providence, R. I. Students," says a writer whose article appears in the "This first coilected edition of Shakespeare is the most desirable single Shakespeare item in existence, Boston "Transcript" and other papers. Mr. Perry, now and precedes in date of issue by four years the famin advanced age, and feeling that other collectors First Folio, of which this library contains the copy which belonged to Mr. MacGeorge of Glasgow, who should have an opportunity, in his lifetime, to acquire sold it to Mr. Perry in its original seventeenth cen he had some of the unapproachable treasures which tury binding of brown leather, with superb copies of the Second, Third and Fourth Folios, for $50,000. The enjoyed for many years, decided to sell his whole First Folio is No. x in Sir Sidney Lee's 'Census of collection. We read: Extant Copies;' in the first division, which records 'Perfect copies in good, unrestored condition.' There "The Perry Shakespeare collection falls naturally are seventeen copies in this division, but only two into several divisions. There are the quarto plays are in original binding. of the less than 200 copies which were the first publication of the text,with some of the First Folio known, nearly all are imperfeot, of the precedent plays by other writers which became due to repeated use. the foundation plays for Shakespeare's later work. The "The library, among other items of great interest, seoond division consists of the various collected edi- such as the Saravia autograph of Shakespeare, aptions, including the known varieties of the various pearing on the vellum of small volume of Folios. Then there are the plays ascribed to Shakes- philosophy by Saravia, published in 1565, contains a peare and printed by different booksellers during his set of four folios of Shakespeare purchased in Glasgow lifetime. Before he becane known as a playwright his in 1907 for $50,000. " Page 7
enthusiastically than even the native born to make the community effort a success. Their will was revealed at a pageant called the Chester "League of Nations":
features of the torm. One of its most popular activities, daily trips for women and children across the Sound to Long Island, was quite in the social life."
"Eight groups of foreign-born people, in native costumes, marched in turn upon the stage and offered their loyalty, their art and their labor to the munity and were welcomed by the symbolic Chester. The result was that many foreigners who had felt themselves, unwelcome before have become enthusiastic workers for the community movements. "'The Italians and the eastern Europeans with their temperamental qualities have been especially attracted by the community singing and the dramatics. Success - has been immediate in that direction also with the colored people.'. . "The colored people of Chester have grasped with almost pathetic eagerness the advantages that the Community Service has held out to them, co-operating splendidly at every point. Yet it is less than two years since there were deadly race riots at Chester and even as we talked grave reports were coming in from Washington. "In what was called 'New Era week in Chester, the twelve or fifteen thousand colored residents interpreted to their fellow citizens the development of their race, their faithful contributions to agriculture industry,music, education and community service. Three large mass-meetings were held and the leading of the race delivered addresses. A club, a playground and three school centers have been opened Por the colored people. In one of them--an old building without improvements--the people have to bring their lamps when they want to have a party. "There is a thriving Community Club in Chester which has been referred to as a 'dry saloon' --a place of sociability and good food and soft drinks."
"These are the cities in which the movement is farthest advanced because it of the war work commınity service. From now on towns will have to organize without that preliminary boost from the Government, yet they are doing so in surprising numbers and over the whole country. The national organization with headquarters in New York stands ready to help any town establish Community Service providing it asks for it, sending in paid organizers, helping to plan budgets and raise funds. It is always the aim of the organization to get out as soon as the local service can stand its own feet; the ideal community executive soon works himself out of a job."
THE RELIGIOUS NEED OF AN INTERNATIONAL MIND”
"It will be remembered that Bridgeport went to war about two years before the rest of us, and nobody who saw the spontaneous joy of the munition workers at armistice time will ever deny that it went to peace with an equally loud bang. And one of the first things they did about it was to organize Community Service. "Perhaps their biggest achievement thus far is in the way of co-ordination of the city's social agencies in recreation work---churches of all denominations, philanthropic societies, war service organizations, business men's clubs and city departments. One reason for this success may be found in the fact that the work has tied itself fast to the city government. The mayor is the head of the commission and the department chiefs belong to it, along with representatives of other agencies. "Bridgeport is another of our big war mushrooms; it has increased 50 per cent. in population since 1914 and even now there isn't much room to move around in. The ending of hostilities closed some of the big munition factories, but industry readjusted itself rapidly and the predicted slump did not materialize. People go to work--0: on strike--in the old cheerful way. "It is the aim of the Bridgeport Commission to produce new combinations of social betterment forcesorganizations that had never ridden in the same boat before-to enrich and to stimulate the recreational
OMETHING OF THE OLD ADAGE about the devil beir.g sick and then well again and the effect of the change on his spiritual aspirations seems to many to apply to our thinking about the League of Nations. "The Continent" (Chicago) recalls that years before war broke over an astonished world, President Eutler of Columbia invented a luminous phrase which seemed to promise a new epoch in the thinking of humanity." He spoke of the importance of cultivating an "international mind," And later, "the great comfort that earnest men cherished amid the harsh necessity was the assurance that now automatically interna. tional mind would be created, among the Allies least." This religious observer of our Senate's doo ings declares that "the mischief of the whole situa. tion is our national inheritance of a politician's code that rates anything benefiting our own country as good and anything benefiting others and not benefiting us as bad." The war made that code ridiculous, says "The Continent," but "Conspicuously the debates in the United States senate lack evidence of thought and sentiment that exceed national boundaries. Even those who favor the creation of a League of Nations voice their assent, in terms Par from cosmopolitan. "The League's opponents meanwhile are at strenuous pains to disclaim the international viewpoint, commenting scornfully on the impossibility, as they allege, of reconciling any such vagary with their own unimpeachable patriotism. The claim of the bolsheviki to be internationalists is paraded as sufficient condemnation of every idea that suggests duties to be rendered to other nationalities than one's own. "It follows that the basic conception on which the
League of Nations is: to be erected is ignored on the Britain excluded all Christian missionaries from the one hand and ridiculed on the other. This means that even if the proposed league machinery for forestalling fatal territory and aided in the establishment there war were already set up, there would be motive of the greatest Mohammedan institution in the world." power to operate it until impulses now wanting could be some how awakened. By the same *fatal policy," the East India company "For the only thing that can impart to the League of were allowed "to discourage and obstruct Christian Nations force enough to make it effective is a prevalent popular conscience not merely resentful against missions in the early days of the new movement. " When injustices done to our own country but equally out the book above mentioned was supprest, "a storm broke raged by injustice committed against any branch of the out all over India," "All missionary societies", says human family in either hemisphere or on any continentaeven though the injustice might serve American advan- the "Observer", "united in loud complaints against so tage or be instigated by American ambition. arbitrary a rule, sinacking of the absolutism of the "To create, that solid human repulsion to every human wrong is a task yet to be accomplished by those who Middle Ages," of the book and its author, Dr. Samuel would see the world organized for peace. M. Zwemer, the "Observer" writes:
To prepare for this, "The Continent" maintains, "every thought bigger than the jingoistic rant of trivial politicians should be bent to convincing the American mind that there is nothing incompatible between a stalwart national patriotism and the kind of internationalism demanded for an honest League of Nations." Further:
"No modern missionary, perhaps, is more widely known than Dr. Zwemer, the great Arab scholar and foremost leader of Christian missions to Mohammedan lands. Dr. Zwemer wrote this book, 'Islam a Challenge to Faith,' twelve years ago. It was published in London and received everywhere as a classic on the subject of Mohammedanism. But the Far East is the last great stronghold of Mohammedanism, and signs were not wanting that the Mohammedans of India and especially of the province of Bengal were looking with ill-disguised restiveness upon the strong antagonism of Christianity and the efforts made for their conver. sion, Sedition is always brewing in India and thus in 1910 a 'Press Act' was passed, which was intended to control and curb the publication of seditious litera. ture. Then came the war, with its unexpected ending, the fall of Constantinople and the apparent collapse of the Turkish Empire and new and very serious questions for Mohammedani sm. What lies behind this supo pression of Dr. Zwemer's book, how the thing was brought about, no one seems to know; but undoubtedly it was through a deep Mohamedan intrigue.
"It argues no disloyalty to his own household that a citizen is concerned socially for the well-being of other households comprehended in the community where he lives. On the contrary, it is the citizen who is most lovingly and intelligently careful for his wife and children whose interest is most quickly evoked for whatever serves the good of homes surrounding his. "None but a moral idiot would argue it a virtue in a householder that he was content to let the town burn down around him as long as his own roof remained intact and his own family confortable. "Yet the equivalent is what those statemen seek to make a national virtue who argue that the United States must devote itself only to its own well-being and refuse to become responsible for execution of justice in behalf of the rest of the world. "For Joseph Cook's prophecy of a generation ago has been fulfilled. The twentieth century nas 'made the world one neighborhood.'"
The representative Council of Missions for Bengal and Assam discussed the action of the Government and passed the following resolutions:
BRITAINS PARTIALITY TO ISLAM
HE "LOST SINISTER MOVE" ever made by Christian ville) calls it, is the confiscation of all statecraft before the Christian religion", cites two previous cases along the same line. One of them was her neglect of the memory of the great work of Chinese Gordon in Khartum, where instead of founding a great Christian institution to perpetuate his "Great
1. That this Council is of opinion-- (1) That the use of the Indian Press Act I of 1910 to proscribe a book published in England so long ago as twelve years is an extension of the Act which was not contemplated by the Legislature which passed it, and will do much to discredit its legitimate use in the judgment of fair-minded men. (2) That the inauguration of a policy of proscribing such books is gravely prejudicial to the interests of a sound and enlightened education. (3) That unless the guaranteed principle of ligious neutrality is henceforth to be annulled, very large number of books, especially those dealing with history and the comparative study of religion, if just and impartial treatment is to be given to all religious communities alike, must also be proscribed and the position with regard to libraries in this country will be intolerable. "(4). That at a time when the principles of good government are under general discussion in anticipation of the introduction and development of responsible self-government in this country it is extremely unwise that by this action the Governor of Bengal in Council should revert to a low ideal of administration, long since abandoned, by which the presentation of critical views on Comparative Religion published in other countries, is proscribed, action which, over, is likely both to create an atmosphere of suspicion and alarm amongst the different communities of the people, and to retard the growth of that tolerent tempor of mind without which the communities cannot satisfactorily operate. Up to the present all efforts to rescind the action have been in vain, says this Louisville paper.
Yes, very moderate in view of conditions
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THE LOG CABIN PRODUCTS CO., ST. PAUL, MINN. (THE CENTRE OF NORTH AMERICA) Page 8
PRODUCTION OF CEREALS IN 191960,591,000 bushels compared with 39,221,000 bushels of wieat and 4,641,000 barrels of flour last year, September figures being prorated to September 26th, making a total equal to 60,107,000 bushels. Last (Preliminary estimates, compiled from official reports year's official figures are supplemented by the army and from reports of the International Institute of and Red Cross shipments. Agriculture, Rome, Italy) THE CUBAN SUGAR CROP OF 1918-1919 WHEAT. Country The Acting Trade Commissioner at Havana, Cuba, Preliminary Final writes as follows: 1919 1918 of 1918-1919 is the largest that has ever been produced on the island.On Septenber Bushela Bushels first the total receipts at the different seaports of Onited States 918,471,000 917,100,000 the island had reached 3,675,640 tons. With four mills British India 278,021,000 379,829,000 still grinding and considerable quantities yet stored Canada 199,240,000 189,075,000 at the different mills, it is expected the total will Italy 154,000,000 176,368,000 reach 4,000,000 tons. of this amount 2,808,315 tong Spain 133,939,000 135,709,000 have already been exported. The following table will Japan 29,800,000 32,923,000 show to what countries these exports have been made, Tunis 6,600,000 8,451,000 Total 1,720,071,000 1,839,455,000 1918 1919 1917 1918 Decrease in 1919, as Total to Total compared with 1918 119,384,000 Septol, 1919. Sept. 1, 1918 (Absolute) United States... tons 2,200,094 1,809,237 Per cent 6.4 Canada... 32,587 7,029 United Kingdom. 418,566 718,890 BARLET France. 132,982 18,230 Country Spain.... 7,952 24,347 Preliminary Final Other European Countries 15,869 1919 1918 Mexico... 282 15,370 South America. 550 Bushels Bushels United States 198,298,000 256,375,000 2,808,332 2,593,653 Japan 91,400,000 82,650,000 Spain 79,432,000 90,496,000 Canada 65,584,000 77,287,000 IRON PRODUCTION IN LORRAINE Algeria 31,700,000 60,742,000 Italy 7,800,000 9,186,000 Some interesting figures have been published by Scotland 5,970,000 6,587,000 Capital Witzig, who is in charge of the Forges de Tunis 5,500,000 9,186,000 Lorraine, concerning the iron output of the liberated Total 485,684,000 591, 509,000 province. In 1871 there were only 38 little furnaces Decrease in 1919 com that produced annually 200,000 tons of and cast iron pared with 1918 no steel, the trouble being that the phosphorous deAbsoluto 105,825,000 posit in the Briey basin made the metal unsuitable for Per cent 17.9 steel. It was not until the Thomas process was invented in 1883 that steel could be produced in largo OATS quantities. His aim in publishing the figures is to Country emphasise how enormously important the recovery of Preliminary Final Lorraine by France will be from a metallurgical stand1919 1918 point. Page 9
F you like real marmalade, you will know a lot of ways to use Dailey's Grapefruit Jam the moment you ELEVEN have tasted it. Its tang and zestful flavor will make DIFFERENT you want to use it at many weekly meals. Marmalade is as correct for other meals as for breakfast and after- VARIETIES noon tea. Grapefruit Like all the eleven delicious varieties of Dailey's Old Fash Raspberry Strawberry ioned Jams, Dailey's Grapefruit is made only of selected fruit and cane sugar. It is absolutely pure. That Cherry means it contains no preservative but sugar and also that the fla Orange vor of the pure fruit is not altered by the use of an apple Grape base or any other adulterant. Apricoi Peach The Dailey idea is to make the best possible jam but not Plum to pack it expensively. The blue-and-white container is Cranberry the most inexpensive yet most modern and sanitary kind Loganberry of a package for jam. With its Dailey clock, it is telling housewives from grocers' shelves all over the country that the time has come when eating good jam no longer means Introductor paying for costly containers. And-cluttering home with Offer crocks, glasses and jars. If your grocer is not yet selling Dailey's Dailey's Jams cost less than homemade jams even if you Jams, fill in the coudon't count your own time over the hot range pon and mail it to us, afford to serve Dailey's daily enclosing $1.00 and we will send you six Ask your soldier what he liked best in that "embarkation stocking' at Brest. He knows (6)varieties of Dailey's Dailey's Jams (in the old green-and-gold can). Millions of cans were bought and distribu- prepaid. Fill in lines sed during the War by the Red Cross, Y M C A., K of C., U. S Army and the English plainly French and Belgian Governments Page 10
of all the training, it seems, was sum:ed up in the otherwise absorbed by the striving for profit can page sionately strive. One of brother Emil's main cares, as sentiment, "we inust and will be Germáns." Further: that of every grown-up German, was to see that his mil. That tendency pervades one's whole life to itary papers were always in good order; he was con the smallest detail. Besides children's books and histo- manded to report at control meetings, he was called up riography even the street signs drill the memory con for exercises with arms, his'politics' too con stantly to remember the glory of the empire, of its of trolled; and he belonged to an association regi princes, heroes, institutions. Kaiser, King, Kurfuerst, mental comrades. If Willie could succeed in getting as Crown Prince, Hohenzollern,Wilhelm, Frederick, Bluecher, far up as a lieutenant of the reserve, then would Moltke, Koeniggraetz, Sedan--every town has streets, heaven open for him and he would receive the initiation evenues, squares baptized with these names. into the 'first estate of the state.' Schools "This, too, he achieves, competent in every field and universities, academies and laboratories, hotels, of activity. He has his own peculiar 'honor,' poso beer palaces, drug stores borrow their names from the court and military sphere. sessed only by officers, whose injury must be atoned In the tiniest hamlet war in a duel, he stands under a 'council of honor, a and battle monuments irritate the wanderer's eye. court of honor, and can place on his visiting card Their artistic value is equivalent to zero. But they 'Lieutenant d.l., Section Chief in the Department too 'promote patriotism.' And that's the main thing. Store Rudolf Spiegelberg & Co.' and may watch the par• "Willie Krause is to become a business man after ade in uniform which the all-highest War Lord is grai Too bad. He would rather be an officer. But ciously pleased personally to review." for that, more money is needed than the parents still raise; and whoever isn't of the aristocracy can only through a very particularly favoratle chance çet HOW HIGH FLYING AFFECTED into the 'fine' regiment3. To be a student would also be nice. Brother Emil, the philologist, wears a col. A GROUNDLING ored students' cap and sports three colored knots his vatch chain; sports also strange, werlike, nealed HE FIRST TIME YOU TRAVEL IN AN AIR SHIP you wounds on his cheeks and chin, the results of student will procably be pestered with sundry funng duelling, and can drink half a quart of beer at swallow; can, if desired, repeat this performance sev. notions, mixed with vague fears, before you eral times in succession. But who knows low long the start. Eut after you find yourself sailing smoothly poor fellow will have to wait for an appointment? And when he finally lands one, the pay is wretchedly small and comfortably through unobstructed space at a smart and there's small prospect of rapid advancement. clip, your notions and fears will quickly disappear if "Willie has from his earliest youth heard that must be strong, self-assertive, self-confident, your experience is like that of Richard Wightman, Vice one's elbows, crowd the competitor out of the way, get President of the Aerial Touring Association, who ahead, not let one's self be intimidated and imposed on: only actual performance, accomplishment, matters; cently made his first air voyage as one of a party of everything else is incidental. Always and everywhere fourteen persons carried by a great seven-ton plane he has seen that people whose nobility of soul, whose spotlessly clean character, is praised find no place, from New York to Washington. "I had carefully decided no patron; that on the other hand every one is eager before starting that I would sit in my chair inert, to acquire people for his business or enterprise who have the reputation of unscrupulous shiftiness. Nobil- like a sack o' meal, says Wr. Wightman, describing ity of soul is therefore worth nothing: metaphysics his flight in the New York "Times Magazine," "but be. are merely phraseology or furniture for the parlor, which one opens only on Sundays and holidays. 'Deutsch- fore very long it occurred to me that it would be more land uber alles' means performance above everything. sensible for me to sit there like a human being, and "The two concepts blend into one. The ideas of fatherland and nation become identified with the con- even get up, stretch my legs and walk around and enjoy cept of a 'mutual association for gain, whose power myself." He accordingly did all these things and disincreases the power of each of its members and there He who is efficient, före brings in interest. per covered that "in one small half hour the unusual• had forms much, is thorough and doesn't'do anything fool become the usual." He felt as much at home in the air ish'---meaning deviate from the highway of practical self-interest, to become conspicuous through as if he had traveled in that element all his life. "incorrectness" or other, or even to marry 'for love' Before entering upon an account of his flying ex a girl without dowry---will quickly get to the top, and once there can buy whatever his heart craves--- periences, Mr. Vi hlinan states that he has always been orders, titles, state 'honors' of all kinds. a "hater of altitude -- one of those fellows who fee) "Willie knows no other world except the one in which there are imperial, royal, grand ducal purveyers to the safest when he's down low." And then all of a sudden court, in which everyone is addressed and referred to by he received an invitation to make this flight. He pro. his title, the wife even by her husband's title, be it merely that of an 'expediting railroad secretary;' ceeds: world in which nearly every gray-haired head is called a 'Herr Geheimrat' and in which the guests invited to "I have received and accepted many invitations. Peon even the smallest private dinner wear all their order ple have asked me to make speeches, to attend week-end ribbons, crosses, stars, oak leaves and swords on show, parties, to sit in a poker game, to pick out a present in the former and Willie has been brought up to be a nationalist and mil. for the departing clereyman, All of Itarist, educated to rigid brusqueness and to under- popular days of degeneration, to take a drink. rating every thing foreign. of Now he shall and will be these invitations have carried a certain element come a business man, because one can make a success in peril, but usually I have been game and accepted withlife quicker. out fatal results. I live to tell the tale. "From his education and the sum of beliefs which his "But this particular invitation was different from education gave him a bridge leads into his future occu. the others. It sounded different and operated pation in life. His father said comfortingly: with strange effect. and It made me swallow hard, 'If you behave your self, young fellow, you can be- something was the matter with my hair. No,' my hair come a reserve officer! didn't stand up. It remained seatei, but tingled at "There is a goal toward which all his forces not (Continued on Page 58.) Page 11
'the roots and seemed to squirn arounů and tangle and - as the train boys of the old days used to do when pull. liy heart was also affected. Hitherto it had rode on the 'accomodation trains' which stopped at all been a stuntless heart, behaving in a regular and ex- the little stations. emplary manner. Now it climbed upwari in my chest two "With a furtive glance through my celluloid window or three times and fell back exhausted. It was pretty I took my box. of candy and slowly broke the wrappings. nearly all in. But there was that confounded aerial It took me a long time to extract the first bon bon. invitation looking me straight in the eye and waiting I didn't feel like making any quick motions. Líy legs for an answer. were crossed and somehow it seemed better to keep them "It wasn't waiting patiently, either. Air things are that way. If I shifted them the thing might tip over quick and demand quick response and cooperation and we'd all spill out! else you're out of it. So, desiring to be in all the "Occasionally the nose of the ship would tip up a new swims, and not wishing to be set down by certain little or down a little, but never so much as when your aerial experts as a ground piker quite beneath their rowboat is going against the waves. distinguished notice, I resolutely gathered together "As the plane rose higher and higher and the earth all my inner belongings classically called guts, puck- beneath looked like a patchwork quilt made apparently ered my lips into a forced smile, and answered strong of green and yellow fields about the size postage ly and as nonchalantly as possible into the ear of the stamps, I tried to analyze my feelings, but they (waiting invitation,' 'Certainly I'ii go to Washington seemed normal, so there wasn't much to do in that dicertainly! When does the old boat start?! rection to take up my time. Hence I began to write, "That was three days before the flight---my 'first and wrote until my fountain pen was dry, occasionally flight. On each of these days I prayed for unpropi. looking out of my individual window at what was below tious weather which no aerial navigator Tould dare to and beyond, and there was no terror in it. tackle; by night I dreamed I was the sticks of "My ease of mind was still furthered by the steady ploded rocket and rapidly approaching the earth on the purr of the two 400-horsepower Liberty motors, the unreturn journey, falling straight down. ivy eyes took on intermittent whir of the propellers, and the smiles and an absent stare, my memory failed, my appetite practi- amiable conversation of the passengers and who cally disappeared. In the restaurants I ordered had gathered strangers and suddenly become friends by things I had never eaten before, and once asked the a lift into the sky. waiter for a pen when what I wanted was pie, "As we passed over New York City at height of "On the night before the ordeal I left a call for 6,000 feet it seemed something other than the largest 4:30 A. M. I was bound to be at Mitchel Field on time city in the world. No longer was I walking along its and ahead of time. As a matter of fact I was the first canyons of commerce, hot and jostled. I could not passenger to arrive. · The Lawson air liner, with her even see the canyons. They had apparently healed ninety-five-foot spread of wing, rested on the sward wounds are healed, or been drawn together as seams are like a great green beetle asleep in the morning dew. drawn in a finished garment. Ūice of the mechanicians was fussing around her, tight- "Occasionally some great building could be identi, ening up this, loosening up thet. fied, but it was such a funny little building. I won"I sat on a pile of canvas and lit my pipe, reflecta dered if Mr. Woolworth had ever seen his famous struc. in on my past life. The sun came up. It was the same ture from my altitude. If he had, he must have faithful old sun: I wondered if we were going to con: laughed, for it resembled a toothpick, clean and tinue to be friends and go on together just the same, white, just taken out of its box. And the great banks or if I would soon drop out of the fellowship. 'Drop and financial institutions of Wall Street and lower out' struck me as being rather good, and I smiled sadly Broadway, where were they? Oh, they there all in the direction of the giant beetle. My past life, bad right like the baby's building blocks in a nursery. as it had been, grew relatively unimportant. It was my The overgrown Bedloz girl on the Island of Liberty was future life, not so much the quality of it as the ten- there, too, as big as a penny doll. So far as size ure of it--in this mortal body--that was bothering me. went, the big liners in the harbor could have been I wanted to stick around my accustomed haunts a little bought for 10 cents and pulled around in a tub by longer and couldn't see any special use in the air thread. travel proposition. Railroads were good enough, and "Over New Jersey the smokestacks of the great fac. stevnships and automobiles. But when the other passen- tories looked like rows of clay pipes stood on end, gers arrived and we laughed and joked together, mildly and smoking like fury with no man sucking them; the pitying the poor dubs who were thronging the outside Princeton bowl was.as a wedding ring, and the cemeter. of the ropes and couldn't go, I felt better and began ies patches of green velvet, on which some prodigal to perk up with a sense of aerial importance. dentist had scattered his stock of nice false teeth. "Besides, I never had my picture taken so many "This sort of journey gives one a feeling of supetimes as I did that morning. All prominent people like riority and independence. You have left all your lit. to have their pictures taken, including Presidents and tle worries below. The important buildings and af Cenerals. And right here let me say,please, that taking fairs of the earth over which you are passing pictures of air travelers about to get aboard will very unimportant. You don't care what you are passing soon be over. In a few inonths the novelty will be worn You don't care where the roads go or where the thin, and the news value of the thing lost forever. rivers run, or where the tracks are laid, for you There is no particular lust for photographs of obscure independent of them all. citizens about to enter a railroad train. There used "It was interesting to watch the passengers. what to be, but there isn't now. If the oncoming army of were they doing? Why, just wiat passengers do in aerial tourists want their pictures taken they will Pullman parlor cars--chatting, reading magazines, have to get it done in a gallery or be snapped on the knitting, writing, munching caranels, looking out the lawn. windows, walking up and down the aisle. One of the At 8:30 the passengers climbed into the cabin, ,which women curled up in her chair and went to sleep for hour, and an air-traveling fly lit her nose and was furnished with nice, easy chairs. After seating tickled her into wakeiulness but she soon dozed off themselves, each at a window made of celluloid, the again. "As for me, I kept on with my writing. When going word was given and the big machine started across the to Mineola in the early morning on the Long Island field. Presently the pilot turned and said over his Railroad I had tried to do a little of it, but the train jiggled so much I had to give it up. On the air shoulder, "She's stepping up," and they discovered the liner I had found that I could write as comfortably green field sinking beneath them--.. and legibly as in my own New England study, thus be coining, as it were, a pioneer in aerial authorship. "About this time one of the crew walked along the "And so we journeyed without jolt, jar or shock--no waisle tossing boxes of bon bons into our laps exactly (Continued on Page 60.) Page 12
car-dust or smoke, no station waits, no heat or fret, and marched them down between the trenches, believe me, no 'brushing off' at the end of the trip, no porter to the boys would have been out before Christmas," When tip. I have traveled to Washington by train many times but never so quickly, comfortably and happily. this died out, he selected itens from current "From the time of our leaving Mineola till events. He avers that he started reading about Conarrived at Washington I didn't see a human being below engaged in a peaceful pursuit or any other kind of a gress and found that the members of that august body pursuit. They must have been too little for to are funnier three hundred and sixty-five days a year 800, for we passed over their farms and stores and some of them must have been around there somewhere." than anything I ever heard of." Quoting Mr. Rogers further : A COWBOY WHO ROPED THE "I use only one set method in my little gags, and that is to try and keep to the truth, Of course you ART OF BEING FUNNY can exaggerato it, but what you say must be based truth. Personally, I don't like the jokes that got the biggest laughs, as they are generally as broad ILL ROGERS IS A MAN CREDITED · with making house and require no thought at all. I like one where, "two thousand people a day laugh.' He who if you are with a friend and you hear it, it makes you think, and you nudge your friend and say: 'He's right was once an Oklahoma cowboy is now about that. I would rather have you do that than to dian of parts. His discovery that he could make peo have you lauch--and then forget the next minute what it 'was you laughed at. ple laugh was acoidental, says George Martin in the "We playod for President Wilson last fall, and I used "American Magazine." Rogers had been on the Vaude- one joke which he repeated in his Boston speeob on his return from France. ville stage in New York for a time doing cowboy "'As one of our American humorists says' (up to that stunts. 'GerAmong his tricks was throwing two ropes at time I had only been an ordinary rope-thrower), many couldn't understand how we could get once so as to lasso a horse and rider separately. Dur there and get them trained so quick. They didn't know ing the first week of the performance somebody advised that in our manual there's nothing about -retreating! And when you only have to teach an army to go one ways him that before putting on this act he ought to an 'you can do it in half the time. in nounce it so the audience would know what was coming. "Of course you know how much truth there was that. See Pershing's reports. Up to this time he had never done any talking on the "And still a lot of folks think it's pretty soft But did stage. So the next evening Rogers stopped the orches- for a cowboy to get paid for stuff like that. you ever figure that lots of comedians go through a tra, and, without having thought up beforehand what he whole year with one act? But because I have set myself they was going to say, delivered himself of this speech: this job of trying to give them something new, won't stand for old stuff from me, as they will from "Ladies and gentlemen, I want to call your sho' nuff lots of others, because I'm expected to keep up with attention to this next little stunt I am going to pull - the times. And I tell you it is sure hard digging. on you, as I am going to throw about two o' these · Brevity has been known as the soul of wit for some ropes at once, catching the horse with one and the time, and air. Rogers observes this principle in the rider with the other. I don't have any idea I'll get preparation of his jokes. All are brief, three lines it, but here goes." Commenting on the ocourrence Mr: being the limit. When he is on the road he always Rogers says: utilizes 'local things. In Detroit he offered this: "I don't see why Ford didn't get in the Senate. They "Well, they laughed. And, believe me, I was mad are everywhere else. In Indianapolis, the home of Kin when I came off. I thought I hadn't said anything for them to laugh at, and I told the manager I Hibbard, he used the following of that humorist's through. It was quite a while before I would open my jokes: "Women's jist like elephants: I like to look trap again on the stage; but the other actors and the manager kept telling me to do it the same way again. at 'em, but I'd hate to own one." We read further of And that's how I got to putting talk into my act. As his method of fun-making: it panned out, it was the luckiest thing I ever did; but I can't claim much credit for grabbing that chance "Another good trick of Rogers, which applies to It took all my friends to drive me to it." business as well as it does to clowning, is to make Soon after his discovery that the addition of speech capital out of what the other fellow says and does. He plays one man off against another. In his Peace Conimproved his act, the comedian Pound further that the ference stuff, kidding the present incumbents, he said lines which seemed to appeal most to the audience the Kaiser seemed to be about as popular in Germany as a Democrat in the next Congress. Of course the Repubthose made up by himself. At first he confined himself licans all clapped.. Thon he said: to remarks about the other acts in the show and the "All right, I'm goin' to 'tend to you Republicans in about a minute.' Thon he said: place where it was held. When this became an old story n'of course you heerd about 'em takin' a Republican he began looking about for other material. Just at with 'em to Paris. But you ain't heard nothind about his landin', have you? this time Mr. Ford went on his peace trip, and Rogers to argue with on the way over. They just took that guy along made that event the subject of many remarks. Among "The best examples of how he makes capital out of what the other fellow says, are in his after-dinner other things he said: speaking, of which he has done quite a bit in the last few years. He always likes to follow another speaker-"If Mr. Ford had taken this bunch of girls, in this never to lead the program. And the more serious the show, and let 'em wear the same costumes they wear here, (Continued on Page 64.) Page 13
A BARTENDER TELLS WHAT MAN DID TO BOOZE, AND BOOZE TO MAN
AKE BOOZE" is largely to blare for the great drought that is now upon us, says a New York bartender in "The Dearborn Independent." He says that Americans don't know how to drink, and maintains that this ignorance helped, in no small measure, to put the quietus on old John Barleycorn, Leaning up against a bar with one foot on the brass rail and rapidly pouring drink after drink into your syster is no way to enjoy liquid refreshment, if one is to believe this gentlemen, who says he has had twenty years' experience in handing out drinks, to thirsty souls and therefore should know what he is talking about. Men drank too fast when they stood up, it seems, and hence consumed a great deal more liquor than they would if they had been sitting (down and conversing, between sips, with a friend. The ancient, time-honored "haye-one-on-ne" habit was learn, because it, too, induced men to drink more than they would otherwise have done. "Generally," observes our lbartender, "if four men cane up to the !dar, I knew it would be four rounds; each man had to 'treat. In Excessive drinking was also the result of the addition of delectable flavors, se-; ductive odors and enticing colors. All these things helped the drinker get away with more alcohol than he would have done if that joyous juice had been taken in plain water, say. The reriiniscent bartender also tells of the "souses" he has seen and the "moderate drinkers" and the "steady drinkers," to say nothing of our old friend who can "drink or let it alone." He has seen and heard much, but none of it to have soured him the bartending game. Apparently he feels that "this is the life," for he says:
Frankly, I liked the bottles behind the bar--not all of them, for I shall tell you, too, how men were cheated, I liked to choose, from a large number of bottles, certain bottles which my experience told me to take. I enjoyed, pouring from these bottles just the exact quantity of liquors to produce a The Carbon Paper drink satisfactory to my patrons. I That Gives Satisfaction consider the mixing of drinks art. I know the taste a certain mixture will produce, also the effect. For twenty years I watched the effect of alcohol upon men. This bartender was clearly of @ somewhat philosophic, or at least investigating, turn of mind, and it may be that one reason his work has been so fascinating to him is that it has fur.' nished him abundant opportunity to ex. ercise this faculty in the observation of what booze does to men. He explains incidentally why bartenders don't drink, tho often pressed to do so by those who have reached the "world-wide" stage where all men appear as brothers. Business Dress bartender can't drink, he says, because the proper discharge of his exacting for duties requires a cool head, a clear eye and a steady hand. But no such limita. Office Records tions hampered the customers. Therefore Business women consider they drank unrestrainedly, and in conneo neatness in dress first. In office tion therewith did and said many things work also, high-salaried stenogthat were edifying to a philosnphic raphers and private secretaries bartender. As we read: think of neatness first. Espe cially in carbon copies does "I have heard a lot about what booze neatness pay: I does to men. Get one thing straight. There is one reason, and only one, why Employers rely on carbon men drank. I have seen them demand of me a certain brand of whisky and show copies to keep them in touch pettishness when we were out of it. I with work in the office. The have seen them call for a particular copies must be clear, sharp immake of gin. B. have seen wine pressions without streakiness or drinkers who, in America, are rare -hold up a glass to the light and go in fading in order to be easily read. to delights about its color and odor. I have heard men speculate It pays to MultiKopy your upon the shadings of color and 'creeniness' of letters. MultiKopy gives clear, beer. . I have heard the virtues of 'juleps' argued against those of 'rickeys. permanent impressions. Always But don't fool your self that uniform, cleanest to handle, and drank whisky or gin because a certain unequalled for manifolding. brand offered some mysterious piquancy of flavor. Don't fool yourself that men Write us to send you drank wine because of the color or the bouquet; that men drank beer for its samples of MultiKopy color creaminess; that men drank We are anxious to send you samples 'juleps' for the mint, or 'rickeys' for of MultiKopy Carbon Paper so that the lime-juice. Men drank for the alcohol in the drink and for you can see for yourself how to make no other reason. Believe me, I know. carbon copies that bring business ad The sole reason for the existence of these vari. vancement. ous drinks was to induce the body to MultiKopy is sold by principal accept them. dealers throughout this country and "Were a man to mix alcohol with Canada. water and drink it, the palate, the Improve the appearance of your letstomach, would rebel. So it became a ters by using Star Brand Typewriter profession for the makers of booze and ribbons. These give clear, sharp imfor us bartenders to disguise alcohol pressions. Made for all machines. with odors and flavors so that men could more readily accept it. Also, dif F. S. WEBSTER CO. ferent drinks provided men with different quantities of alcohol, as they 334 Congress Street Boston, Mass. wanted, It was for the alcohol alone, what it did to them, that men drank, New York: "About inducing the stomach to ac 114-118 Liberty St. cept drink, Rare indeed is the Chicago: 14 N. Franklin St. whose first drink was strong in alco Philadelphia: 908 Walnut St. hol. The average person taking whiskey Pittsburgh, Pa.: for the first time gagged. His body re Page 14
A Barber Shaves More Men in a Day Than You Shave in a Month H
AVE you noticed that all barbers use just one type of razor—the GENCO type? Two hundred thousand barbers wouldn't keep right on using this one type of razor if a better had ever been discovered. Some men deny themselves the use of a regular razor because they imagine that stropping one is an Art or the trick of a skilled hand. Barbers aren't stopped by any such notion. They simply buy razors built to strop. Anybody Can Strop a GENCO Razor It's built to strop. It has a broad back; its blade is hollow ground; and right behind that thin, keen edge is a slight bevel. Back, hollow-grinding and bevel, all three help to set its edge against the strop at exactly the correct angle. A few light strokes, and you have the smoothly cutting edge all barbers recognize the need of having Save the time and money in shaving that every barber does. A barber shaves hundreds to your one, but-you shave over 300
sented it, More easy was it to dow, the first time, beer. rine., or cocktail, with the alcohol taste carefully camouflaged by fruit. I have seen these'first drinkers.' Most of them began on beer and then came a day when they wanted more alcohol and they went to whiskey, to distilled spirits, gin or run, with their higher percentages of alcohol. But they began beer. Their body would not stand for them beginning on whiskey. Nature had to be 'eased in.' First, it accepted a drink with about five per cent alcohol; then it wanted thirty-five per cent. "Of course, you know what alcohol is. I made it my business to find out about everything in the booze game. Alcohol is a liquid without color, sharp and repellent of taste, and quite suave of odor. Before telling you what it did to nen--as I have watched it from behind the bar--I shall tell you what we did to alcohol so it would please men, After we colored and perfumed alcohol, it reminded me sometimes of a woman of the night, adorned to attract. "I shall begin with a dynamite drink.' You know brandy, cognac? They made it by distilling wine. When distilled, it was colorless and had about fifty per cent, alcohol. Then it was put in cask from the wood of which it took an amber or brown color. In the cask it lost some of the alcohol, and when it came to us at the bar in bottles it had about forty per cent. alcohol. I have served brandy, however, that was as high as fifty-two per cent, alcohol. Whisky was not quite as strong; almost, though. Distilled from bar ley, rye, maize, other grains, it ran from thirty-five per cent. to as high as forty-six per cent, in some of the imported 'Scotches! Rum, you know, was made of distilled molasses and the by-products of sugar factories. Not strong whisky, it was stronger than gin, which latter had about thirty per cent, alcohol. Gin was distilled from unmalted grain and flavored with juniper berries, Those were the common drinks and the base ingredients for mixed drinks. "Wine, made from the fermented juice of the grape, ran from ten per cent. to twenty-five per cent, alcohol. Beer, supposed to be made from the fermented malt, flavored with hops--but which it rarely was in America--contained, before the war measures, from three. to nine per cent, alcohol. Ale was 'about the Of course, the beer of today has only 12.75 alcohol, but alcohol there is and men drink it for the alcohol alone. It may interest you to know that before the war, when beer in Europe was condemned as being bad, we imported it along with good beer; for, unlike European counitries, we had no inspection of beer." This leads the bartender-philospher to a discussion of the many methods employed for adulterating booze. This practice never had his personal approval, for it appears that he is not only a philospher but also an honest man and his 'scruples against handing out fake drinks, to customers who paid high prices for the real, simon-pure : life-saver at least on two occasions overcame him to such an extent that he threw up his job. Moreover, he says he knew this falsifying was bound to bring on prohibition. . His account of fake drinks follows:
Drop in on your dealer. Look for the three features mentioned. Every one of our razors is hand-ground from special steel. That's necessary because of our guarantee—“Geco Razors must make good or we will." If your dealer hasn't GENCO Page 15
FRANKLIN CAR Reliability and Air- Cooling Superiority Again Demonstrated by a 98.2 Mile Non-Stop Low-Gear Run Ending at the Top of Famous Mount Washington.
Road and Weather Conditions Make Feat More Notable
Rain soaked, slippery roads; no chains; no stops permitted—these were the added difficulties to a performance generally considered impossible even under the best conditions. But the Franklin reached the summit, overcoming the final obstacle of a 27% grade, in perfect running shape and returned to Portland the same day. On August 17th, a Franklin stock model touring car ran all the way from Portland, Maine, to By official observation, the Franklin did not the top of Mt. Washington in New Hampshire show the slightest trace of wear and tear or on low gear without a stop. This remarkable over-heating, its engine performing with absolute feat is the latest public proof of the superiority regularity on all grades as well as on level going. of Franklin Direct Air Cooling (no water to Ability for eighteen years to demonstrate conboil or freeze). sistently this kind of performance is what has This car, just such a one as thousands of made the Franklin known as the most pracFranklin owners are driving all over the country, tical fine car. carried three official observers besides its driver and averaged 11.1 miles per hour-on low gear. 20 miles to the gallon of gasoline The Franklin had already run ninety miles on 12,500 miles to the set of tires low gear without a stop before reaching the 50% slower yearly depreciation FRANKLIN AUTOMOBILE COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N.Y. As no pictures could be taken on the way up without Page 16
This series was well worth while till Roosevelt's complete works and an authoritative life of Roosevelt come to super sede all others if they can do 60. OUR GOVERNMENT IN WAR-TIME
machinery, and ef. materials, diplomey, policies, regional ests, foreign invest. interests, all find The opportunities and ration by smaller the methods and ada eater companies to There is no spreade confidence of the enterprise and ested throughout is a volume packed ? value to the busi Istrialist, the stu: inal commerce, and and legislators,
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The candies in the Sampler were really selected by the millions of Americans who have enjoyed Whitman's since 1842. We packed selections from ten of our best-liked packages in the Sampler-sweets assorted just right for most people, and a charming introduction to ten separate Whitman's products. Selected stores everywhere (usually the best Drug Store) are agents for the sale of the Sampler and the other Whitman packages. STEPHEN F. WHITMAN & SON, Inc., Philadelphia, U. S. A.)
WILLOUGHBY, WILLIAM FRANKLIN. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION IN WAR-TIME AND AFTER A Survey of the Federal Civil Agencies Created for the Prosecution of the War. 8vo, pp. xx-376. New York: D. Appleton & Co. That the relations between all the elements that go to make up a nation will revert to prewar conditions after "reconstruction" is regarded as most unlikely. New standards have been set FE AND HIS IDEALS, up, not only for government operation and control, but for the yarious IS LIFE, MEANING, AC factors beneath--the relations of labor Literature Publishing and capital, of labor plus capital vs. inland the public, of transportation 6. 4 Vols., small 670. and coastwise and across seas, of the movements of finance and the connec tions therewith on "E AND IDEALS. the part of the people, of fuel- and food-supply and control. That Wilhelm II. had the reis Life, Meaning, ang motest idea that he was causing such Literature Publishin enormous civic developments as have re.. 4 Vols., small 8701 sulted is impossible. But he has been sp. sting set of books the Indirectly the occasion of an unfolding and of a turnover all along the line-edited by Willian social, commercial, governmental, which last is ritten by have anticipated fully a generation's . Griffith has brought normal advance. How this care about, suncements of Theodors and how the feverish American activi. los which furnish the ties of April--June, 1917, settled down .1-111. Vols.l. and II. 'into colossal national movement osevelt Policy," CoTo pointed to the defeat of the Teutons is al and presidential told in this closely written and fully 5, state papers, etc., documented volume by the director of th and allied topics, the Institute for Government Research, 3 the "Newer Roosevelt The book is a "methodical statement and description of special war-agencies and their operations." The "treatment is descriptive" and impartial, telling not only of success but of failure, of mistakes and their correction, of onissions and the subsequent rectification. And the author closes with a glance at the problems of reconstruction, involving the return to what is to be re. garded as normal, as well as to the reorganization of the government itself. The chapters deal with general administration, mobilization of science, of publicity agencies, finance, industry, foreign trade, shipping,inland transportation and communication, labor, food products, fuel, control of enemy aliens and supporters, aircraft construction, and war-risk insurance, Among the very notable achievements was the creation of six great corporations for administrative purposes dealing with finances, emergency fleet, grain, sugar equalization, Russian bureau, and housing. And one significant feature connected with the operation of these corporations is that they had to co-operate with each other in the broadest sympathy and with the most intelligent understanding. Inasmuch as the immediate future, indeed the very present, calls for readjustment, one of the problems of the legislative and administrative departments of government is whether activities shall move along the lines fol. lowed during the war. Are we to degtroy these agencies some or all or, with such modifications peace conditions require, continue them means of effective procedure in the race for world commerce and in the efforts for home development?
war (before and after) tal topics. Mr. Tuwing life and pointed its etions of the speeches ss to be, and are not, cences of the most of these latter days. ents, such as lotters, ders are excerpts fran articles, or messages, Cor their relevance to volume. They are on the carpet 25 to his fellow citi.
The South's Confection
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idently written by a Jy in accord with his the strenuous life, rk alike to the poor, d the rich. There is in the writer's pronext to impossible, one man to rrites) Theodore Roosevelt. y lives of Roosevelt ) of Lincoln." He has sly a .version of !
The HOTEL GRUNEWALD CATERERS Dept. L NEW ORLEANS, LA. Page 17
PUBLIC OPINION (New York) combined with THE LITERARY DIGEST Published by Funk & Wagnalls Company (Adam W. Wagnalls, Pres.: Wilfred J. Funk, Vice-Pres.; Robert J. Cuddiby, Treas.; William Neisel. Sec'y). 351-360 Fourth Ave., New York
New York, November 22, 1919
PUBLIC OPINION DEFEATING THE STRIKES
E ARE AMERICANS. We cannot fight our own to break the strike," and the miners, the Virginia Lewis of the soft-coal miners in explain- ting a stone wall." Public opinion settled the coal ing why the strike leaders decided to comply with the strike, declares the Washington "Post", "by disapprovcourt's mandate and call off the ing of what the miners have strike. He might just as well The New York "Tribune" have said, one editor observes, finds this official ending of "We are Americans. ve cannot the coal strike a most "inspirfight our fellow-Americans." For ing spectacle;" the public vinmany a newspaper is convinced dicates its authority; that the coal strike failed, of 400,000 throws down its. strike after strike has failed to it; not only this, but its in recent months and as strike leader announces that the Govthreat after strike-threat has ernment is his government." proved futile, because of the "Tell this in Russia," cries the power of public opinion now "Tribune," "proclaim it on the strongly and definitely crystal streets of Moscow, sear it into lizing and backing up Federal, the minds of all domestic disState, and local authorities. integrators." In such a In all this coal-strike business clusion of the strike, the Net "more impressive than the demon York "Evening Sun" likewisə stration of the power finds an "exemple and a warning courts to enforce the law of the TORRO to turbulent spirits in general" land, or of the ability of the which "should assuredly dis KEEP THE HOLE FIRES BURNING, Government to step between the courage wanton strikes for lorris, George Matthew Adams Service. people and the long time to come." reparable injury, are the part and force of public A similar lesson is found by many papers in th9 opinion", declares the New York "Evening Post", and slow dwindling of the steel strike. Every day neris"it was to this voice, really, that the union leaders paper readers see dispatches telling of mills reopengave heed." Labor chieftains who had vociferously as- ing and of men returning to work by the scores and serted that nothing could stop the strike, found out, hundreds. Even the strike leaders make guarded stateas another editor observes, that after all "the hundred ments which show that whether or not they consider and ten millions of the American people superior the strike actually a failure, they realize that it is to five hundred thousand of their number." "Instead of not a success. Here again, says the Denver "Rocky bringing the nation to its knees", the coal strike Mountain News", "the mistake was made in challenging "brought it to its feet", the Norfolk "Virginian-Pilot" the Government." The strike, it declares, "was lost tells its readers. It unified the nation's "component from the day it was called; public sentiment disapelements to an extent that rendered resistance hope- proved of it and public sentiment makes the winner and less." By endangering the public welfare the strikers the loser." "crystallized public sentiment against them" and "prac Nor is it these two strikes alone that are provirig tically the entire nation evidenced grim determination the power of public sentiment. The Albany "Journal" Page 18
reminds us that declarations had been made "by some of "That those who have been proceeding on the idea that this is a good time to strike have shown as poor the Apaches who are trying to make the United States a capacity for labor leadership as they have shown an land of chaos, that strike after strike would be Inferior sense of patriotism. The theory evidently was that because the war had placed the country and its called even tho many would fail, until at the last one industries under an exceptional strain, because the would be made effective to paralyze industry and needs created by the war and reconstruction traordinary, a condition had appeared favorable for winning strikes or for winning excessive demands by the threat of strikes. Tliis was an unpatriotic thought. It accords fully with the ethics of the gouging capitalist who sees in war necessities only a chance to promote his personal interests. It is just because of this feature of the strike movement that strikes are failing. "The time was a favorable one to take advantage of the country. While the war was on, too much advantage of the opportunity was permitted and was taken both by profiteering capitalists and by profiteering labor organizations. A Governnent particularly sympathetic with organized labor was too ready to make concessions and too hesitant about appealing to the higher of patriotism which should have prevented the necessity for such concessions. But the effect has been to arouse a popular resentment against those who trying to take advantage of conditions created by a death struggle with a foreign foe, whether capitalists or labor leaders. "That popular resentment is proving to be THE KICK. stronger force than any industrial organization. It ---Orr in the Chicago Tribune. has completely changed the attitude of a Government which tried to meet the wishes of organized labor to "The Journal" glances greater extent than has any other which ever held power at recent industrial history to prove that all such attempts are bound to fail As we read "The first attempt to create a general strike which I'M SICKwould seriously interfere with business was the one == for which a man named Konenkamp gave the order to the AND TIREDcommercial telegraph operators. That was a failure from the beginning. Konenkamp resigned from the position from which he took authority to call the strike, OF THIS and has disappeared from view. "Then there was partial stoppage of work in rail. Will NONSENSE !! road shops, which petered out after causing some in. ***** convenience in few localities "Next was the desertion of the Boston policemen, with threats of a general strike in 'sympathy. 'That vi. cious effort encountered the sturdy Americanism of the Governor of Massachusetts, and stiffened backbone of local authorities. The deserters from the force seeking other employment, There was never more than talk of the general strike. "Followed then the order given by Fitzpatrick and Foster of the Apaches, to the steel workers to stop working for a living. That strike is failing. Llany who foolishly obeyed the call have returned to work. The others are striving desperately to secure the benefit of arbitration, which they would offer as evidence of victory "Then there was the strike of longshoremen in New York, undertaken in violation of agreement and contrary to orders from authority constituted by the longshoremen's organization. The end of that has come with nly loss to those who responded to the incitement of the Apaches. "At the same time a strike of railway express ployes has been started, which presumably will be as short-lived and futile as its predecessors.' KEEPING WARM. Then came the short-lived coal strike, and "The • Gale in the Los Angeles Times. Journol" thinks "there is good reason to believe that at Washington It has stimulated state and local there will not be any general strike that will stick. govo ernments of all parties to a degree of firmness which Similarly reviewing these events, the Buffalo"Express" has been rarely seen in men holding political office. concludes that one lesson ought to impress itself upon It has convinced the greater number of the popularity hunters that popularity lies not in yielding to, but in all thoughtful union men, namely: resisting, this effort to take an unpatriotic advantage. Page 19
since General Pershing has stated before the military "The immediate danger is that, while Congress is groping blindly in search of a way out of its perplexcommittees of Congress that no American combat planes ities, the Air Service will be crippled beyond repair. were received by the Army up to the beginning of this What it needs at once is a liberal appropriation for the construction of new airplanes of the latest types year, this disputed question should be settled for all to replace the obsoleto machines now on hand and soon time. It is possible that the General had in mind to be discarded as worn out. No new ones can be built next year unless Congress immediately provides the this lack of essential equipment when he made his plea funds, and as matters stand the Army to-day could not for the Air Service; he may have recalled the little equip threo squadrons, if needed, for active service." "siicy" which he, as managing director,staged in France, The responsibility for this unfortunate situation, where no American-made combat plane appeared to offer most recently brought to the attention of the country fight when the boche flew low and with chattering ma by Senator Wadsworth, Chairman of the Military Affairs chine guns "straped" our infantry lines. The answer is Committee, rests as much upon Secretary Baker and the that, as the General now says there were none to be Secretary of the Navy as it does upon Congress, in the had. In fact, as the Seattle daily goes on, "IL it opinion of the Rochester "Democrat and Chronicle": had not been for the French and British airplanes, our "The sentiment in Congress has been strongly in men would have been in the same predicament as the poor favor of a consolidation of all branches of the air Russians." General Pershing may be trying to prevent services in one department. Bills to that effect were introduced in Congress when the first scandal in the recurrence of such a deplorable state of affairs nection with the building of airplanes became known. as is said to have existed in the Air Service on this Mr. Baker and Mr. Daniels refused to agree to this, even tho it was shown that the aviation service in side of the water during the early part of the war. Great Britain was not placed upon a sound basis until But, says the New York "world". it was made a separate department." Page 20
CHINA'S NEW INDUSTRIAL are reduced to even greater straits than they are at present. The trust is somewhat of an octopus in the ERA most advanced lands: what it might be in China may be guessed, and the practice of the guilds in times gone by is ample foundation for a recognition of the possiBURNING QUESTION of the day in native circles bility. Until labor is as organised in China in China is industrial development, and the capital may be, there will be danger to the working classes as a whole. On the other hand, driving force of the Chinese move toward reason to suggest opposition of any kind to such de tive industrialism is "irritation against Japan." This velopment as may be practicable by local endeavor irritation is also at the base of the close 00-opera wherever it may be. . Lack of adequate transport will effectually prevent industries in many places which tion between the Chinese merchants and students in the might otherwise be fitted for them, but that is boycott against Japan, according to the Shanghai "Celes- matter which, by a few years of railway construction, may be obviated. Many years must elapse, however, betial Empire," which reminds us meanwhile that China's fore China can dispense with foreign products, and when political economy is, in part, thousands of years old, that time has occurred, the desire for so doing will have been lost. and so far as industrialism is concerned, is largely bound up with guilds. Exactly where the new industrialism will clash with the old, this Shanghai weekly LIGHT ON MEXICAN BOGIES does not assume to say, but "there is plenty of ground HE SEARCHLIGHT OF COLD FACTS ad figures 18 for fearing that what happened in Europe, in Great flashed upon certain harrowing delusions of Britain especially, a century ago when the domestic American readers by the record of foreign setsystem of manufacture gave way to the factory, may hap- tlers in the Republic of Mexico during the past year. pen in China." If it does there will be for So we are assured by the 'Mexican Review" (Mexico City) trouble compared with whien that of the past eight which says that when the cold light of truth is turned years may be as nothing, for the reason that on we make the same discovery about the "whole brood "The Bolshevik has come into the land, and has soil of Mexican bogie-men that has been hatched out in forto cultivate which may be more fertile even than that eign countries by the foul interventionist crowd." of his native country. Then, again, the capitalism necessary for great industrial undertakings differs When foreigners wish to acquire real estate in the Revery considerably from that of China's past. Formerly public of Mexico, we are reminded, they must renounce an undertaking which had a whole province for its sphere was a notable affair. What is suggested now is their rights as foreign citizens "for the purpose of something vaster. But as provincialism is by no means that especial property" and promise not to appeal to dead in China, we shall have to reckon with its jealousies. And as all the world is waiting eagerly for their home Government in case of dispute arising about the chance of helping China in the development that is it. Now the report of the Secretary of Foreign Relalooked for, there will be no lack of competition from outside." tions states that during the past year 1,656 permis sions were granted to foreigners to acquire real Industrialism presupposes capital and that China tate in Mexico with this understanding. Of this total can have, on conditions, for the asking, proceeds the 415 are American citizens. They constitute "four hun"Celestial · Empire", which calls attention to the fact dred and fifteen facts which are more or less respectthat up to the present the Chinese have fully referred" to the attention of those who have chary about entering into joint-stock enterprises. So filled columns of space with denunciations of this long as the Llanchus were in power there were"officials land law. Thus is one "hexican bogie-man" done to to be squared, and what that meant everybody knew. "To death, exults the "Mexican Review," which proceeds: day the same trouble remains, though in somewhat different form, for there is still "far too much oppor- "But yet again. During the past year we have heard tunity for officials to get a finger in trade pics and a great deal in the American Congress and in the Amer ican press with regard to the alleged acquisition of to put a spoke in trade wheels, unless their demands lands in this country by Japanese. If these statements are acceded to." We read then: were to be believed, they had acquired many thousands of acres of land and were planning to do all sorts of "It will things to the injury of Americans. But just glance at be an interesting thing to watch the attempts which are sure to be made to secure in some way the list. Just two Japanese have thought enough of or other a practical monopoly for such enterprises acquiring lands in this country to put in applications, may be in a position to make it worth the while of "But return to the top of the list. Glance down it. officials to grant it. China has by no means outgrown We have been hearing a great deal also about the flood the practice of monopolies. We question if any land of Germans that have been coming to this country to could boast entire freedom from the desire for them. settle, and during the war we heard lot about Ger But, from the time of the Co-hong in Canton to this mans buying oil and other lands. Here is the truth. present day, the hankering of the well-to-do merchant Less than one-third as many Germans as Americans found after the unlimited gains of a monopoly has never died it worth while to do that thing during the past year. down. Now, if China can get her sons to fulfil the "Another Mexican bogie-man done to death! conditions incumbent on great combinations, and if the "And when the cold light of truth is turned on, the West imposes no veto, we may see such a development as same fact meets the whole brood of Mexican bogie-men will make multi-millionaires in China they have that has been hatched out in foreign countries by the been made in the United States, while the cornon people foul interventionist crowd." Page 21
and power of the main machine. The slow motion of the micro drive through the final few inches of travel in connection with a novel system of control, results in the car stopping lovel with the landing with any load to the full capacity of 10,000 pounds. As the leveling is accomplished at slow speed and by means of the small motor, there is less wear and tear of mechanical and electrical parts than with an elevator of the ordinary type, and the amount of power required for loveling is reduced to a minimum."
PROTEST against what he terms "the reckless extraction of teeth" is made by Dr. Walter C. Alvarez of San Francisco in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" (Chicago, Oct. 18). Ever since the discovery that many unexplained maladies could be traced to poisoning from "focal infections" such as abscesses at the roots of the teeth, extracting the latter to get rid of the former has become a favorite therapeutic measure, and in many cases it has met with signal success. But Dr. Alvarez complains that it is being carried too far. Some physicians are apparently coming to believe, he charges, that pulling out teeth is a panacea, good for almost anybody on general principles, just as doctors in old times used to regard the "letting" of blood. Up to date, reckless tooth-extraction has been responsible,he says, for "many failures and disappointments", though he confesses that it has worked a miracle here and there. How to keep the miracles and cut out the failures is evicently our problem. He writes:
tively. Sometimes I have secured the roentgenograms which were used in deciding which teeth were to come out and have been unable to find more than one of two roots which after years of experience I would call infected. In some, downward projections of the antrun had evidently been, mistaken for abscesses. In others, it seemed to me that the physician, quite oblivious to any possible value of the teeth to their owner, mist have ordered their extraction simply because he believed it a panacea for most diseases. "I believe we have lost our heads over this thing an that the time has come to call a halt. Men have ubtained such beautiful results in some cases by tracting teeth that some of them are now trying to explain most diseases on the basis of these focal inPections. In practice, they pull the teeth first, and if the patient returns unbenefited, they can then look to see what is the matter with him. "As the enthusiast often regards the conservative as a man who must be ignorant of the wonderful results which can be gained by using his methods, I wish to say that since 1911 it has been practically a routine procedure in my office to roentgenograph all suspicious teeth, and I have had hundreds extracted. I would emphasize the fact that I have seen my share of the miracles described by my radical friends --I, too, have seen inflamed joints go down over night; so-called tuberculous glands disappear as suddenly; headaches leave for good, and so on; but these things have not blinded me to the fact that for one miracle I have seen many failures and disappointments. "Many of the dentists have become frightened over the terrible results which they think must follow every root infection that they are refusing to fill any root canals at all. They feel that the risk to life and health is so great that a man should immedi. ately sacrifice every dead tooth in his head. Certainly the thousands of people who for the last thirty or forty years have been chewing contentedly on dead teeth (without signs of root infection) should be grateful that these radical ideas did not prevail when they were young. The trouble with many of our dentists today is that they do not know enough about the wonderful defenses of the body against bacteria. These defenses are particularly efficient in the mouth,where, in spite of the rich flora and the continual trauma, wounds heal with surprising rapidity. Bacteria constantly getting through the first line of defense only to be stopped at the second, and I see no reason why the body cannot in many cases protect itself perfectly from the activities of a few invaders which have reached the apex of a tooth. "In view of the fact that the most thorough removal of focal infections often fails to cure arthritis and other diseases, let us be more honest and conservative with our patients. Let us be careful what we promise them. Let us save serviceable teeth whenever possible
"Day after day I see people who have had half a more teeth extracted: Their former physicians had promised them great things; in had even guaranteed a cure, but here they are still suffering and now greatly discouraged. Many have no chewing surface left, and the remaining teeth are often so distributed that the only thing to do is to remove them and put in plates. To my mind one of the saddest features is that, in many of these cases, an experienced physician might have foretold the unsatisfactory outcome and might have warned the orthodontist or the dentist to proceed cautiously and
Above all, let us do unto our patients only what we "An idee may be had of these differences in eleva. would have done unto ourselves if their teeth were in tion when it is know that the line on leaving the our heads." city of La Paz, the altitude of which is 11,811.6 Peet above sea level, must ascend and pierce the principal ridge of the Andes, passing through a gap the height A NEW RAILROAD ACROSS of which is 15,223.8 feet above sea level. This dif. ference in level is surmounted by means of a line only THE ANDES 16 miles long, which gives an average gradient of approximately 4 per cent. The line therefore will be one of the highest in the world and is the second OLIVIA IS NOW BUILDING her territory a new built in South America to cross the Grand Cordillera. railway line across the Andes, marked by great It will be much higher than the already existing line between Los Andes and Mendoza, the height of which differences in elevation, steep grades and does not exceed 13,124 feet." frequent horseshoe curves. The last-named feature enables the road to avoid the "switchbacks" used by The highest point on the line is Abra de Huacuyo. many of the South American roads in crossing high From this pass it descends to the lower level on a mountain ranges. The new line is described and illus steep slope through a deep but relatively wide valley trated in an article contributed to the "Railway Review" and thence through the bottom of Unduavi pass. All this descent is made with a gradient of 6 per cent. and an idea may be had of its difficulties when it is known that between the summit at Huacuyo and the point called Pongo there are not more than two three miles of straight track, there being difference of altitude of 3,937.2 feet. The writer goes on:
"Switchbacks which are so frequently encountered on other mountain lines and which present so many inconveniences when it comes to operation are avoided and the descent accomplished by many horseshoe bends, the radius of the curves being reduced to 196 86 feet. A continuous line is thus followed which it will be possible to operate without difficulty, using American engines. "The work on this descent presents very interesting features, due to the imposing height of many of the cuts, most of them in rock; and because of the conformation of the rock, for the most part slate. "The line to the Yungas will offer the traveler the greatest possible contrasts in 80 relatively short a journey, due to the conformation of the valleys and the great descent that is attained in a run of less than 31 miles, in the course of which the principal mountain ridge, generally covered with snow, is crossed and then reaching the part of the valley where there is a most exuberant vegetation entirely covering the skirts of the mountain. In its 100th kilometer the railway reaches a level of only 3,609,1 feet above the sea; thus in less than 46 miles a difference in level of 11,483.5 feet is attained!'
North America, it seems, is helping build it:
(Chicago, October 18) by Carlos Tejada Sorzano, an associate member of the American Society of Civil Engi Mr. Sorzano tells us that all the Bolivian railways of recent construction have the character of mountain lines, and have presented difficulties due to the broken configuration of the country. But none approaches in these respects that now being con. structed for the government between La Paz and the rich agricultural district of Yungas. We read:
"This line, like all of the Bolivian lines, is metre gage and is destined to connect the railways the high tablelands with the warm valleys of the Yungas on the eastern slope of the Andes, a region the name of which is known all over the world as the place whence comes the famous Yungas colfee. "The principal difficulties which this line has to meet arise from the marked differences in elevation, in surmounting which it is necessary to cross narrow valleys that in many places have the character of imposing canyons, in which it is impossible to find sufficient room for the roadbed without constructing expensive works that would greatly increase the total cost of the undertaking.
"This line, the construction of which was initiated with very small resources in 1915, has made good pro gress recently due to the help of a loan placed by the government of Bolivia in the United States. "Once the great difficulties of the descent and crossing of the Cordillera are overcome and as soon as a part of the railway is placed in operation which it is expected will be soon, the Bolivian government proposes to extend the line to the head of navigation the Beni river. Thus in the near future, by means of the line now under construction, the crossing of the Cordillera of the Andes will be accomplished at the highest point reached by a railroad. The Pacific will be connected with the rivers of the Amazon basin, establishing a transcontinental line between the port of Africa on the west coast and the Brazilian port of Para. "This program which at the moment seems perhaps rather ambitious, must, nevertheless be considered as within the actual power of the government of Brazil. The distance which has to be traversed is not very great, less than 217 miles, and the greatest of the difficulties are those already' surmounted, in part."
THE PHONOGRAPH AS A buzzing was just this. The solution was reached through pure accident. WIRELESS DETECTIVE "In studying foe wireless which 18 in code, 18 important the practice is to take down the message on a phonograph record. Then it can be decoded OW A TALKING MACHINE turned detective and leisure. One of the many dozens of records of the solved a wireless mystery of the war, is told Nauen-Madrid buzz was being run. A young radio officer was attempting to solve the mystery. The spring in the by a contributor to the "Scientific American" machine ran down, and he wearily reached forward (New York, October, 11). It appears that just before to wind the box again he stopped, chilled by the exo citement of a discovery. With the cylinder revolving the retreat of the Germans from the Chemin des Dames at a very low rate something that might be a rapid position in 1918, the Allied Intelligence Department message in code clicked from the horn: "Throttling down the speed adjuster on the phonotold the General Staff the exact positions which would graph, he ran the record as slowly as possible. Aia be evacuated, altho all preliminary operations on the hunch was justified! There was certainly something there, though it went too fast to be caught. Berlin side were carried out with the utmost secrecy. Every movement up to the final withdrawal had been made at night, and even divisional commanders in the German ranks were ignorant of the extent of the ro. treat. Wireless told the story. The narrator goes
"No message telling this precious secret was intercepted. The Germans knew far too much to intrust this to errant ether waves. Yet from the enemy's use of wireless equipment, the Allies obtained their positive information. "The reasoning behind it was simple, but it was not until 1918 that either side used the process---perhaps for that very reason. Most communication in the front trenches is carried on by telephone. "The trench phone equipment is costly. On the Ger• man side toward the end of the war it was likewise irreplaceable. Whenever the decision was reached to get out of a certain sector, the Huns had first to out their home instruments, wires and stations. From the time this was started until it was fully accomplished, wireless played an increasingly important part. Every phone station gave place to a temporary wireless station, and the chatter, bluff and serious orders in code were sent in this manner for perhaps ten days previous to the final withdrawal. "From previous experience, French, British and Amer• ican spotters had become familiar with the coinci. dental increase in the number of wireless message 8 with the preparation for retreat. So, with this symptom well developed along a 64-kilometer front the Chemin des Dames, they had no difficulty in marking off the sector, and even in guessing accurately concerning the time the retreat would begin. Needless to say Allied artillery made the evacuation as difficult as possible."
WERE A HORSESHOE CURVE WILL RUN.
Another queer situation in the wireless department was known officially for months as the "Nauen-Madrid "He wrestled with the problem overnight. Next day Buzz." he rigged up an electric motor to run his blank cylin. In May, 1916, says the writer, it appeared for der record at a prodigious rate of speed. When the the first time, emanating from Madrid. It was a curi. buzzing occurred it was caught. Then when the record ous rustle of the spark unlike any message was re-run at a moderate rate the message there: familiar to It was decoded shortly, and proved to be part of an Allied operators,who of course looked upon it with sus- important description concerning the disposal of Allied troops. picion and tried to make something out of it. "The secret was simply that at Nauen and Madrid haps five seconds--and sometimes as long as twenty-- each message was cut into a perforated roll. This was this phenomenon would occur. Then no more for perhaps run through the sending apparatus at the speed of four hundred words per minute. Naturally it turned out to a week. Until Nauen déveloped the same strange quality be a buzz to anyone not 'in the know.' At the opposite the buzz was diagnosed simply as an odd manifestation station they simply took it on the phonograph, and that was all there was to it. of "statio.' "The Allies managed to trace down many spies through the requests made by Nauen. In addition to this a "But Nauen buzzed. [mmediately all the wireless great deal of erroneous information was sent through sharps in the Allied ranks tackled the problet. channels by which it would reach Madrid, and thence "It is needless to detail the many theories which Nauen. After this there always was a third party on were held concerning this mysterious communication-- the line whenever the Germans and their agents 10 noud for efter the first weeks no one doubted that the tra) Spain got talking together"
Blasco Ibañez, como lo vé el artista Arteches, de “La Prensa"
guage of any of the nations that fought on the Entente side." The war being over and the sober history of it being our present duty, the vivid pages of "The Four Horsemen" may depend for their immortality just those South American descriptions that we found ourselves impatiently hurrying over before. What was back of them in the writer's mind he now makes phatic in his givings-out to the New York "Sun". Ibanez spent four years of his life in the Argentine before the war, and he "was shocked," he tells us, find how little influence the United States had there." He had expected that "the great capitalistic and cial strength of the United States would be the chief force discernible," but he found it "barely a force at all." Instead of that, he watched the German influence grow by leaps and bounds. Mr. Ibanez shows the same frankness as our other continental visitors in pointing out our shortcomings:
As the artist, Artechesof New York's Spanish newspaper, "La Prensa" sees him. Ibanez is here to scrutinize us searchingly, and he begins by reading us a lesson.
"As far as the war is concerned, the South Americans understand and sympathize with the policy of the United States, for the South American countries pro-Ally. But the fact remains that just as you lack knowledge of them they still lack knowledge of you. "It is a fact that in every one of the South American countries there has been a distrust of the United States, and that distrust is based on fear. The distrust was very active up to the time of the war. Owing to the attitude of the United States in the war and to the recent policy of the United States Government with regard to Mexico that distrust has largely abated. "There are many things the United States can do to encourage more favorable relations with the southern countries. Consider the American consular service for instance. Some of your consuls are very good and acceptable, but others are tactless and tend to create conflict. Instead of trying to create good feelings they rattle the sabre, as it were, and seek to give the impression that they represent great power and force. It is a great pity that this should be so. The United States should have a great deal more influence in South America than it has to-day because it is the natural and logical thing that the big Republic should be influential in a protective capacity and in commercial ways with the younger countries. "Take the Argentine, the most advanced country in South America. You occupy tenth place in influence there, England is first with its railway interests. Then come Belgium, France, Italy, Spain ana others. Six years ago the United States didn't have thing worth mentioning in the Argentine. Since the war I believe you have made some little progress. When I was there you didn't have a single American bank. Now, I am informed, you have a bank. In Chile you have only a few houses along the coast representing America.Most of the commercial houses are English. When I saw this situation on visiting Chile I was immensely surprised, for it was the natural thing to have expected America to have the dominating influence. "There are already some very hopeful signs of progress and change. In the first place I have noticed a great interest among South Americans to learn English.
in the South American episodes in that work. The early war days are there revivified in a distillation of all the newspaper reports and some clever guessing. "It is a book which transgresses many of the laws arbitrarily laid down for story telling," says the St. Louis "Post Dispatch", tho this mid-Western daily holds its breath over the amazing record of "twenty-one editions last March, twenty last February, sixteen last January, and thirty-six, or more than one a day, last December." Being produced by a native of a neutral state, "as war propaganda, it is far more adroit and subtle and efSective than any propaganda work appearing in the lan
[ see in the United States a great interest awakening MINNEAPOLIS ON SHELLEY to learn Spanish, This will bring the United States and South America closer together, for the interest of those who learn Spanish is not in Spain and the inter HELLEY HAS BEEN TAKEN FOR GRANTED for so long est of those who learn English is not in England. that it seems an ill turn to pick his credentials Spanish America is turning to Americe--that is, the southern countries will turn to the United States un to pieces merely because he was used by a British less the United States prevents. critic to pay It is hard not only pa "The thing to do is to drive into every man you send down there that the attitude of the United States Shelley but on the critic who thought he was praising to the South American countries must be that of a pro an American poet, Carl Sandberg of Chicago, in calling tective, paternal big brother. This will allay Pear. Don't try to impress the southern countries with the him "the American Shelley." Chicago's neighbor a litbelief that your strength is something of imperialistic brute foroo. If the South American countries have this belief it will continue to breed Pear and distrust. "President Wilson's Pan-American doctrine is the right procedure. At the present time you the right track. The thing to do is to continue this works "Some troubles you have had in the past were due to the fact that you didn't stick to a uniform policy. At one time you appeared to the South American countries benevolent, another time despotic, and another time violent. On account of your present policy there is a growing confidence, and if you continue in this direction it is only a question of time when your influence will be paramount. You will see great results in ton years.
This apparent excursion into the political domain is not so unnatural for Ibanez, for to him, as he told the interviewer for the New York "Evening Post", "a novel is to give the sensation of life and affairs." Mr. Ibanez confesses that his next novel is to be about the United States, and his views on the South American question we may perhaps take а рөөр into the laboratory that will evolve that novel. In fact, Americans are already in his theater, for his last book, "Woman's Enemy" about to be published, deals with the intervention of the United States in the war, and it ends with scenos at Nice, where Americans everywhere. "It was seldom you Frenchman." Perhaps there was an unconscious irony in the novelist's inention to the "Sun" that "one of the figures in the book will be President Wilson."
"I believe that Mr. Wilson is the first poet of our epoch. He doesn't write verse, but he dreams of humanity. He is an ethereal spirit, moving with the angels, and he has the mentality of the poet."
tle further west, that is, the Minneapolis "Journal," sniffs in the breeziest style, and may perhaps imply its doubt of Sandberg while it strips Shelley of his laurels:
"The strike is an implement of war. The fifth horseman has appeared on the soene. Nor does he seem to speed toward destruction before the implacable force of international justice, as did his four predecessors. We are passing through a period of uncertainty and doubt. But I am one of those who believe that everything has a solution, The fifth korseman may continue to gallop for some time, in the end he will be put to flight..... "who can say that the four horsemen imortalized in my book are gone forever? History has a way of repeating itself, and the thundering of the cataract still be heard on all sides. The great leaders who have guided the Allies through the blind as the rest of humanity, and will not be able to see their way clearly until the fog lifts."
*If our modest Mr. Sandberg is Shelley Incarnate,wo are not disputing his laurels. But what does it amount to to be a Shelley, as viewed from this dispassionate year 1919, a century or so since Shelley was drowned in the Italian sea? "Shelley was a beautiful young man-the ladies found him so. His name was Percy Bysshe, he was the son of Sir Timothy, a rich country squire. He was, oh, so sensitive and also belligerent. He got into scrapes and picturesquely got himself into more. He didn't cut so heroic a figure as Lord Byron, but seemed even more romantic to the sentimental vision. Indeed, he was quite as mushy as was the sentimental Heine, but the latter had a lot more sense. When the salt water quenched Shelley's young life, Trelawney and Byron burned his body, Hellenic style, on the beach. "Quite a melodrama! The angel-faced deceased aristocrat, atheist, democrat, poet, anarchist, God knows what, became a demi-god. Robert Browning a generation Page 22
later was one of his worshippers. Shelley was ethe ELLA WHEELER WILCOX real, pure spirit, abstract thought, white flame, and a whole lot of like things, but how much of a poet was he really, when his personality and dis HO HOLDS THE KEYS of Parnassus? Of course missed? the critics think the keeping of these pre"Well, as a thinker, which he took himself for, he was a lightweight. As Byron is reported to have said cious symbols has been comnitted to them, to him, 'Your poetry, my dear Mr.Shelley, is delicious, in spite of the fact that every age has repudiated but your ideas are ridiculous. As inspiration some persons thrive on moonbeams, but for ourselves we'd their claim. The death of a writer brings one or more rather take a chance on being the mouse in an experi of them serenely to say, does the Philadelphia mental vacuum than try to nourish our soul on Shelley's attenuated stuff. "Inquirer" at present; ' "It will hardly be claimed by her sincerest admirers that Ella Wheeler Wilcox is to be adezitted to Parnassus. That is the judicial mood EXPLANATION OF BOLSHEVIST that death seems always to summon. The unuttered verLITERATURE dict of a great public is often quite different. Just E ALL KNOW how the French nobility sat up a few days before Mrs. Wilcox passed away at her hone nights to read Rousseau, and near New Haven, on October 30, the London "Daily Teletranced by the romance of his presentations grap!ı" was saying that if she were not, as her publishthat they never looked out of the window to watch the ers claim, the most widely read poet of the day, "anystorm actually brewing. When it broke their how, she has devoted readers almost beyond nwber, heads, they probably saw how they had missed the whole her own country, here in England, and everywhere." The point of his teachings, which they supposed had begun Brooklyn "Eagle" accounts for this immense vogue and would end in pure romance. This lesson from his the basis of "journalized genius, "and admits that this tory tells nothing to our "Parlor Bolsheviki. "may be of a high type." In the beginning when a the Government is strongly recommended by the New York journalistic sense of the young Wisconsin girl "Times" to take them in hand. No matter how many founding a career, it was done by means that "dangerous aliens" we drive from our shores, furnish grounds for controversy not disdained by trro pany of aliens more dangerous would remain. "It leading Eastern dailies. The title of her first book with American money,' says the "Times," "not the much shows the keen insight of the novice into the journaltalked of and probably mythical funds of 'Lenin and istic foible when she used a phrase that has ever Trotsky' that the deadly Bolshevist poison is spread since been the point of departure for newspaper parathrough the country." We read graphers. Says the Philadelphia "Record": I "In October Mr. Samuel A. Berger, a Deputy Attorney General of this state, who investigated the radical "The career of Ella Wheeler Wilcox, who died the publications of this city in connection with the in other day at her home in Connecticut, affords interquiry of the Lusk committee into Bolshevist propaganda, esting light upon the making of a literary reputation. said that of between forty and fifty extreme radical Mrs. Wilcox was a voluminous writer of prose and verse, and she enjoyed 'for many years, even to the foreign-language papers here, all but two hour of supported by subsidies from rich amateurs of revolution, death, She the warm admiration of a vast following. boudoir Bolsheviki. 'With two exceptions, the editors was an inspiration and a tower of strength and comfort or publishers have admitted to me that the income from to many who looked upon her as the foremost writer of their 'papers,' which have a circulation of 3,000,000, her time, and an excellent guide, philosopher and friend. mainly in the great industrial centres, 'would not pay expenses, and that they would be bankrupt except for "In a friendly eulogy of her The New York 'Sun' regifts from wealthy people of this city.' The Federal marks: Government has the list of these underwriters "It was Ella Wheeler Wilcox's misfortune that she litical, social, and economic ruin. That paid press selected the title "Poems of Passion" for the colleccontinues unmolested to foment upheaval and violence tion of verses which was destined to win for her early among millions of foreigners in the United States. In public attention. This title rather than the matter Russian, Finnish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, and other within the covers on which it was imprinted, attached tongues the gospel of destruction is preached. Does itself to her name, and was associated with her work the Government do anything to check these workers for in the period of her maturity.' its subversign? Does it do anything to bring to pun "The selection of that title for her early book may ishment the backers of revolution? The publication of have been a mistake, but that it was really a 'misfortheir names would be at least a moral and social pun tune' is open to question. The 'Sun' assumes that beisiment. Instead, the list is guarded as a secret, cause of the excellence of some of her the Yet in the scale of guilt how innocent does thoughtful character of her prose she might have made ignorant dupe of criminal propaganda look by the side a greater reputation for herself upon a higher literof the Americans who, with every advantage of opportu- ary plane but for that early slip. A critical examinnity, education, fortune, are false to their country ation of her literary remains, however, will scarcely and to civilization: bear that out. The bulk of her work was of a charac"The Administration has many things to do, but what ter so mediocre that it could have brought, only by more vital labor than to bring to justice the native sheer weight, after years of plodding, the recognition and the imported missionaries of Bolshevi sm? It will which came to her early by virtue of an accident. A not do to go to sleep complacently after the Massachu- Chicago publisher, to whom she submitted her 'Poems of setts election. The American people are aroused from Passion,' rejected them as 'imnoral.' She showed his time to time, The fanatics of Bolshevism work all the letter to some friends in Milwaukee, and, as she says time." in her autobiography, 'it reached the ears of a Page 23
This striking table, abridged and reprinted from the London 'Economist," indicates the world wide advance in the cost of commodities, Wholesale prices in the London market are used as bases of calculations :
(Compiled from the "Econonist" Index Mumber table by the National City Co.)
OIL PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES
64,119,52€ 7,330,083 718,720,111 485.559,229 1,118,998,731 257,412,655 215.791,443 222,544 270,172 78,517,550 3,631,988 18.804,510 1,992,336 241,639,452 136.951,334 201,775,157 162.864,252 86,432,928 19.758 2,900 36,308,371 1,187,926 22,164,148 7,927,413 460,795,843 167,070,255 344,497,236 97,460,092 78,020,865 137.759 71.942 43,475,748 1,890,377 60,805,183 9.376,896 855,799,574 415,222,396 1.344,145,229 109.876,505 48,726,352 56,559 10,434 68,125,325 2,525,447 81,733,167 5,579,957 636,856,670 435,281,246 2,934,441,119 123,258,452 73,145,391 107,931 145.887 352,026,239 3,019,166 11,913,125 4,627,512 212,108,809 62,695,223 243,755,929 3.653,559 2,259,346 14.912 136,475.995 732,931 56,454,959 13.559.007 434.392,494 102,580,11542,133.784,156) 66.240,253 768,032 106.593 571,578,155 1,568,000 326,024,630 50,565,204 3,570,312,963 / 1,825.360,137 7,321,397,557 841,465,767 505.144.357 559,663 607,968 1,286,710,383 14,556,625 315,171,681 1 -14,597,570 2.550,545,423 1.725.765,976 16.513.324,280 753,176,840_4481,200,081 539.366.739,425 702,167.243 13.073,829. 10,892,914 712,766,540 98,591,161 808,073,277 87,638,927 23.944,276 20,297/131,457 584,543,140|1,482,796 8.33,215 138,535 9,781,679 5,000,987 20.058,623 2,305,386 1,383,957 1,533 1,566 3,525.234 39,881 863.374 30.955 289,715 4.730,874 1144.724 2.065.243 1.318356 1,478 2.025 1.933.746 35,819 1,971.9531 270.1131 2.213.8991 240.244 55.501) 551 1.601.4881 4.062 Page 24
HILE MOST OF THE PRESS OF THE COUNTRY resort on a rainy day." The people stay indoors, and blaming certain elements variously called "there is a general sense of restfulness, except where "Red" or Bolshevistic or I. W. W.-istic for beds are supposed to work double shifts. There, with the steel strike, and especially for such disorders as both shifts idle, the congestion is a bit uncomfortable." have arisen in the steel towns, there were several in- But underneath the whole silent district,Mr. Olds bears vestigators who alleged a similar disregard for law witness, there is a "pulsing energy" and "high tension" against those charged with keeping the peace. Without which strikes the observer as "dramatic on higher hearing "the other side," we cannot pretend to pass im- plane than he had dreamed." partial judgment on the attitude of the strikers. It is Other commentators have noted that the strike disfrankly as an advocate of the workers' in the trict has been "Well policed," and that, except for spocontroversy that Leland Olds, formerly connected with radic outbursts, "law and order have been preserved. Mr. Olds, an outspoken partisan of the strikers, shows how this "well policed" state of "law and order" looked to the men directly affected by it. William Allen White, covering somewhat the same ground, spoke of the strikers' automobiles blocking the entrance to union headquarters, and of telephones in the strikers' homes. Mr. olds dwells rather on incidents showing injustice, misfortune, and poverty among the workers. His account sheds light, at least from the strikers' side, the recent demand of the Pennsylvania State Federation of Labor, presented with the threat of a general strike if it were not acceded to, that freedom of the press,freedom of speech, and freedom of assemblage be restored to Pennsylvania. These constitutional privileges, as well as most others, have gone by the board in the strike districts, according to the writer. To quote some spe cific instances from his review: Copyrighted by Underwood and Underwood. Stand in the Central Office of the Union any day. A REPRESENTATIVE OF LAIT AND ORDER You need not wait long before some one comes in with a tale of new abuse, seeking assistance. First, two But strike-sympathizers call him a "Cossacks," and boys of twenty or thereabouts who went visit say that he himself violates numerous laws,not to cousin' in Woodlawn, arrested as they stepped from the mention the Constitution of the United States. train by the deputies who watch all trains--taken to the house of the Burgess, punched, kicked and abused the War Labor Board, writes his impressions and comrients just to bring the lesson home , kept all day, fined and driven out of town. Then a little housewife from up in a recent issue of "The World Tomorrow, " radical in the Monongahela Valley has made the trip to town in New York weekly journal with the sub-title, "Looking To- the early morning to get help. Her husband his rested last night while standing on ward a Christian World." The writer was formerly an in porch. He is now held on $1,000 bail. And she has children. structor in Amherst, during the he was connected Next, a young man from Duquesne; the "bulls" cane to with the War Labor Board, his house, said they were looking for him, and that and is lecturer and when they got hold of him they'd fix hin. His friend writer on social and economic topics. Taking his viens "put him wise" and he left the town. Now he does not dare go home. Of course the "bulls" showed no warrant. as frankly in sympa thy with the strikers,we have a val Warrants are an anachronism in the steel toins; they uable opportunity to see their side of the matter. are needed neither for arrest nor search. "A strange strike it is," he writes of the situation. So one by one through the morning new cases cole in. A fine of $50 and costs; $25 and costs for going to after it had quieted down too much to be worthy of the grocery store. You protest that is no crine? Don't large headlines in the newspapers, forget, the prisoner is a striker. Mr. Rubin. lawyer least to the for the Union, is in despair. He is overwhelmed with observer who comes down expecting to find dramatic ex "Get a New Castle lawyer to ask for a transcitement." Except for the "dingy surroundings," a typ- cript in the New Castle Cases," he directs. "can't do it," is the answer. "All the lawyers have been depus ical strike town might be taken for "some cheap summer (continued on page 50.) Page 25
tized and won't handle the cases. And besides, we telling her roughly to move on. He took the baby and would all be arrested as we stepped off the car. "Go she took his arm and they started to walk on. Suddenly down to Mc Keesport and get affidavits. she was grabbed by a deputy who claimed that she had wasting the time, a lawyer who tried that yesterday used foul language to him. The husband denied the acwas taken up by the police, told he couldn't take de- cusation, was told in a stream of vulgarity that his positions there and ordered out of town. His olients brains would be beaten out if he did not hold his were arrested. A thousand dollars bail, fifteen hun- tongue. She was roughly dragged to an automobile while dred dollars bail, three hundred dollars bail are state troopers knocked him about and beat up his they trying to break the strike by confiscating all brother, The upshot was that he secured her release the workers' money? What is their game? on $50 bail. An exception, you say? In one particu lar, that he was not arrested when he These are the common incidents of the day. One must went down to as a suspicious person if offer bail. Mr. and Mrs. Banks expect arrest one goes on told their story and strike. In the steel country there is but one qualifi were swallowed by the crowd. cation which A little woman, free you from suspicion, regular the strange repose of unspoiled twelve-hour daily service to the kings of steel at a peasantry in her face, took the stand. No leader, no bare living wage without protest. Is not discontent a agitator, just a wife and mother of three children. On legitimate basis for arrest? October 8th, at 7 o'clock in the morning, she had come But there are other whose logic is less ap down to start breakfast. Her family were still half parent. The police are guilty not simply of arrests dressed. As she opened the door she saw deputies and but of the wanton use of unlimited power. They use state troopers scattering the men on the hillside. Sudtheir freedom from responsibility for the acts they denly one rode up and ordered her in. She replied commit in order to intimidate the strikers. A man on that he could not boss her on her own property. He strike--yes, even his wife and children--all are with- followed her into the house, kicking the panels out out protection of the law. At Clairton, workers of the door despite the fact that it was open, and arstopped to read a notice which the organizer was writ rested the entire family, wife, husband, and three children. ing on a bulletin board. The state troopers rode up, Half clothed, they were kept in jail six ordered them to move, to and then before they had time, hours without food, although the mother offered clubs were swinging. Against those blows hats offer buy food for the children. Not police, but highway scant protection. You turned and looked to see blood robbers, she called them. Her husband's running from under a worker's hat. One broken head, bleeding from a blow from a state trooper's pistol. She you say One broken head a day would be less than the told her story and lost her identity in the crowd. truth. Those riot sticks have yet to be used in A room packed with witnesses to brutality, to intimriot. They are used daily on the streets to prod and idation, to sanctioned lawlessness, to denial of the orgoad, to clout and bruise, to terrorize and provoke the dinary rights of men. Calmly the Senators heard it with strikers. occasional remarks about the need for education. But we cannot ask all these men and women to tell their story. Mr. Olds later was present when witnesses for the Lluch would sound like repetition. Several would tell strikers appeared before the Senate Investigating Com how, at Lionessen, the state police and deputies made occasional drives along the hillside, gathering as in a mittee. "The appearance of these simple people, tel- net all the men, herding them at last into the company ling their story before the sleek, well-groomed gates. There they were given the choice--arrest or "go to work." Others would tell how they were locked in a bers of the highest legislative body of Govern- cellar and threatened with hanging if they did not go will ment," he says, "had an emotional to work. Upon one more individual, however, turn the light; for he shows a new spirit in the moveyou on your toes straining to catch each word. They ment. A bullet had been presented as evidence. At Clairwere mostly "foreigners," ignorant, credulous and emo ton, there had been firing in the night. A bullet had tional, the sort of human material which, as numerous just grazed a housewife's head, penetrated the house wall and the stove and lodged inside. This was the qualified investigators have testified, is most suit bullet. Senator Sterling picked it up with a bland able for the purposes of those "Red" agitators whose smile. "You know," he said in substance, "that story is rather far-fetched, In the first place, you have program, like that with which Mr. olds credits the not shown who fired the shot. And in the second place police, is "to clout, and bruise, and terrorize." Many this polished bullet hardly looks like that had penetrated house and iron stove." He tossed it to the of the witnesses had difficulty in making themselves other senators in half contemptuous dismissal of the understood. "Do you speak English in your home?" a There stepped forward a square-shouldered, clean-cut Senator would ask. "Have you fellow. In him you felt assurance equal to that of Town Council that they start night schools? "Such ques- the worthy Senator. According to his story he had enlisted in the Army in 1914, going to the Mexican tions caused Mr. Olds's blood to come "hot with re- border. In 1917 he went to France with the first unit sentment"--- "Night schools, forsooth" he exclaims, in of the Engineers, a non-commissioned officers corps, bea way suggestive both of his indignation and He of the ing one of the first 50 American soldiers to land. served through the war,receiving his discharge in May, days when he was an instructor at Amherst, before he 1919. He returned to support his mother and was rebecame connected with the War Labor Board. "Night bulfed by his old superintendent, despite the fact that he had been promised when he enlisted that he could schools---after a day varying from 11 to 13 hours, al- have his job back again. After five months he got the dirtiest job in the place. Out of the crowd he most seven days a week!" He takes up the evidence of stepped. some of these witnesses, frankly holding a brief for "Hay I look at that bullet?" He examined it, turned a moment to a couple of his them, one and all: "buddies" for confirmation, and then said quietly: Out of the crowd came Mr. and Mrs. Banks to tell "Senator, perhaps you do not know that that bullet their story for the Senators. For a moment they became was fired from the U. S. Army automatic." He gave the the dramatic center of a strike involving millions. To- exact bore and specifications. "That is steel gether, wheeling their baby, they had gone to the store jacket bullet which will penetrate 3 inches of steel. to make a purchase, cigarettes, I believe. She waited And another thing, Senator, you cannot get : one of outside with the baby. As he came out, an officer was (Continued on. page 52.) Page 26
circular HOW THE WHEELS GO ROUND siz-hour day when Farrington's second issued. Hayes was still suffering from the effects of IN THE MINERS' UNION his election breakdorm, Vice-president Lewis was in Washington battling with the Railroad Adrinistration. Without consulting tize man who had been acting in his IE SCHEMING OF POLITICIANS within the organiza stead and performing the functions of his office, but tion is largely to blame for the unrest of the on the other hand consulting with men who lived in mortal fear of Farrington's brutal aggressiveness, United Mine Workers, according to statements of Hayes called a policy conraittee meetins. K. C. Adams in a recent article in the "Coal Trade "When the delegates to this meeting were informed on the same day the meeting convened that Hayes Journal" (New York.) Mr. Adams was for six years the going to recomiend a six-hour day and nationalization publicity director of the U. M. W., and had unusual of coal mines they laughed. They had coine from all sections of American mining regions, anthracite and opportunities to examine the inner workings of that bituninous. They had heard no agitation for the six "most political of unions. that no other hour day among the coal minors and were as innocent of such a program being contemplated by the international trade union organization and no political party, 'where union as the average neitspaper reader who read it in keen, smooth, consistent, continuous politics is following Hayes's presentation. Is it any wonder they laughed? played," equals the mine-workers' organization in the "Thus the present progran of the U. M. W., So far matter of political activity, He also tells us this as it involves the six-hour day, five-day week and the nationalization of coal mines, is the result of union has produced more men of ability than any other political fear entertained by Frank J. Hayes who as a labor organization, but ventures opinion as result of this fear sought to go Farrington one better whether this is to be regarded as a cause or as an ef by including nationalization along with Farrington's previously proposed six-hour day. fect of the politics. From Mr. Adams's discussion of "One of the curious features surrounding Workers posed nationalization of coal mines that the internal workings of the United Mine none of its sponsors within the ranl:s of the coal miners can learn that agitation to arouse the men to ask for inform themselves, let alone anyone else, wat nationshorter hours and more wages was begun among the bitu alization really neans. They have no plan to offer and no su gestions to make minous miners in an attempt to embarrass Frank J. Hayes, "The policy committee meetins, Larch 20, 1919, adopted the following demands: who became President of the organization upon the res A six-hour day and five-day week. ignation of John P. White in October, 1917. It was A substantial increase for all classes of mine and thought Ilayes would oppose radical demands this labor. The nationalization of coal mines through conwould antagorize the membership and force him out of gressional action. the presidency. in the coal It seems the opposition to layes was Co-operation instead of competition trade. led by Frank Farrington, the President of the Illinois The free and unrestricted right to unionize under miners. The Illinois men did not like Hayes because he government control. The right to bargain with the Government. had supported former President White, who had offended "The international officers were empowered to draft them. It was Between October, 1917, and the election in De- a tentative bill to nationalize coal mines. agreed that the basic wage agreer.ent then in effect cember, 1918, Mr. Adams says "every possible political and which technically does not expire until March 31, trick was played by the Hayes opponents to defeat him," 1920, be not disturbed until a special convention was held, but no special convention was called to consider but his friends rallied to his support and he won by a any of the proposals. The mines continued to work majority of 25,000. The fight had been so strenuous, without serious striles until the regular convention, which was held in Cleveland, September 9-23." however, that Hayes suffered a nervous breakdown two Also, the leaders apparently continued to play po'imonths before the election, and the Vice President, tics. President Hayes was granted a four months' John L. Lewis, has acted as President practically ever leave of absence, and John L. Lewis for the first time since Hayes's inauguration. The story of Farrington's become officially known as acting President. activity and what came of it is set forth by Mr. Adams: "A circular issued by Farrington on February 21, position now was directed against hir. Farrington an1919, advised the Illinois minors and such others of nounced himself a candidate for President and there the various districts as he could reach by mail, that the opportune time was at hand to secure six-hour were other aspirants to that honor and to the post of day: He said nothing in this circular about having Vice President. They yearned to eliminate Lewis, or, any request from the rank and file susgesting a six-hour day. But on March 12, three in the words of Mr. Adams, "they planned to send Lewis weeks later, Farrington issued another circular, the first paragraph to market with a load he couldn't sell," and the of which stated: tactics were used as in the case of Mr. Hayes. "'Recently a number of resolutions have reached the "They district office asking that a special district sought to build a sentiment among the men for wage invention be convened to take up the matter of securing creases, reduction in hours and other a shorter workday.' betterments "It is not surprizing that a district menbership, unreasonable in make-up that Lewis's failure to after being informed by its president three weeks be achieve them in vage negotiations with the fore 'that norr was the opportune tine to operators shorter workday' would send in requests that the good would sound the death knell of his (Lewis's) political work proceed. future." "President Hayes had received no requests from indi. But it seems that Lewis had a bag of tricks vidual members, even from Farrington's district, for a |
Which of the following is not a reason why the strike at u.s. steel was unpopular?
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