What is the total number of ways of arranging the letters of the word confunction so that the vowels

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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I 39- ENLARGED EDITION MOREAY'S ABRIDGED ENGLISH GKAMMAH; NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL EXERCISES OH ALL BRANCHES OF THE 3UBJEC11 BY THE KEY. DR. GILES, LONDON: ['' PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DiRlftrtt^ LONQHAN, ORME, BROWN, OREEN, AND l*?S<iffig AND a. B. WHITTAKER AND cn -iQ Price £igUeen PeiMx. ~7 ''i- ^ lomov: Printed by X.SwrmswooDi, PREFACE. Of all the writers on English Grammar, Lindley Murray has enjoyed by far the greatest share of popularity; and the fact that his little Abridgment of his own work, having gone through one hundred and twenty- three editions, is at present sold most exten* sively in stereotype, must be a convincing proof that the author and his work have not yet begun to experience any change of popu- lar opinion. It has been thought that a new edition of this Abridgment, augmented and adapted to the use of the intermediate classes of learners, may be a useful volume in the hands of the English teacher. Besides those, to whom the smaller Abridgment is serviceable, there are others to whom the tutor would gladly convey a little more extended inSoTiSksaX^a^ ^^ the subject of their grammaticaX. ^Voi^^ \ ^^^^cA^ 1 I IV PREFACE- 3t might be considered highly useful for those who have gone through tlie small volume, to retrace their steps and take an enlarged view of the ground which they have traversed. Moreover, as example is always better than precept, the utility of analysing the whole subject of English Grammar by means oi copious exercises, must be evident to all. With these views, the present volume is sent forth, being, as it were, an enlarged Abridgment of Lindley Murray, and contain- ing examples and exercises so numerous that a pupil, who has gone through them all, may be fairly supposed to possess a very compe- tent and satisfactory knowledge of the subject. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. English Grammar is the art of speaking and writing the English language with propriety. It is divided into four parts^ viz. Orthogra- phy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. ORTHOGRAPHY. LETTERS. Orthography teaches the nature and powers of letters, and the just method of spelling words. A letter is the first principle, or least part, of a word. The letters of the English language, called the English Alphabet, are twenty-six in number. These letters are the representatives of certain urticulate sounds, which are the elements of the inguage. An articulate sound is the sound of \e human voice, formed by the organs of speedi* B ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The following is a list of the Roman and ] Characters: — Roman. Italic. Name. Cq>. SmalL Cap. Small. A a A a ai B b B b bee e c C c see D d D d dee £ e E e ee F G H f g h F G H f jee aitch I J K L • 1 • J k 1 I J K L • t • i or eye j^y kay el M m M m em N n N n en O o P Q P q P Q P 9 pee cite R r R r ar S s S s ess T t T t tee U V u ▼ U V u V u or you vee w • W w w double u X X X X eks Y Z J z Y Z y z wy zed ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 Letters are divided into vowels and consonants. A vowel is an articulate sound, that can be perfectly uttered by itself: as, a, e, o; which are formed without the help of any other sound. A consonant is an articulate sound, which can- not be perfectly uttered without the help of a vowel; as, h^d^fyl; which require vowels to express them fully. The vowels are, a, «, t, o, Uy and sometimes w andy. W and y are consonants when they begin a word or syllable; but in every other situation they are vowels. Consonants are divided into mutes and semi- vowels. The mutes cannot be sounded at all without the aid of a vowel. They are 6, /?, ^, dL, k, and c and g hard. The semi-vowels have an imperfect sound of themselves. They are^ /, m, n, r, «, v, x, z, and e and g soft.* Four of the semi. vowels, namely Z, my w, r, are also distinguished by the name of liquids, from * For the distinction between the nature and the name of a consonant, see 12mo. Grammar, jFt/TeenM, or any sub- sequent edition, p. 19. B 2 4 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. their readily uniting with other consonants, and flowing as it were into their sounds. A diphthong is the union of two Towels, pro- nounced by a single impulse of the Toice ; as ea in beat, ou in sound, ai in faith, oy in boy, eu in feud^ 00 in foot, oa in boat. A triphthong is the union of three vowels, pro- nounced in like manner ; as eau in beau, iew in view. A proper diphthong is that in which both the Toweld are sounded; as oi in voice, ou in ounce. An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels sounded ; as ea in eagle, oa in boat. SYLLABLES. A syllable is a sound either simple or com- pound, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word ; as, a, an, ant, ajid fa in father. Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words into their syllables ; or of expressing a word by its proper letters.* ■ * Dr. Johnson's Dictionary is the best standard of Eng- lish orthography. ETYMOLOGY. WORDS. Words are articulate sounds, used, by common consent, as signs of our ideas. A word of one syllable is termed a mono- syllable ; as, boy, good : a word of two syllables^ a dissyllable ; as, woman : a word of three sylla- bles, a trisyllabic ; as, grandfather : and a word of four or more syllables, a polysyllable ; as, pre- ferable, indubitable. All words are either primitive or derivative. A primitive word is that which cannot be re- duced to any simpler word in the language ; as, man, good, content. Simple words are variously divided by different writers; as, pol-ish orpo-lish, cov-etor co-vet,&c. A derivative word is that which may be re- duced to another word in English of greater simplicity; as, manful, goodness, contentment, Yorkshire* ETYMOLOGY. The second part of Grammar is Etymology; which treats of the different sorts of words, their various modifications, and their detvv«Xvsii%% B 3 6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. There are in English nine sorts of words, or^ as they are commonly called, parts of speech ; namely, the article, the substantive or noun, the adjective, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. 1. An Article is a word prefixed to substan- tives, to point them out, and to show how far their signification extends; as, a garden, an eagle, the woman. 2. A Substantive or noun is the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any no- tion ; as, Londony man^ virtue. A substantive may, in general, be distinguished by its taking an article before it, or by its making sense of itself; as, a hook, the sun^ an apple ; temperance, industry, chutity. 3. An Adjective is a word added to a substan- tive, to express its quality; as, an industrious man, a virtuous woman. An adjective may be known by its making sense with the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thing, a had thing : or with the addition of any substantive whatever ; as, a iweet apple, a pleasant prospect. 4. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word; as, The man is happy ; ftc la benevolent ; ^ is useful. ETYMOLOGY. 7 5. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to DO, or to SUFFER ; as, "I am^ I rw/g, I am ruledr A Verb may generally be distinguished by its making sense with any of the personal pronouns, or the word to, be- fore it; as, I wdOif he plays, they write j or, to walk, to play, to write, 6. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, to express some quality, or circumstance respecting it; as, he reads well; a trul^ good man ; he writes veiy correctly. An adverb may be generally known by its answering to the question. How ? How much ? When ? or Where ? as, in the phrase, " He reads correcUy, " the answer to the ques- tion, How does he read ? is, correctly, 7. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another, and to show the relation betweefl them ; as, " He went from London to York ;" " she is above disguise ;" " they are supported by industry." A preposition may be known by its admittmg after it a personal pronoun in the objective case ; as, with, for, to, &c. which will allow the objective case after them ; as, with Aim, for her, to them, &c. 8» A Conjunction is a part of speech that is chieflj used to connect senteucea^ *^ ^&> ^'^ ^ two or wore sentences^ to make\»3A.Wkft\V^^^'^^^* 8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. times connects only words ; as, " Thou and he are happy, because you are good." " Two and three are five." 9. An Inteijection is a word used to express some passion or emotion of the mind ; as, " Oh ! I have alienated my friend ; alas I I fear for Ufe." ARTICLE. An Article is a word prefixed to substantives, to point them out, and to show how far their signification extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the woman. In English there are but two articles, a and the; a becomes an before a vowel, and before a silent A; as, an acorn, an hour. But if the h be sounded, the a only is to be used ; as, a hand, a heait, a highway. To this rule there are some exceptions ; thus we say. An heroic act, an historical composition. 27 long at the beginning of a word is made up of the sound of initial y and o in move : it there- fore requires the article a before it and npt an ; as, a unit, a union, but an uninterrupted business. A or an is styled the indefinite article : it is ETYMOLOGY. 9 used in a vague sense, to point out one single thing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate; as, " Give me a book ;" " Bring me an apple." TTie is called the definite article, because it ascertains what particular thing or things are meant ; as, " Give me the book ;" " Bring me the apples ;" meaning some particular book, or apples, referred to. A substantive, without any article to limit it, is generally taken in its widest sense ; as, '< A can* did temper is proper for man ;* that is, for all mankind. A or an is in general used before nouns of the singular number only; as^ a tall man, a fine horse. It is however used before certain nouns of the plural number; as, a few apples, a great many pears. The is in general *used before nouns, whether of the singular or of the plural number ; as, the good many the good men. It is also used before certain adverbs of the comparative and superla- tive degrees ; as, " the more I read this book, the better I like it ;" " He did his lesson the best" No article is used before nouns, when the whole class is signified ; as, Man possesses reasoning powers ; beasts do not. 10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The article the is sometimes prefixed to a noun of general signification in the singular number, to denote the whole class ; as, '^ The lion is more generous than the tiger ^ i. e. lions are more generous than tigers. SUBSTANTIVE.* A substantive or noun is the name of any thing which exists, or of which we have any notion; as, LondoTiy many virtue. Substantives are either proper or common. Proper substantives are the names appropriated to individuals ; as, George^ London, Thames. Common substantives stand for kinds contain, ing many sorts, or for sorts containing many individuals under them ; as animal, man, tree, &c. * As soon as the learner has committed to memory the definitions of the article and substantive, he should be em- ployed in parsing these parts of speech, as they are arranged in the corresponding Exercises, in the Appendix. The learner should proceed in this manner, through all the de- finitions and rules, regularly turning to, and parsing, the exercises of one definition or rule, before he proceeds to another. In the same order, he should be taught to correct the erroneous examples in the Exercises. For further directions respecting the mode of using the Exercises, see ^' JEnglisb Exercises,** Tenths or any subsequent Edition, I>p. 9—12. ETYMOLOGY. ]1 . Substantives, denoting qualities of either per- sons or things, are called abstract; as, virtucy rice, misery. To substantives belong gender^ number, and case ; and they are all of the third person, when spoken ofy and of the second, when spoken to ; as, ^^ Blessings attend us on every side : Be grate- ful, children of men I " that is, " ye children of men." GENDER. Gender is the distinction of nouns, with regard to sex. There are three genders, the Masculine, tlie Feminine, and the Neuter. The masculine gender denotes animals of the male kind ; as, a man, a horse, a bull. The feminine gender signifies animals of the female kind ; as, a woman^ a duck, a hen. The neuter gender denotes objects which are neither males nor females ; as, a field, a house, a garden. Some nouns are conmion; t.e. either masculine or feminine ; as, parent, child, infant, servant, writer. ^ome substantives natuTaWy neviXjet ^x^^ \s^ ^ ^gure offipeech, converted into i\ve xft3Mtfsv5&sva ^^ 12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. feminine gender ; as, when we say of the sun, is setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c. The English language has three methods distinguishing the sex, viz. 1. By different words : as. * Male. Female. Male. Female.- Bachelor. f Maid or \ Spinster. Husband. King. Wife. Queen. Boar. Sow. Lad. Lass. Boy. Girl. Lord. Lady. Brother. Sister. Man. Woman. Buck. Doe. Master, Mistress. Bull. Cow. Milter. Spawner. BuUock,ox,") o^ 5- Heifer. or Steer. J Nephew. Ram. Niece. Ewe. Cock. Dog. Hen. Bitch. Singer. f Songstress or \ Singer. Drake. Duck. Sloven. r Slut or \ Sloven. Earl. . Countess. Father. Mother. Son. Daughter. Friar. Nun. Stag. Hind. Gander. Goose. Uncle. Aunt. Hart Roe. Wizard. Witch. Horse. Mare. 2. By a difference of termination ; as, Abbot. Abbess. Baron. Baroness. Actor. Actress. Bridegroom. Bride. Administrator. Administratrix. Benefactor. Benefactres: Adulterer. Adultress. Caterer. Cateress. Ambassador. Ambassadress. Chanter. Chantress. Arbiter, Arbitress. Conductor. Conductress • ETYMOLOGY. Male. Female. Male. Female. Count. Countess. Patron. Patroness. Deacon. Deaconess. Peer. Peeress. Duke. Duchess. Poet. Poetess. Elector. Electress. Priest. Priestess. Emperor. Empress. Prince. Princess. Enchanter. Enchantress. Prior. Prioress. Executor. Executrix. Prophet. Prophetess. Governor. Groverness. Protector. Protectress. Heir. Heiress. Shepherd. Shepherdess. Hero. Heroine. Songster. Songstress. Hunter. Huntress. Sorcerer. Sorceress. Host. Jew. Hostess. Jewess. Sultan. f Sultaness or \ Sultana. Landgrave. Landgravine. ' Tiger. Tigress. Lion. Lioness. Traitor. Traitress. Margrave. Margravine. . Tutor. Tutoress. Marquis. Marchioness. Viscount. • Viscountess. Master. Mistress. Votary. Votaress. Mayor. Mayoress. Widower. Widow. 13 3. By a noun, pronouU) or adjective, being pre- fioced to the substantive ; as, A cock-sparrow. A man-servant. A he-goat. A he-bear. A male child. Male descendants. A hen-sparrow. A maid-servant. A she-goat. A she-bear. A female child. Female descendants. 14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. NUMBER. Number is the consideration of an object, one or more. Substantives are of two numbers, the singul and the plural. The singular number expresses but one objec as, a chair, a table. The plural number signifies more objects th£ one ; as, chairs, tables. Some nouns^ from the nature of the thin{ which they express, are used only in the singula others only in the plural ; as, wheat, bread, pitcl gold, sloth, pride, drunkenness, &c, which ai of the singular; and bellows, scissors, ashe riches, minutiae, &c.^ which are of the plur number. Nouns of the singular number, containin many individuals, are called nouns of multitude as, the people, the nobility. Some words are the same in both numbers as, deer, sheep, swine, apparatus, brace, dozei species,,&c. The plural number of nouns is generally forme by adding s to the singular ; as, dove, doves; fac* faces; thought, thoughts. But when the sul ETYMOLOGY. 15 stantive singular ends in x^ ch, sh^ o, ss, or s, we add es in the plural ; as, box, boxes ; churchy churches; genius, geniuses; hero, heroes; kiss, kisses; lash^ lashes; rebus, rebuses. But nouns ending in ch hard, and many tech- nical names ending in Op are exceptions to this rule, and form their plural regularly; as, stomach, stomachs; epoch, epochs ; folio, folios; trio, trios; canto, cantos ; junto, juntos ; tyro, tyros ; solo, solos ; quarto, quartos. Nouns ending in / or fe, are sometimes ren- dered plural by the change of those terminations into ves ; as, loaf, loayes ; wife, wives. A large number, however, form their plurals regularly by adding s only ; as, dwarf, dwarfs ; chief, chiefs ; gulf, gulfs ; hoof, hoofs ; and all those which end ynff: as, mufiP, mu£Ps ; ruflP, ruflPs. Such as have y in the singular, with no other vowel in the same syllable, change it into ies in the plural ; as, beauty, beauties ; fly, flies ; but the y is not changed, when a vowel comes before it ; as, key, keys ; delay, delays. Nouns in um or on have a in the plural ; as, stratum, strata ; memorandum, memoranda ; &c. Nouns in is have es ; as, axis, axes ; basis^ bases. A large number of other words, detivs^^S.^'CPccL c ^ 16 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. the Latin and other foreign languages, retain the plurals, which they have in those languages ; as, apex, apices; appendix, appendices or appen- dexes ; calx, calces ; cherub, cherubim or che- rubs; focus, foci or focuses ; genus, genera; in- dex, indices or indexes ; lamina, laminae ; magus, magi ; stamen, stamina ; seraph, seraphim or se- raphs ; stimulus, stimuli ; virtuoso, virtuosi. In general, common nouns only have a plural : proper names, however, are also made plural when several persons of the same name or family are signified ; as, the Scotts, the Williams, the Henries. The old ending of plural substantives was €n, which is still retained in some words ; as, ox, oxen ; brother, brethren ; child, children. CASE. English substantives have three cases, the Nominative, Possessive, and Objective.* The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, or the subject of the verb ; as, '* The hoy plays ;" *' The girU learn." -^^ * On the propriety of this objectiye case, see the Dao- declmo grammar, Twdfthy or any subsequent edition, pp. 54^ ETYMOLOGY. 17 • The possessive case denotes property or pos- session ; and is formed by adding an apostrophe with 8 to the nominative ; as, '* The scholar's duty ; " " My father's house." When the plural nominative ends in s, the pos- sessive is formed by adding the apostrophe only ; as, " On eagles' wings ;" " The drapers' com- pany." Sometimes, also, when the singular ends in ss, the apostrophic s is not added ; as, '< For good- ness' sake ;" '^ For righteousness' sake." If two or more possessive cases are coupled to- gether by a conjunction, the apostrophe and s are added only to the last ; as, '< John and Richard*s father is come." If any word or words immediately follow the possessive, describing more accurately the person or thing intended, the apostrophic s is placed ifter them ; as, " The King of England's crown ;" e, the crown of the King of England. In many cases, where the addition of the apo- rophic s would cause the noun to have an un- ^iisant sound, it is better to change the posses- e into the objective case governed by of; as, Tie sake of conscience ;" " TVie \ws>\ar& ^1 Kxn»«- r" 18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. In some instances we use both the possess termination and the preposition of likewise ; " He is a friend of Richard's ;" u e. one Richard's friends. In other cases we use preposition of only, and never the possessive ; '* The command of the army," not, " The arnc command/' The ancient ending of the possessive case i is: thus we find in old authors, " The birdis son ** The knightis sword." The objective case is in form the same as nominative ; it expresses the object of an acti or of a relation ; and generally follows a v active, or a preposition ; as, <^ John ass Charles ;*' " They live in London." English substantives are declined in the folic ing manner : Nominative Case, Possessive Case. Objective Case* SINQULA*. A mother. A mother's. A mother. TLURAL. Mothers. Mothers'. Mothers. Nominative Case, Possessive Case* Objective Case, SINOULAS. The man. The man's. The man. TLUBAL. The men. The men The men. I ETYMOLOGY. 19 ADJECTIVES. An Adjective is a word added to a substantive^ to express quality, quantity, number^ or distinc- tion ; as, '^ An industrious man ;" ** little com- fort ;" « ten shillings ;" " this soldier." In English the adjective is not varied on ac- count of gender, number^ or case. Thus we say, " A careless boy ; careless girls." The only variation which it admits, is that of the degrees of comparison. There are commonly reckoned three degrees of comparison ; the positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive state expresses the quality of an object, without any increase or diminution ; as, good, wise, great The comparative degree increases or lessens the positive in signification; as, wiser, greater^ less wise. The superlative degree increases or lessens the positive to the highest or lowest degree; as, wisest, greatest, least wise. The simple word, or positive, becomes the comparative, by adding r or er; and the super- lative, by adding st or est to the end of it : as, wise, wiser, wisest ; great, greater, greatest. The itilREMM adverbs mofe and dmi, placed before the adjec- tire, haw the same effect ; oa, wise, «wre wise, nuMf wise. Monpfyllables, for the most part, form their compantives and superlatives by adding er and tit to the positive; as, mild, milder, mildest; rich, richer, richest. Dissyllables form their degrees of comparisoD, some in er and t»t, others in more and most: bb, happy, happier, happiest; wretched, more wretch- ed, most wretched. Words of three or more syllables almost always form their degrees of comparison in more and most ; as, sorrowful, more sorrowful, most sor- rowful. Ai^ectives, ending in y, change y into t before er and esti as, happy, happier, happiest ; heavy, heavier, heaviest. If a vowel precede, y is not changed; as, gay, gayer, gayest; gray, grayer, grayest. Adjectives, ending in e, add r and H only ; an, polite, politer, politest. An adjective, ending with a single consonant, doubles that consonant before er and est; as, big, bigger, biggest j wet, wetter, wettest ; red, redder, reddest. ETYMOLOGY. 21 Some adjectives fonn their superlatives by- adding most to the end of the word ; as, upper, uppermost; nether, nethermost. Some adjectives ase defective in some of the degrees of comparison ; as^ comp, exterior, sup. extreme ; comp. upper, sup. uppermost Some adjectives, denoting positive qualities^ which cannot be varied, do not admit of com- parison ; as, green, black, chief, universaL Some words of very common use are irregu- larly formed; as, good, better, best; bad, worse, worst ; little, less, least ; much or many, more, most ; and a few others. PRONOUNS. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word ; as, '^ The man is happy," '' he is benevo- lent," " he is useful." There are three kinds of pronouns, viz. the Personal, the Relative, and the Adjective Pro- noun. PERSONAL PRONOUNS* There are five personal pronouns ; viz. /, thou, he, shey it; with their plurals, wey ye OTyou% they% ^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Personal pronouns admit of person, number, gender^ and case. The persons of pronouns are three in each of the numbers, viz. /, is the first person "J Thouy is the second person I Singular. He, shcy or it, is the third person J We, is the first person 1 Ye or you, is the second person j- Plural. They, is the third person. J The numbers of pronouns^ like those of sub- stantives, are two^ the singular and the plural ; as, /, thou, he ; we, ye or you, they. Gender has respect only to the third person singular of the pronouns, he, she, it. He is mas- culine ; she b feminine ; it is neuter. Pronouns 'have three cases ; the nominative^ the * possessive, and the objective. . * It is a general error with English Grammarians to consider mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs, as cases of the personal pronouns. The truth is, that they are independent adjectives, and may be used in any case what- ever, according to the substantive with which they are in connection. It has not, however, been thought expedient in this edition to deviate from the received opinion* ETYMOLOGY. 2S The objective case of a pronoun has^ in gene- ral, a form different from that of the nominative or the possessive case. The personal pronouns are thus declined:-— Person. Case. Singular. Plural.. First. Nom. I. We. Possess. Mine. Ours. Okf. Me. Us. Second. Nom. Thou. Ye or you. Possess. Thine. Yours. Obj. Thee. You. Third. Nom. He. They. Mas. Possess. His. Theirs. Obi. Him. Them.' Third. Nom. She. They. jP(em. Possess. Hers. Theirs. Obj. Her. Them. Third. Nom* It. They. Neuter. Possess. Its. Theirs. Obf. It Them. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Relative Pronoims are such as relate^ in gene- ral^ to some word or phrase going before, which i» thence called the antecedent: they are whOf 24« ENGLISH GRAMMAR. which, and that; as, *' The man is happy who lives virtuously." • TVhat is a kind of compound relative^ includ- ing both the antecedent and the relative^ and is mostly equivalent to that which; as, ^^This is what I wanted ;" that is to say^ << the thing which I wanted." Who is applied to persons, which to animals irrational and things inanimate; as, ''He is a friend who is faithful in adversity ;" " The bird, which sung so sweetly, is flown ;" ''This is the tree, which produces no fruit." Which also is sometimes applied to persons, in order to distinguish one individual from another ; as " Our Father which art in heaven," as dis- tinguished from our earthly Father* Who and that are also sometimes used as com- pound relatives and are equivalent to he who, that which ; as " Wfio steals my purse steals trash," t. e. he who steals : " We speak that we do know," %, e, we speak thcU which we do know. The relative which sometimes has a whole clause, or member of a sentence, for its ante- ■ « • * See Grammar, Fovrteenth, or any subsequent edition, p. 62, the note. ETYMOLOGY. 25 cedent ; as ^^ The fruit is npe^ which gives me much pleasure ;" u e. which thing gives me much pleasure. The relatives who and which are sometimes entirely omitted ; as '< The man I saw yesterday ;" ** The thing you have done to-day." Which has no possessive case of its own : whose is sometimes used to supply its place ; as << The field, whose verdure is pleasing." l^at, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things ; as << ffe that acts wisely deserves praise;" "Modesty is a quality/ that highly adorns a woman." Who and which are of both numbers, and are thus declined : SINOULXK AND TLURXL. Nominative. Who, which. Possessive. Whose. Directive. Whom, which. The adverbs ever^ so, soever, are added to who^ which, and what, to extend their signification ; as whoever, whoso, whatever, whichsoever. Who, whichy what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in asking question&x ^&^ 26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. « f^o is he?" « Which is the book?" " Whai are you doing ? " When the antecedent consists of two nouns, the one a person, the other a thing, that should be used, in preference to who and which; as <^ The man and the dog that are in the court." In some other cases, also, as after superlative adjectives, and after the interrogative who ? &c., that is used rather than who or which ; as '' Who ^at has once seen him can forget him ? He is the tallest man that I have ever known." ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Adjective pronouns are of a mixed nature, and partake of the properties both of pronouns and adjectives. The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts ; namely, the possessive, the dis^ trUnttivcy the demonstrative, and the indefinite* 1. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property. They are eight in number ; viz. my, thy^ his, her, its, our, your^ their. These posaesaive pronouns, "wVien "vised mthout Bubstantivea, are changed into 'nnne>^\nfc,\ft&> ETYMOLOGY. 27 hers, its, ours, yours, theirs ; as " Whose book is this ? it is mine" Mine and thine were formerly used for mt/ and thi/; generally before a substantive or adjective beginning with a vowel or a silent A ;. as, " Blot out all mine iniquities ;* ^* Give me thine heart." 2. The distributive are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are each, evert/, either, neither; as, <' Each of his brothers is in a favourable situation ;" <' Every man must account for himself;" " I have not seen eiiher of them," or, " I have seen neither of them." 3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate : this and that, these and those, are of this class ; as^ ** This is true charity ; that is only its image." This refers to the nearest person or thing, and that to the more distant : as, << This man is more intelligent than that,^ This indicates the latter, or last mentioned ; that, the former, or first men- tioned : as, " Wealth and'poverty are both tempt- ations ; that tends to excite pride, dtis, discontent" 4. The indefinite are those which express their subjects in an indefinite or generoX xckaxvu^t* *\?ql^ 28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. following are of this kind : some, bothy others another^ any) one, none, all, stick, &c. Other is declined in the following manner: SINOULAK. PLURAL. Nom. Other Others. Poss, other's oihers\ Obj. other others. Here, there and where, joined with certain pre- positionsy have the signification of relative pro- nouns ; as hereof^ therein, whereby, whereupon ; which mean, of this, in that, by which^ upon which. The words «e^and own are often added to the pronominal adjectives, to mark the person more emphatically ; as << I did it myself in my own house.'' Himself, itself, themselves, are corrupted from his self> its self, their selves. VERBS. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to SUFFER ; as, '' I am, I rule, I am ruled." Verbs are of three kinds; active, passive, and NEUTER. They are also divided into regu- lar, IRREGULAR, and defective. A Verb Active expresses an action, and ne- ETYMOLOGY. 29 cessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon ; as, to love ; " I love Penelope." A Verb Passive expresses a passion or suffering, or the receiving of an action ; and necessarily im- plies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon ; as, to be loved ; ** Penelope is loved by me." A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion ; but being, or a state of being ; as, " I anxy I sleep, I sit." English verbs have properly but two tenses, the Present and the Past or Imperfect ; as, "I love, I loved." The Imperfect is formed by adding d or ed to the Present. Other tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, which are therefore called Auxiliary or Helping Verbs. Auxiliary Verbs are those by which the Eng- lish verbs are principally conjugated ; they are, do, be, have, shaU, laill, may, can, with their vari- ations ; and let and must, which have no variation. Do, be, and have, when not followed by other verbs, are principals, and not auxiliaries ; as, *< I say unto my servant. Do this, and he doeth xiT ** Be not deceived." " He has not courage suf- ficient for doing good." D 3 30 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. To verbs belong number, person^ mood, and TENSE. number and person* Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the Plural ; as, " I love, we love.*' In each number there are three persons ; as^ SINGULAR. PLURAL. First Person. I love. We love. Second Person. Thou lovest Ye love. Third Person. He loves. They love. The termination varies only in the second and third persons singular ; the second person always ends in st or est ; the third person ends in s or eth in the present tense, and in the imperfect it does not vary at all, but is the same as the first person. MOODS. Mood is a particular state or form of the verb, showing the manner in which the being, action^ or passion, is- represented. There are five moods of verbs, the indica^ tive, the imperative, the potential, the stTB- JUNCTIVE, and the infinitive. ETYMOLOGY. 31 The Indicative Mood simply indicates or de- clares a thing ; as^ "He loves; he is loved :" or it asks a question; as, "Does he love? Is he loved?" The Imperative Mood is used for commanding^ exhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, " De- part thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace." The Potential Mood implies possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation ; as, << It may rain ; he may go or stay ; I can ride ; he would walk ; they should learn." The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing as contingent or uncertain, as under a condition, motive, wish, supposition^ &c. ; and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb ; as, "I will respect him, though he chide me ;" " Were he good, he would be happy ;" that is, " (f he were good." Among the conjunctions and other words which are found prefixed to the Subjunctive Mood, are the following : if, though, ere, before, till, until, whether, except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever, and words of wishing ; as, Oh that I Would that! &c The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without any dis^ S2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. tinction of number or person ; as, *' to act, to speak, to be feared.** The Participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from its having not only the properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as, '< I am desirous of knowing him ; " ** Admired and applaudedy he became vain ;*' << Having finished his work, he submitted it;'* &c There are three Participles, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the com- pound Perfect ; as, " loving, loved, having loved.** TENSES. Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past, and fu- ture ; but to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations, viz. the present, the IMPERFECT, the PERFECT, the PLUPERFECT, and the FIRST and second future tenses. The Present Tense represents an action or event, as passing at the time in which it is men* tioned ; as, << I rule ; I am ruled ; I think ; I fear.*' The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event, either as past and finished, or as remain- ing unfinished at a certain time past ; as, <* I loved ETYMOLOGY, 3S her for her modesty and virtue;*' " They were travelling post when he met them." The Perfect Tense refers to what is past, but only just finished at the present moment ; as> << I have done that which you commanded;" *<I have finished' my letter ;" "I have seen the per- son that was recommended to me." Many verbs more frequently form their Per- fect Tenses from the verb to be, instead of have ; asy '^ I am risen," «. e. I have risen ; '^ He was gone," u e. He had gone. The Present is frequently used by historians instead of the Imperfect and Perfect Tenses ; as, "Cromwell enters and dissolves the Parliament;'* t. e, entered and dissolved. The Imperfect conveys an idea of some time at which the action took place ; the Perfect is without respect to time ; as (imp,), Caesar crossed the Rubicon yesterday ; but (jperf,) Caesar has crossed the Rubicon. The Present Tense is also sometimes used for the Future, after when and certain other con- junctions ; as, " When he comes, I shall behold him ;" i. e. When be shall come. The sign of the First Future Tense is shall or wiU: the former properly denotes what will 34* ENGLISH GRAMMAR. happen in the ordinary course of events ; the latter denotes a decided resolution of the mind ; as, ^' I shall see him to-morrow ; I will therefore wait." The Pluperfect Tense represents - a thing not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; as, *'I had finished my letter before he arrived." The First Future Tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when ; as, << The Sun will rise to-morrow ;** ''I shall see them again." The Second Future intimates that the action will be fully accomplished, at or before the time of another future action or event ; as, " I shall have dined at one o'clock." '' The two houses will have finished their business, when the king comes to prorogue them." The Conjugation of a verb is the regular com- bination and arrangement of its several numbers^ persons, moods, and tenses. The conjugation of an active verb is styled the ACTIVE VOICE ; and that of a passive verb, the PASSIVE VOICE. The ausdliary and active verb To have, is con- jugated in the following manner : £TTMOLOGY. 55 TO HA VE. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE.' SINGH LAR. PLURAL. 1. Terz, I have. I. We have. 2. Fen, Thou hast 2. Ye or you have. S. jRer«. He, she, err it, hath w has. S. They have. IMPERFECT T^NSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I had. 1. We had. 2. Thou hadst 2. .Ye or you had. a He, ^. had. S.*They had.* * The verbs, though conjugated at large through all their tenses, that the learners may, by a full and regular display of them, more completely understand their nature and use, need not be wholly committed to memory, by young persons who are beginning the study of grammar. If the ttmpfe tenses, namely the present and the imperfect^ together with ihe first future tense, should, in the first in- stance, be committed to memory, and the rest carefully perused and explained, the business will not be tedious to the scholars, and their progress will be rendered more ob- nous and pleasing. The general view of the subject, thus acquired and impressed, may be afterwards extended with and advantage. 36 ENGLISH ORAMMAR. PERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I have had. 1. We have had. 2. Thou hast had. 2. Ye or you have had. 3. He has had. 3. They have had. PLUPERFECT TENSE. 8IK6ULAR. PLURAIm 1. I had had. 1. We had had. 2. Thou hadst had. 2. Ye or you had had. 3. He had had. 3. They had had. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I shall or will have. I. We shall or will have. 2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 2. Ye or you shall or will have. 3. He shall or will have. S. They shall or will have. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I shall have had. 1. We shall have had. 2« Thou wilt have had. 2. Ye or you will have had. S. He will have had. 3. They will have had. Imperative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Jjet me have. 1. Let us have. 2. Have thou, or do thou 2. Have ye, or do ye or yon have. have. 3. Let him have. 3.' Let them have. ETYMOLOGY. 37 Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. FLU&AL. 1. I may or can have. 1. We may or can have. 2. Thou mayst or canst have. 2. Te or you may or can have. S. He may or can have. S. They may or can have. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, should have. or should have. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have, have. S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, or should have. or should have. PERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I may or can have had. 1. We may or can have had. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can had. have had. S. He may or can have had. 3. They may w can have had. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would^ should have had. or should have had. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst, or shouldst have would, or should have had. had. 3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could,would, or should have had. or should have had. E 38 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. If I have. 1. If we have. 2. If thou have. 2. If ye or you have. S. If he have. S. If they have.* Infinitive Mood. TRKSKNT. To have. PERFXCT. To have had. Participles. PRSsiNT. Having. perfect. Had. COMPOUND perfect. Having had. The auxiliary and neuter verb To be^ is conju gated as follows: — TO BE. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I am. 1. We are. 2. Thou art. 2. Ye or you are. S. He, she, or it is. S. They are. * The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mood are, ii genera], similar to the corresponding tenses of the iiktica ETYMOLOGY. S9 IMPERFBCT TENSE. SINGULAR. rLUEAL. as. 1. We were. ou wast. 2. Ye cft you were. was. S. They were. PERFECT TENSE* 8INGULAK* TLUBAL. ave been. 1. We have been. >u hast been. 2. Ye cr you have been, hath or has been. S. They have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINaULAR. PLURAL* id been. 1. We had been. >u hadst been. 2. Ye or you had been. had been., 3. They had been. •od ; with the addition of a conjunction, expressed or I, denoting a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. injunctions which are generally prefixed to the ^ive mood are the following ; if, though, aUhot^hy hit, except, and some few others. It will be proper ;t the learner to repeat all the tenses of this mood, conjunction prefixed to each of them. For the ty of conjugating the subjunctive mood in this ', see the larger grammar, fourteenth, or any subse- idition, pp. 90. 102, 103. and the notes on the nine- rule of Syntax. E 2 40 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 8IK0ULAK. PLURAL. 1. I shall or will be. 1. We shall or will 1 2. Thou shalt or will' be. 2. Ye or you shall or S. He shall or will be. 3. They shall or wil SECOND FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I shall have been. 1. We shall have be< 2. Thou wilt have been. 2. Ye or you will ha^ 3. He will have been. 3. They will have b Imperative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Let me be. 1. Let us be. 2. Be thou, or do thou be. 2. Be ye or you, or d S. Let him be. 3. Let them be. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I may or can be. 1. We may or can be 2. Thou mayst or canst be. 2. Ye or you may or 3. He may or can be. 3. They may or can IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, should be. or should be. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, wouldst, or shouldst be. would, or should S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could or should be. or should be. ETYMOLOGY. 4?1 PERFECT TENSE. 8INGULAB. PLURAL. 1. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have been. been. 3. He may or can have been. 3. They may or can have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, should have been. or should have been. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have have been. been. 3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, or should have been. or should have been. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. If I be. 1. If we be. 2. If thou be 2. If ye or you be. 3. Ifhebe. 3. If they be. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. If I were. 1. If we were. 2. Ifthouwert. 2. If ye or you were. 3. If he were. 3. If they were. • * The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general, nmilar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood» See the note at pages 38, 39. E 3 42 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Infinitive Mood. pRXSKifT TXN8S. To be. rERFKCT. To haTC been. Participles. PRKSXNT. Being. perfect. Been. COMPOUND PERFECT. Having been. The verb to be, when conjugated with the active infinitive of any other verb, gives the idea of duty ; as, I am to learn^ we were to be taught. OF THE CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. ACTIVE. Verbs active are called regular, wh6n they form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood» and their perfect participle^ by adding to the verb ed, or d only when the verb ends in e; as, PRESENT. IMPERF. PERF. PARTICIP4 I favour. I favoured. Favoured. I love. I loved. Loved. A Regular Active Verb is conjugated in the following manner: — ETYMOLOGY. 43 TO LOVE. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLUKAL. 1. I love. I. We love. 2. Thou lovest. 2. Ye or you love. 3. He, she, or it loveth or 3. They love. loves. A compound form of the verb is used for the sake of emphasis ; consisting of the auxiliary verb do and the infinitive mood ; as, I £^ love, thou dost love, he does love, we do love, you do love, they do love. This compound form is always used when the negative adverb is used with the verb j as^ I cfo 710^ see him; he did not hurt her. It is also generally used in asking a question ; as, Do I live ? Did he not strike you ? Did they rebel ? Another form, consbting of the auxiliary verb am and the participle, denotes the occupation in which a person is engaged ; as << I am reading ;" *< he ta€U singing, when I entered.' »» 44 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLUEAL. 1. I loved. I. We loved. 2. Thou lovedst» 2. Ye or you loved. 8. He loved. S. They loved. PERFECT TENSE. SIMOtTLAR. PLURAL. 1. I have loved. 1. We have loved. 2. Thou hast loved. 2. Ye or you have loved. 3. He hath or has loved. 3. They have loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I had loved. I. We had loved. 2. Thou hadst loved. 2. Ye or you had loved. 3. He had loved. 3. They had loved. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I diall or will love. 1. We shall or will love. 2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love. 3. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Iw I shall have loved. 1. We shall have loved. & Thou wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you will have loved* 3. He will have loved. 3. They will have loved% ETYMOLOGY. 45 Imperative Mood. SIKOULAR. PLURAL. 1. Let me love. 1. Let us love. 2. Love thou or do thoulove. 2. Love ye or you, or do ye love. 3. Let him love. S. Let them love. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I may or can love. 1. We may or can love. 2. Thou mayst or canst love. 2. Te or you may or can \oye, S. He may or can love. S. They may w can love. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, should love. or should love. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst, or shouldst love. would, or should love. S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, or should love. or should love. PERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. 1 may or can have loved. 1 . We may or can have loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can loved. have loved. S. He may or can have loved 3. They may or can have loved. 46 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, w( should have loved. or should have love 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, c( wouldst,orshouldsthave would, or should loved. loved. S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, w( or should have loved. or should have love Subjunctive Moo A PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. If I love. 1. If we love. 2. If thou love. 2, If ye or you love. 3. If he love. 3. If they love.* Infinitive Mood« PRESENT. To love. PERFECT. To havc 10V( Participles. PRESENT. Loving. PERFECT. Loved. COMPOUND PERFECT. Haviug lovcd. The remaining tenses of this mood are, in gei nmilar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative u See the note at pages 38, 3 P. ETYMOLOGY. 47 PASSIVE. Verbs passive are called regular, ^hen they form their perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the verb ; as, from the verb, " To love," is formed the passive, " I am loved, I was loved, I shall be loved," &c. Some verbs, formed by the combination of the active participle with the verb to be, have a pas- sive signification ; as. The book is printing, the house is burning. A passive verb is conjugated by adding the perfect participle to the auxiliary to be, through all its changes of number, person, mood, and tense, in the following manner. TO BE LOVED. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SIKOULAR. PLURAL. 1. I am loved. 1. We are loved. 2. Thou art loved. 2. Te or you are loved* 3« He is loved. S They are loved. 48 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. 1. I was loved. 2. Thou wast loved. S. He was loved. FLU&AL. 1. We were loved. 2. Ye or you were loved. 3. They were loved. PERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. 1. I have been loved. 2. Thou hast been loved. PLURAL. 1. We have been loved. 2. Ye or you have bee loved. 3. He hath or has been 3. They have been loved, loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. 1. I had been loved. 2. Thou hadst been loved. 3. He had been loved. PLURAL. 1. We had been loved. 2. Ye or you had beei loved. 3. They had been loved. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I shall or will be loved. 1. We shall or will be loveo 2. Thou shalt or wilt be 2. Ye or you shall or will b< Icved. loved. 3. He shall or wiU be loved, a They shall or will bi loved. STYMOLOGY. 49 SECOND FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1 . I shall have been lored. 1. We shall have been loved. 2. Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been loved. loved. 3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved. Imperative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Let me be loved. 1. Let us be loved. 2. Be ihou loved, or do thou 2. Be ye or you loved, or do be loved. ye be loved. 3. Let him be loved. 3. Let them be loved. Potential. Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I may or can be loved. 1. We may or can be loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst be 2. Ye or you may or can be loved. loved. 3. He may or can be loved. 3. They may or can be loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, sliould be loved. or should be loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, wouldst, or shouldst be would, or should be loved. loved. 3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could,would, or should be loved. or should be loved. F 50 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PERFECT TENSE. SIKOULAR. PLURAL. 1. I may or can have been 1. We may or can have been loved. loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can been loved. have been loved. S. He may or can have been 3. They may or can have loved. been loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. 1. I might, could, would, or should have been loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have been loved. S. He might, could, would, or should have been loved. PLURAL. 1. We might, could, would, or should have been loved. 2. Te or you might, could, would, or should have been loved. S. They might, could,would, or should have been loved. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. SIKOULAR. 1. If I be loved. 2. If thou be loved. S. Ifhe be loved. PLURAL. 1. If we be loved. 2. If ye or you be loved. 3. Iftheybeloved.* * The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general, nmilar to the corresponding tenses of the indicativo mood. See the note at page 38. ETYMOLOGY. 51 IMPERFECT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. If I were loved. 1. If we were loved. 2. If thou wert loved. 2. If ye or you were loved. 3. If he were loved. S. If they were loved. Infinitive Mood. ^RKSEirC TENSE. PERFECT. To be loved. To have been loved. Participles. PRESENT. Beiug loved. PERFECT. Loved. coKPouND PERFECT. Having been loved. IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregular Verbs are those which do not form their imperfect tense, and their perfect participle, by the addition of d or ed to the verb ; as, PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PBRF. W PASS. PART. I begin, I began, begun. I know, I knew, known. Many Irregular Verbs have their passive parti- ciples ending in nov en; as^ grave graved w graven, hew hewed or hewn. F 2 52 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. lade mow rive shape shave show- sow strew wax laded or laden, mowed or mown, rived or riven, shaped or shapen. shaved or shaven, showed or shown, sowed or sown, strewed or strown. waxed or waxen. IRREGULAR VERBS ARE OF VARIOUS KIN] 1. Such as have the present and imperi tenses, and perfect participle^ the same ; as, Present. Imperfect. Pertect Part Cost, cost, cost. Put, put. put. 2. Such as have the imperfect tense, and \ feet participle, the same ; as. Present Abide, SeU, Imperfect abode, sold. Perfect Part abode. sold. 3. Such as have the imperfect tense, and j feet participle, different ; as, Present Arise, Blow, Imperfect arose* blew. Perfect Part arisen. blown. ETYMOLOGY. 53 The following list of the irregular verbs^ with their principal tenses^ will, it is presumed^ be found both comprehensive and accurate. The verbs which are conjugated regularly, as well as ir- regularly, are marked with an n. Those preterites and par- ticiples, which are first mentioned in the list, seem to be the most eligible. Present. Imperfect Fer£ or Pass. Fart. Abide, abode. abode. Am, was, been. Arise, arose. arisen. Awake, awoke, a. awaked. Bear, to bring forth, bare or bore. bom. Bear, to carry. bore or bare, borne. Beat, beat. beaten or beat. Begin, began, begun. Bend, bent, bent. Bereave, bereft, a. bereft, a. Beseech, besought, besought. Bid, bade or bid, bidden or bid. Bind, bound. bound. Bite, bit. bitten or bit Ble^ bled. bled. Blow, blew. blown. Break, broke. broken. Breed, bred. bred. Bring, brought, brought. BuUd, built. built. Burst, burst, burst. Buy, bought, bought. Cast, cast, cast. Catch, caught, a. caught, R, Chide^ chid, F 3 chidden or chid. 54t ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Present '* Imperfect PerCorPau. I Choose, chose, chosen. Cleave, to adhere, clave, R. cleaved. Cleave, to sjait, cleft or clove, cleft or cloven Cling, clung. clung. Clothe, clothed. clad, R. Come, came. come. Cost, cost, cost. Crow, crew, a. crowed. Creep, crept. crept. Cut, cut. cut. Dare, to venture. durst, R. dared. Dare, a. to ichailenge, dared. dared. Deal, dealt, R. dealt, R. Dig, dug, R. . dug, R. Do, did, done. Draw, drew. drawn. Drink, drank. drunk. Drive, drove, driven. Dwell, dwelt, R. dwelt, R. Eat, ate. eaten. FaU, fell. fallen. Feed, fed, fed. Feel, felt, felt. Fight, fought. fought. Find, found, found. Flee(/romatt ene»iy),fled. fled. Fling, flung. flung. Fly (cm a i ^rd), flew. flown. Forget, forgot. forgotten or foi Forsake, forsook. forsaken. Freeze, froze. frozen. Get, got or gat, gotten or got. Gild, • gilt, R. gilt,R. ETYMOLOGY. 5, Froeent. Imperfect Pert or Tut, Part. Gird, girt, R. girt, R. Give, gave, given. G<», went. gone. Ghrave, graved. graven, r. Grind, ground. ground. Grrow, grew. grown. Hang, hung, R. hung, R. Have, had. had. Hear, heard, heard. Hew, hewed. hewn, R. Hide, hid. hidden or hid. Hit, hit, hit. Hold, held. held or holden. Hurt, hurt, hurt. Keep, kept, kept. Knit, knit, R. knit, R. Know, knew. known. Lade^ laded, laden. Lay, laid, laid. Lead, led. led. Leave, left. left. Lend, lent. lent. Let, let. let. Lie, to lie down. lay. lain or lien. Load, loaded. laden, r. Lose, lost, lost. Make, made. made. Mean, meant. meant Meet, met. met. Mow, mowed. mown, r< * The regular form of this verb, hanged, is applied only to the case of death by hanging ; as, ** The man was hanged, but the clothes are hung up" 56 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Present Imperfect. .Perf.orPM Pay, paid. paid. Put, put^ put. Quit, quit, &• quit,R. Read, read. read. Rend, rent. rent Rid, rid. rid. Ride, rode, ridden or re Ring, rang or rung, rung. Rise, rose. risen. Rive, rived, riven. Run, ran. run. Saw, sawed. sawn, R. Say, said. said. See, saw, seen. Seek, sought, sought. Seethe, to boil. sod, R. sodden, r. Sell, sold, sold. Send, sent, sent. Set, set. set. Shake, shook. shaken. Shape, shaped. shapen, r. Shave, shaved. shaven, r. Shear, shore, r. shorn. Shed, shed, shed. Shine, shone, r. shone, r. Shoe, shod, shod. Shoot, shot. shot. Show or shew, showed. shown. Shrink, shrank or shrunk. * r shrunk or * \ shrunken. Shred, shred, shred. Shut, shut, shut. Sing, sang or sung, sung. Sink, sank or sunk. sunk or sun] ETYMOLOGY. Freient Imperfect Sit, sat, Slay, slew. Sleep, slept. Slide, did. Sling, slang or slung, SHnk, slank or slunk. SUt, slit, K, Smite, smote. Sow, sowed. Speak, spoke or spake. Speed, sped. Spend, spent. Spill, spilt, K. Spin, span or spun. Spit, spit or spat, SpUt, split. Spread, spread. Spring, sprang or sprung. Stand, stood. Steal, stole. Stick, stuck. Sting, stung. Stink, stank or stunk. Stride, strode or strid. Strike^ struck. String, strung. Strive, strove. Strow or strew. r strowed or \ strewed, Swear, sware or swore. Sweat, swet, R. ' Sweep, swept. Swell, swelled. Swim, swam or swum. 57 Per£ or FaM Fart, sat or sitten. slain, slept, slidden. slung, slunk, slit, K. snutten. sown, R. spoken, sped, spent, spilt, R. spun. spit or spitten. split, qiread. sprung, stood, stolen, stuck, stung, stunk, stridden. struck or stricken, strung, striven. {strown, strowed or strewed, sworn, swet, R. swept, swollen, R swum. 58 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Present Imperfect Pert or Pass. Pan Swing, swung, swung. Tflke, taken. took. Teach, taught. taught Tear, tore. torn. Tell, told, told. Think, thought. thought Thrive, throve, r. thriven. Throw, threw, thrown. Thrust, thrust. thrust. Tread, trod. trodden. Wax, waxed. waxen, r. Wear,' wore, worn. Weave, wove^ woven. Weep, wept, wept. Win, won, won. Wind, wound, wound. Work, wrought, wrought, R. Wring, wrung. wrung. Write, wrote. written. Verbs, compounded of any of the foregoii are declined in the same manner ; as, Forbid, Undo, Beget, Unload or unlade, Repay, forbade, forbidden. undid. undone. begat or begot, begotten. unloaded or unloaded or unladen. luiladed. repaid. rep^d. ETYMOLOGY. 59 DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs are those which are used only in some of their moods and tenses ; as, can^ could; mayy might; shaUy should; unll, would; let; must; ought ; unst ; to wit or to wot, &c. ADVERB. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb^ an adjective^ and sometimes to another adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting it ; as, ^^ He reads well; " " A tndy good man;" *' He writes very correctly r Adverbs denote either the time^ place, man- ner, or degree; as, " I will go now;'* " He is here; " « It will be done well; " '' She is the leeut amiable of them alL** Some adverbs are compared, thus ; << Soon, sooner, soonest ; often, oftener, oftenest.*' Those ending in ly, are compared hj more and most; as, " Wisely, more wisely, most wisely." Others are compared by a total change of the word, like their corresponding adjectives; as, " Well, better, best; much, more, most" The following are a few of the Adverbs. 60 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Once lastly presently quickly not now before often perhaps how here lately much indeed more. The adjectives much^ more^ most^ &c. become adverbs^ when prefixed to other adjectives, or to adverbs ; as^ *^ He is much richer and more learned than I, and the most esteemed of us all." " She sang mx)st delightfully." Prepositions are often used adverbially; as^ *' He rode on before." The adverbs yea^ or yes^ no^ not, nay, are used in affirming or denying. Besides the above, there are numerous com- pounded adverbs; as, at present, evermore, dUh gether, oflaJbe. Some adverbs are used in composition with other words ; z&^ ot^er-come, ot^run, i£;t^hold, uu'fit, meVplaced. Of these, un and mis are used only in composition ; the former means noiy the latter ilL Many conjunctions are used adverbially ; as^ ^^ I know hut this/' t, e. I know only this. PREPOSITION. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another^ and to show the relation between them. ETYMOLOGY. 61 They are^ for the most part, set before nouns and pronouns ; as, ^' He went ^rom London to York;** '^ She is above disguise ;** *^ They are supported by industry.** Nearly all the prepositions are used after verbs without any noun or pronoun governed by them^ in which case they are properly adverbs ; as^ " He put on his armour;** " He took off his clothes ;** " The general set up his standard.*' The following is a list of the principal prepo- sitions: — Of at within across beyond to near without along before for up over amid * behind by down under around among with off through below after in on or upon above between against. from into about beneath CONJUNCTION. A Conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one. It sometimes connects only words. Conjunctions are principally divided into two sorts, the copulative and disjunctive. The Copulative Conjunction serves to connect 62 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. or to continue a sentence, by expressing an ad- dition, a supposition, a cause, &c.: as, *^ He and his brother reside in London;*' ^' I will go, if he * will accompany me;" " You are happy, because you are good." The Disjunctive Conjunction serves, not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different de- grees ; as, " Thotigh he was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform;" " They came with her, but went away without her." The following is a list of the principal con- junctions : — Copulative, And, that, both, for, therefore, if, then, since, because, wherefore. Disfunciive. But, than, though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding. INTERJECTION. An Interjection is a word used to express some passion or emotion of the mind; as, <'0h! I have alienated my friend;" " Alas I I fear for j Hfe." The following are some of the Inteijections : 01 pish I height lol behold I ah I tush! fie! hush! haU! ETYMOLOGY. 63 OP DERIVATION. Words are derived from one another in various ways, viz. 1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as, from *^ to love " comes " lover." 2. Verbs are derived from substantives, ad- jectives, and sometimes from adverbs ; as, from " salt " comes " to salt ;*' from ^^ warm " comes "to warm;" from "forward" comes "to for- ward." 3> Adjectives are derived from substantives ; as, from " health " comes " healthy." 4«. Substantives are derived from adjectives; as, from " white " comes " whiteness." 5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as, from " base " comes " basely.** 64 ENGLISH GRAMMiMU SYNTAX. The third part of Grammar is Syntax, which is derived from a Greek word signifying to mar" shal an army^ and treats of the construction of words in a sentence. A sentence is an assemblage of words forming a complete sense. Sentences are of two kinds, simple and com- pound. A simple sentence has in it but one subject and one finite verb ; as, " Life is short." , A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected together ; as^ '' Life is short, and art is long;" " Idleness produces - want, vice, and misery." A phrase is two or more words rightly put together^ making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence ; as, ^^ In short, to be plain with you." The principal parts of a simple sentence are, the subject, the attribute, and the object. The subject is the thing spoken of; the attri- SYNTAX. 65 bute is the thing or action affirmed, or denied of it ; and the object is the thing affected by such action. The nominative denotes the subject^ and usually goes before the verb or attribute*; and the word or phrase^ denoting the object, follows the verb ; as^ ^' A wise man governs his passions." Here^ a toise 9nan is the subject; govems, the attribute^ or thing affirmed; and his passions, the object Syntax principally consists of two parts, Con- cord and Government Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case, or person. Government is that power which one part of speech has over another, in directing its mood^ tense, or case. RULE I. A verb must agree with its nominative case^ in number and person ; as, " I learn ;" " Thou art improved;" " The birds sing." The nominative is generally placed before the verb ; but in the following cases it is commonly placed after it. 66 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. When the verb is interrogative, imperative, or expresses a wish ; as, " Believest ikou the Prophets ?" " Go and do thou likewise." " May he be happy I " 2. When a supposition is made without using the conjunction if; as, '* Were /in your place." 3. When the verb is connected to a preceding sentence by the conjunctions neither and nor; as, " Neither shall they learn war any more." 4. When the verb is preceded by one of the following adverbs, here, there, then, thence, hence, thus, &c. ; as, '* Here am /." ** Thus terminated this bloody war." Many verbs are used impersonally, and have the pronoun it for their nominative ; as, " It was raining;" '' It freezes;" ^« It will thunder." Verbs of the imperative mood have no nomi- native expressed ; as, '' Retire to rest early, and arise betimes." If the same word be the nominative to two verbs, which come very near together, it will not be expressed with both ; as " Henry is gone, but will return again ;" L e. Henry will return. In like manner, if the same verb belong to two nomiDSitives in the same sentence, it will not be expressed witli bolYi; «j&, ""^^sx wJS.^ SYNTAX. 67 Henry went, but his brother also;" i. e. his brother went. The infinitire mood being equivalent to a noun^ and sometimes a whole sentence^ is the nominative to a verb ; as, *^ To study is praise- worthy;" " That children obey their parents is a reasonable service." It is more elegant to place the pronoun it be- fore the verb, and the infinitive mood or the sentence, as the case may be, after it ; as, <^ It is praiseworthy to study ; " << It is a reasonable service, that children should obey their parents." Two or more infinitives, being nominatives to the same verb, require the verb to be plural ; as, '* To have mercy, and to do good, are the duties of every Christian." RULE II. Two or more nouns, &c., in the singular num- ber, joined together by a copulative conjunction, expressed or understood, have verbs, nouns, and pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural num- ber ; as, " Socrates and Plato were wise : thei/ were the most eminent philosophers of Greece ;" *' The sun that rolls over our be^A^^ xVi%. ^^^j^ that we receive, the rest tSial n?^ exiYs^^ ^sSc^ 68 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. admonish us of a superior and superintending power." RULE III. The disjunctive conjunction has an effect con- trary to that of the copulative ; for as the verb, noun^ or pronoun^ is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number ; as^ " Ignorance or negligence ha» caused this mistake;" '^ John^ or James or Joseph^ intends to accompany me ;" " There is, in many minds^ neither knowledge nor under- standing." If a disjunctive conjunction unite two nouns, one of which is singular and the other plural, the verb must be plural; as, << Either John or his parents are bound to pay me." Two nominatives, connected by a conjunction, if they denote the same person, will have a sin- gular verb; as, "That illustrious orator and statesman is dead." Two or more nouns^ qualified by one of the distributive conjunctions each, every, &c., will have a singular verb; as, *^ Every soldier and citizen was put to deatli; ccmjK eo^> ^^e^» wad borae was sacrificed.'* SYNTAX. 69 RULE IV. A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number; yet regard must still be had to the import of the word, ac- cording as it conveys an idea of one or many; as^ " The meeting was large ;'* *' The parliament is dissolved;" "The nation is powerful;" "My people do not consider: they have not known me ; " " The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure, as their chief good ;" " The council were divided in their sentiments." RULE v. Pronouns must always agree with their ante- cedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as, "This is the friend whom I love;" "That is the vice which 1 hate." ** The king and the queen had put on their robes;** " The moon appears, and she shines, but the light is not her own.** The relative is of the same person as the ante- cedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly ; as, '' Thou who lovest wisdom;** "I, who sqeak from experience." 70 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. When this and that are used to distinguish two persons or things already mentioned: that de- notes the former, this the latter; as, '^ The Mricked man and the pious will be rewarded; tiuU in the present world, this in the world which is to come." RULE VI. The relative is the nominative case to the verb^ when no nominative comes between it and the verb ; as, " The master who taught us ;" " The trees which are planted.'' When a nominative comes between the rela- tive and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence ; as, **He who preserves me, to whom I owe my being whose I am^ and whom I serve, is eternal." RULE VII. When the relative is preceded by two nomi- natives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with either, according to the sense : as, ^' I am tlie maa ^DfM) command j^ou ; " or, ^^I am the man who comma-nd^ ^wx; .% SYNTAX. RULE VIII. 71 Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood; as, "He is a goody as well as a wise man;** '' Few dse happy ;*' that is, ^^ persons;** "This is a pleasant walk ;" that is, " This walk is,** &c. Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with their substantives; as, "This book, these books ; that sort, those sorts ; another road, other roads." Adjectives are often placed after their substan- tives, 1. In sublime and elevated composition; as, ** A soul pure and spotless ; courage undaunted, a mind^rm and unflinching** 2. When something depends upon the adjec- tive; as, "A country rich in mines." 3. When the verb to be comes between the adjective and the substantive, the adjective may come first ; as, " Clear wa^ the night ;" " Happy are thy people." Adjectives, whose signification passes on to the noun following, require to be followed by appropriate prepositions ; as, *' He is hostile to me ;" " ire are dependent on \3t\eff^' «» 72 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The following is a list of adjectives with th prepositions. Adapted to. Eager to, in, for, or after. Agreeable to. Engaged in, to, or with. Averse to or from. Expert in or at. Conformable to. Free from. Consonant to or toith. Full of Conversant toith or in. Glad of, at, or to. Dependent on or upon. Independent of. Different /rom. True to. Disappointed in or of. Worthy of. RULE IX. The article a or an agrees with nouns in t singular number only, individually or collective! as^ '* A Christian, an infidel, a score^ a tho sand.'* The definite article the may agree with nou in the singular or plural number ; as^ ^^ tl garden, the houses, the stars." The articles are often properly omitted ; wh< used they should be justly applied^ according their distinct nature ; as, " Gold is corruptinj The sea is green ; A lion is bold." RULE X. One substantive govexns another signifying different things in the poaseaaWe ot %'e,m>aN^ ^"m SYNTAX. 73 as, "My father's house;'* "Man's happiness;" " Virtue's reward." The possessive case is often used without the substantive which governs it; as, "I called at my brother's^'' (u e. house) ; ** he went to the tailor^ Sy* («. e. shop). RULE XI. Active verbs govern the objective case; as, "Truth ennobles her;" "She comforts me;'* " They support us; ** " Virtue rewards her fol- lowers." Some active verbs have two objects; as, " I will teach him obedienceS' An active verb is sometimes used neuter, having no object expressed ; as, " The boy turned round and rolled down the hill,'' t. e. rolled himself. A neuter verb is sometimes used with an ob- jective case following it; as, "He has run his race; " " we have lived our allotted time" The verb to be has after it the same case which it has before it ; as, " /, who speak to you, am he." When the verb to be stands bet\ifee;\v.^.^\!wg!&2w. and a plural noun^ it will agiee m^ 'Qa3b^^^^^^ 74 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. seems more properly to be the subject of it ; as, " Two hundred pounds is your salary," i, e. "Your salary consists of two hundred pounds/* The object often precedes the verb, especially in poetry ; as, *< Arms and the man I sing. RULE XII. One verb governs another that follows it, or depends upon it, in the infinitive mood; as, "Cease to do evil; learn to do well;" "We should be prepared to render an account of our actions." The preposition to, though generally used be- fore the latter verb, is sometimes properiy omitted ; as, "I heard him say it," instead of, "to say it." This is the case whenever the preceding verb is one of the following : — behold, bid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, let, perceive, observe, know, and perhaps some others. The infinitive mood and the active participle are sometimes used independent of any other word in the sentence ; as, " To speak the truth, I was the cause of it;" "Assuming this to be the case, you are in fault." SYNTAX.'' 75 RULE XIII. In the use of words and phrases which, in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that relation should be observed. Instead of s&ying, ^* The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away ;" we should say, <' The Lord gavcy and the Lord hath taken away." Instead of, " I know the family more than twenty years ;" it should be, ^*I have known the family more than twenty years." RULE XIV. Participles have the same government as the verbs from which they are derived ; as, " I am weary with hearing him; " " She is instrvjcUng US; " " The tutor is admonishing Charles" Passive participles must invariably be used after the auxiliary verbs have and he^ and not the imperfect tense; as, <*I have written the letter, and the letter was toritten" not, " I have wrotCy and the letter was wrote" Many passive participles, on the contrary, are inelegantly and ungrammatically used instead of the imperfect tense; as, '*He sung^ and he drunky** it should be, << He sang^ and he drank." H % 76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. RULE XV. Adverbs, though they have no government of case, tense^ &c., require an appropriate situation in the sentence, viz. for the most part before ad- jectives, after verbs active or neuter, and fre- quent! j between the auxiliary and the verb ; as^ <* He made a very sensible discourse ; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly; and was attentive^ heard by the whole assembly." RULE XVI. Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, and are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, '< Nor did they not perceive him,** that is, " They did perceive him ;" " His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammatical ;** that is, "it is gram- matical." RULE XVII. Prepositions govern the objective case : as, " I have heard a good character of her;'* " From him that is needy, turn not away ;** "A word to the wise is sufficient for them ; ** '* We may be ffood and happy withotU riches!* Frepoaitions should be placed. \mTSit^va.\j^'^\3fe- SYNTAX. 77 fore the relative which they govern ; as, " To whom did you give this ?" not, "Whom did you give this to l>" If two prepositions govern the same noun, the noun should be expressed after the first pre- position, and its place be supplied by a pronoun after the second ; as, << I went into the room and sat down in it;" not, "I went into and sat down in the room." RULE XVIII. Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns ; as, *' Candour v&tohe approved a?id practised ;" " If thou sincerely desire^ and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward;" " The master taught Iier and me to write;" " J?e and she were school- fellows." RULE XIX. Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood, after them. It is a gene- ral rule, that when something contingent or doubtful is implied^ the sub^uivclVve ^^"^cX \s^ \)^ used: as, ^^'If I wwe, to -wTvle, \ifc ^wis.^ ^'^^ H S 78 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. regard it;" "He will not be pardoned, wj he repent.* Conjunctions that are of a positive and a lute nature, require the indicative mood, virtue advances so vice recedes" " He is hej becatue he t^ temperate." When two or more sentences have corresp ing conjunctions connecting them, care mui taken that the latter conjunctions be pro] chosen to answer to the former ; as, " Neithei nor I did it ;" ^^ Either he or she will go ;' am not a^ wise a^ you ;" '< He was so foolis not to learn his lesson.'' RULE XX. When the qualities of different things are pared, the latter noun or pronoun is not gove by the conjunction than or as, but agrees the verb, or is governed by the verb or the position, expressed or understood : as, " ' art wiser than I ;" that is, « than I am." " ' loved him more than me ;" i. e, " more than loved me;" "The sentiment is well expr by Plato, but much better by Solomon bim;" that is, "than by Mm," SYNTAX. 79 RULE xxr. To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex- press our ideas in few words, an ellipsis, or omis- sion of some words, is frequently admitted. In- stead of saying, ^< He was a learned man, he was a wise man, and he was a good man;" we use the ellipsis, and say, ^' He was a learned, wise, and good man." When the omission of words would obscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an impropriety, they must be expressed. In the sentence, " We are apt to love who love us," the word them should be supplied. " A beautiful field and trees," is not proper language. It should be, "Beautiful fields and trees;" or, '< A beautiful field and fine trees." RULE XXII. All the parts of a sentence should correspond to each other: a regular and dependent con- struction, throughout, should be carefully pre- served. The following sentence is therefore in- accurate: ''He was more beloved, but not so much admired, as Cinthio." It should be, " He was more beloved than Cinthio, but uo^ %q \c^»f^ admired.*" ^Seethe 23d edit of the duodecimo Gxwnxaax, ^.^i^"^' 80 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PROSODY. Prosody consists of two parts: the former teaches the true pronunciation of words, com- prising ACCENT, QUANTITY, EMPHASIS, PAUS^ and TONE ; and the latter, the laws of versifi- cation, ACCENT. Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or dis- tinguished from them : as, in the word presume^ the stress of the voice must be on the letter tt, and second syllable sumCf which takes the accent QUANTITY. The quantity of a syllable is that time which is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short. A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel : which occasions it to be slowly PROSODY. 81 joined, in pronunciation, to the following letter : as, ** Fall, bale, modd, house, feature." A syllable is short, when the accent is on the consonant, which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as, " an't, bon'net, hun^ger." A long syllable requires double the time of a short one in pronouncing it: thus, *'Mate" and " Note " should be pronounced as slowly again as " Mat" and " Not." EMPHASIS. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound of voice, by which we distinguish some word or words on which we design to lay par- ticular stress, and to show how it affects the rest of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be distinguished by a particular tone of voice, as well as by a greater stress. PAUSES. Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a total cessation of the voice, during a per- ceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable space of time. 82 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. TONES* Tones are different both from emphasis ai pauses; consisting in the modulation of the voic the notes or variations of sound which we ei ploy, in the expression of our sentiments. VERSIFICATION. Versification is the arrangement of a certa number of syllables in every line. This line called a verse. The language of common coi versation is called prose, to distinguish it fro poetry. There are two kinds of poetry, rhyme ai blank verse. Rhyme is produced by making tl last syllables to have the same sound. Blai verse pays no regard to the sounds of the la syllables. Two or more syllables, one of which is a cented, form a foot : as, begin, tinder, among. A verse is a single line of poetry, consistii of two or more feet ; as, " Achil|les* wrath | to Greece | the dire|ful spring." Two verses, rhyming togellieT, are called couplet; as, PROSODY. 83 " Fly then, inglorious ! but thy flight this day Whole hecatombs of Trojan ghosts shall pay. *» Three verses rhyming together form a triplet ; as, " But tyranny has fixed her empire there To check their tender hopes with chilling fear. And blast the blooming promise of the year." When verses are written in stanzas, they may rhyme together in couplets, in triplets, alternately, or in any other way, according to the fancy of the poets. A stanza seldom consists of less than four verses : as, « The curfew tolls the knell of parting day ; The lowing herd winds slowly o*er the lea ; The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. And leaves the world to darkness and to me.*' The most common kind -of verse used in En- glish poetry, is that which, in imitation of the Greeks and Romans, we called Iambic ; it has many varieties, and contains from two to sixteen feet : as in the following examples. ** He feels | an i|cy ddrt Transfix | his cowjard he^ And di^s." | 84> ENGLISH GRAMMAR. *« Trust not | in world |ly prinjces th^n Though they | abound | in wealth Nor in I the sons | of m6r|tal m6n In whom | there is | no health." ** The prince I ly pSjlace 6f i the S6n | stood g6r|geous t6 1 beh61d. On st&telly pilllars buildjed high | of yel|low bur|ni8h'd g6ld.*' In all these examples the verses are composed of measures of two syllables, of which the latter is accented. This measure, or foot as it is termed, is called an Iambus. A Trochee is a foot of two syllables, of which the former is accented. Verses consisting of such feet, are called Trochaics : they are of dif- ferent lengths, like Iambics: the following are examples. ** H6II0W I groins Silllen I moans." ** Ruin I seize thee | riithless | king ; Hence a|way, thou | Siren | ledve me.*' « O' ye I Th^bans | h^re be|h61d him, This is I (£'di|p{is, you | se^ : H6 that I sulv'd the | dire e|nlgma Gr6at and | wise and | g6od was | h^" Trochaic verses, as for instance several of the preceding, have a single syllable over and above the feet which are perfect. Another kind of verse is called AnapaestiCi PROSODY. 85 and consists of three syllables, of which the last is accented ; as^ « At the close | of the d^y | when the h^|let is still." Sometimes at the beginning of a verse a foot is found consisting of two syllables, both of which are accented ; as, «* Thoiigh Fdte | had fast boiind | her With Styx I nine times roiind | her.** Dactylic verse is composed of feet of three syllables, of which the first is accented ; as, '< Sofind an ajldrm to the | slaves of a | tyranny, L^t the de I fender of | freedom a | rise." Poetry abounds in particular modes of speak- ing, called Figures of Speech : the principal are the following. 1. A simile, which describes the subject by reference to some other, to which it is similar ; as, *' At last these two stout earls did meet, Like lions of great might. Like lions moved, they laid on load, And made a cruel fight. " 2. A metaphor is a simile without any word to denote resemblance ; such as, likcy as, equal to, &c.; as, ** O Lyre divine, what daring spirit Wakes thee now ? " Divine, i. e, excellent, equal to divine; wakes, t. e, arouses thy notes. I 86 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 3. Alliteration gives a pleasing similarity of sound to words by means of the same letters placed at the beginning or end ; as, '* The Lord descended from aboYe And bowed the Aeavens Aigh.*' " A^t alliteration's artful aid.** 4. Hyperbole exaggerates a description, to produce effect ; as, ** They were iwifter than eagles ; they were stronger than lions.** 5. Personification gives to a thing the pro- perties of an animated being ; as, ** anting Time toil*d after him in vain.** 6. An allegory is a stor}-, which, besides its literal signification, has a further meaning or ap- plication which is kept up throughout ; as in the parables of Jesus Christ. PUNCTUATION Is the art of dividing a written composition into sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the purpose of marking the different PUNCTUATION. 87 pauses, which the sense and an accurate pronun- eiation require. The Comma represents the shortest pause ; the Semicolon a pause double that of the comma ; the Colon double that of the semicolon ; and the Period double that of the colon. The points are marked in the following man- ner : The Comma , The Colon : The Semicolon ; The Period • COMMA. The Conmia usually separates those parts of a sentence, which, though very closely connected in sense, require a pause between them, as^ '^ I remember, with gratitude, his love and services.*' <' Charles is beloved, esteemed, and respected. ** Two nouns, connected by a conjunction, have no comma between them ; but if three or more be so connected, the comma is necessary; as, " John and Ann are gone •/' " Richard, Henry, and Thomas are remaining.** SEMICOLON. The Semicolon is used for dividing a compound sentence into two or more parts, not so closely I 2 88 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. connected as those which are separated by a comma, nor yet so little dependent on each other, as those which are distinguished by a colon : as^ ^' Straws swim on the surface ; but pearls lie at the bottom." COLON. The Colon is used to divide a sentence into two or more parts, less connected than those which are separated by a semicolon ; but not so independent as separate, distinct sentences : as, " Do not flatter yourselves with the hope of per- fect happiness: there is no such thing in the world." PERIOD. When a sentence is complete and independent, and not connected in construction with the fol- lowing sentence, it is marked with a period : as, " Fear God. Honour the King. Have charity towards all men." Besides the points which mark the. pauses in discourse, there are others t\ia\. ^enoX.^ «. ^^«t^\i\. PUNCTUATION. 89 modulation of voice, in correspondence to the •ense. These are, The Interrogative point, ? The Exclamation point, I The Parenthesis, ( ) as, " Are you sincere ? " ** How excellent is a grateful heart ! '* ** Know then this truth, (enough for man to know,) ** Virtue alone is happiness below.** The following characters are also frequently used in composition. An Apostrophe, marked thus * : as, " tho', j^dg'd." am A Caret, marked thus a : as, *' I ^ diligent." A Hyphen, which is thus marked-: as, "Lap- dog, to-morrow." The Acute Accent, marked thus': as, "Fan'cy." The Grave Accent, thus ^ : as, " Favour." The proper mark to distinguish a long syllable is this ~ : as, " Rosy :" and a short one, this " : as, " Folly." This last mark is called a Breve. A Diaeresis, marked thus", shows that two vowels form separate syllables ; as, " Creator." A Section is marked thus §. A Paragraph, thus ^ 1 3 90 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. A Quotation has two inverted commas at the beginning, and two direct ones at the end of a phrase or passage : as, '< The proper study of mankind is man.*' Crotchets or Brackets serve to enclose a par- ticular word or sentence. They are marked thus [ ]. An Index or Hand f&- points out a remark- able passage. A Brace > unites three poetical lines ; or connects a number of words, in prose, with one common term. An Ellipsis is thus marked ' : as « K g," for King. An Obelisk, which is marked thus f , an As- terisk, thus *, Double Dagger, thus J, and Pa- rallels thus II, together with the letters of the alphabet, and figures, are used as references to the margin. The Dash ( — ) is used to denote a pause or abruptness in the sentence. 91 CAPITALS. The following words should begin with capitals: — 1st, The first word of every book, chapter, letter, paragraph, &c. 2d, The first word after a period, and fre- quently after the notes of interrogation and ex- clamation. 3d, The names of the Deity : as God, Jehovah, the Supreme Being, &c. 4th, Proper names of persons, places, ships, &c. 5th, Adjectives derived from the proper names of places : as Grecian, Roman, English, &c. 6th, Common names when personified; as^ " Come, gentle Spring." 7th, The first word of an example, and of a quotation in a direct form : as, " Always remem- ber this ancient maxim : * Know thyself.' " 8th, The first word of every line in poetry. 9th, The pronoun /, and the inteijection O! 10th, Words of particular importance : as, the Reformation, the Restoration, the Revolution. APPENDIX: COMTAINIMG EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, PROSODY, ETC. PART I. EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 1. What is English Grammar? Into how many parts is it divided ? Name them. What is the first part of grammar ? Of what does or- thography treat ? What is a letter ? How many letters are there ? What do letters represent ? What is an articulate sound ? 2. How are letters divided ? What is a vowel ? What is a consonant? Which of the letters are vowels ? What are the rest of the letters called ? When are w and y consonants ? When are w y vowels ? 3. How are consonants divided ? Describe a mute? Describe a semi-vowel? Which are the liquids ? Why are the^ c«IX\fe^V\^vi'&? EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 93 4. What is a diphthong ? Give an example. What is a triphthong ? What is a proper diph- thong ? What is an improper diphthong ? 5. Distinguish the vowels from the consonants in the following words, ambition, royalty, widow- hood, ulterior, youthfulness. 6. Point out the diphthongs and triphthongs in the following words : — earth, noun, poor, low, view, east, beauty, creator, studious, poetry, adieu, between, yourselves, certainly. 7. What is a syllable? What is spelling? What are words ? What is a word of one syl- lable called ? What a word of two syllables ? Of three syllables? Of four or more sylla- bles? 8. Into what classes are words divided ? What is a primitive word? What is a derivative word? 9. Divide and name the following words ac- cording to the number of their syllables^ noun, adverb, article, conjunction, land, water, nu- merous, stately, body, mind, gloriously, France, Italy, Constantinople, consubstantiation. 10. Is each of the following words primitive or derivative 9 wood, woodman, ^\^.Ta\S!k»x^ ^j^sa.- maticaJ, idle, laziness, spiTit> \>e,a»\^S^i^'» ^^^^''^^ 94t ENGLISH GRAMMAR. heedless, artful, sincere, hope, lovingly, English, man. 1 1 . Correct the Errors of Spelling in thefollowing Sentences,* A sprigg of mirtle. The lilly of the valley, A border of daysies. A bed of vilets. The AfiHcan marygold. The varigated jeranium. Newington peeches. Italien nectarins. Turky apricocks. The Orlean plumb. The Portugal mellon. Dutch currans. Red and white rasberries. The prickley coocumber. Red and purpel red- dishes. Meally potatos. Earley Dutch tumeps. Late colliflowers. Dwarf cabages. A plate of sallet. A dish of pees. A bunch of sparagrass. A mess of spinnage. A pidgeon pye. A plumb puddin. A rich cheasecake. A beefstake. A mutten chop. A sholder of lamb. A fillett of veel. A hanch of veneson. * The erroneous spelling is to be rectified by Dr. John- son's Dictionary. — For the propriety of exhibiting errone- ous exercises in Orthography, see the Advertisement to the ^Igffenth or any subsequent Eiditioii oi tVv« '^tv^lish Exer- EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 95 A cup of choccolate. A bason of soop. Coalchester oisters. Fhessants & pautriges. A red herrin. A large lobstor. Sammon is a finer fish than turbot, pertch, or haddick. Lisbon orranges. Spanish chessnuts. A beach tree. A burch tree, A hauthom hedge. A fine spredding oak. A weeping wilow. The gras is green. Safron is yello. Vinigar is sowr. Shugar is sweet. A pair of scizzars. A silver bodken. A small pennknife. Black led pensils. Ravens' quils. ^ A box of waifera. A stick of seeling wax. The pint of a swords The edge of a razer. The tail of a plow. The gras of the feilds. A clean flore. An arm chare. The frunt dore. The back kitchin. The little parlor. A flour gardin. A feild of rie. The wheat harvist. A bleu sky. A lovly day. A beautifuU scene. A splendid pallace. A chearful countenance. An antient castel. A straight gate. A strait line. A disagreable journy. A willful errour. Blameable conduct. Sincere Te^€u\«Mifc. 96 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Nauty behaveour. A reguler vissit. Artifitial flowers. Chrystal streems. Murmering winds. A tranquill retreet A noizy school. A surprizing storey. Spritely discourse. Prophane tales. A severe headake. A freindly gift. An affectionnate parent. A dutifull child. Oblidging behaivour. A Wellcome messenger. Improveing conversa- ' tion. An importunate begger. An occasional visitter. An encourageing look. A skillfull horsman. A favorable recepsion. Every season has its peculier beautys. A void extreama. Never decieve. Knowlege inlarges the mind. To acquire it is a great priviledge. The skool encreases. We must be studeous. Enquire before you re- solve. Be not affraid to do what is right. No man can stedily build upon accidents. Our manners should be nether gros^ nor ex- cessively refined. A carr signifies a chariot of war, or a small car- riage of burden. Neglect no oppurtunity of doing good. Jacob worshiped his Creator^ leaning on the top of his staf. In the names of druggs EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 97 take in a word may When we act against endainger life. conscience, we be- We may place too little, come the destroiers as well as too much of our own peace. stres upon dreams. We all have many fail- Many a trapp is laid to lings and lapses to la- insnare the feet of ment and recover. youth. The arrows of calumny We should subject our fall harmlessly at the fancys to the govern- feet of vertue. ment of reason. The study of the english Common calamities, and language is making common blessings, daily advancment. fall heavyly upon the W^e are made to be ser- envious. vicable to others, as The finn of a fish is the well as to ourselves. limb, by which he bal- Labour and expense are ances his body, and lost upon a droneish moves in the water. spirit. The truly good mind is Love worketh no ill to not dismaied by pov- our naybour, and is erty, afflictions, or the fullfilling of the death. law. By deferring our repen- A dullness or shivering tence, we accumulate of live V^^^ ^w^esc^^ our sorrows* pTe^e^t*?^ ^ SfcN«t* 98 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. In all our reasonings, That which is some. our minds should be times expedient, is sinceerly employed in not all ways so. the pursuit of truth. We may be hurtfull to Kude behaviour, and in- others, by our ex. decent language, are ample, as well as by peculiarly disgracful personal injuries. in youth. Gratitude is a forceible The comely ness of youth and active principle are modesty and in good and generous frankness; of age, minds. condescension and When we bring the law- dignity. maker into contempt The true worship of God we have in effect an- is an important and nuled his laws. aweful service. It is a great blessing to Wisdom alone is truely have a sound mind, fair : folly only ap- uninfluenced by fan. pears so. cyful humours. A judicious arrangment Neither time nor mis- of studies facilitates fortunes should eraze improvment. the remembrance of Our natural aad invo- a friend. luntary defects of Moderation should «pre- bodjr ai*e not chaxg- side, both in the able upon us. 'VL\\.c\axiu\i!^^<&'^«ftfst« EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 99 Shall we recieve good of our transgressions at the divine hand, must precede the for- and shall we not re- givness of them, ceive eyil ? Judicious abridgments All our comforts pro- often aid the studys cede from the father of youth, of goodness. Calicoe is a thin cloth His father omited no- made of cotton ; some- thing in his education times staned with that might render him lively colors, virtuous and usefull. They tempted their The daw in the fable Creator, and limitted was dressed in pilfer- the holy one of Izrael. red ornaments. The precepts of a good A favor confered with education have often delicacy, doubles the recured in the time obligation. of need. The acknowledgement ARISTOMENES, The temper ov Aristomenes was to daring, and his enturprises to hasardus, to be long ecsempt from missfortun. His sene of acshun was not extensiv; so that in time the L^^d&Tcvn<c^as^!^ lernt, by tber very loses, the Tsienea oi ^\iX.^fli%^ K 2 100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR* Stop to them. He fell in Tinexpektedly with a larg boddy of Lasedemonian trupes, heded by both the kings. His retrete was intursepted; and in making an obstinate diffence, being stunned by a bio on the bed, he was taken pri- sener with about fifty of his band. The Lase- demonians considuring all as rebbels, condemd them withoute distinkshun to be precipitated into a cavvem calld Ceada, the commun capitle pun- nishment at Sparta for the werst malefacters. All are said to have bene killd by the fal except Aristomenes ; whos servival was thout so wun- derful that mirakels wer invented to accounte for it An egle, it was reported, flutering under him, so far suported him that he arived at the botom unhurte. How far mirakelus assistence was necesary to his prezervashun, we cannot ser- tainly kno ; but the plane circumstances of the story, thou extraomary, hav, as far as apperes, nothing contrary to natur. Aristomenes at first thout it no advantadge to find himself aliv in that horid charnel^ surounded by his companians ded and dying, among the skeUetons and putrid carcases of former crimminals. He retreted to the farthest corner he coud find, and, covering his had with his cloke, lay dovru \x>^«Xj& W ^^^^ EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 101 which semed unavvoidable. It was the third day of this dredful imprizonment when he was startled by a little rustling noise. Rising and uncuvyering hiz ies, he saw by the glimering of lite, which asisted him the more from his hawing bene so long in perfect darknes, a focks nawing the ded boddies. It prezently struk him that this annimel must have found sum other wa into the cawem than that by which himself had desended^ and woud redily find the same wa out agen. Watching therfore his oppertunity, he was fortu- nat enuf to seiz the focks with wun hand, while with his cloke in the other he preevented it from biting him ; and he mannaged to let it hav its wa, without escaping, so as to conduct him to a narro berry. Throu this he folowed, til it becam to smal for his boddy to pas ; and here fortunatly a glimse of dalite caut his eye. Seting therfor his conducter at liberty, he workd with his bans til he made a pasage larg enuf for himself to crepe into da, and he escapd to Ira. Grant, we beseeche thee, Almitie God, that we, who for oure evill dedes do -wotVKA"^ ^^"ftRtx^ to be puDDishedy by the cum^ott o^ V5bl^ ^»a» K 3 102 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. may mercefuUy be releeved ; through our Lord and Savier Jesus Christ. O Lord, who newer falest to help and guvvem them whom thou dost bring up in thy stedfust feare and love ; Keep us, we beseech thee, under the protecshun of thy good providdence, and make us to have a perpetual fear and love of thy holy Name ; thru Jesus Christ our Lord. O God, who nowest us to be set in the midst of so manny and grate dangers, that by reason of the frailty of our nateshure we cannot always stand uprite ; Grant to us such strength and pro- tection, as may support us in all dangers, and carry us through all temptations ; thru Jesus Christ our Lord. Almity God, unto whom all harts be open, all desires knone, and from whom no seecrets are hid ; dense the thoughts of our hearts by the in* spiration of thy holy spirit, that we may perfectly luv thee, and worthily magnify thy holie name ; thru Christ our Lord. Almity and everlasting God, mersifuUy look upon our infurmities, and in all dangers and ne- cessitties stretch forth thy rite hand to help and defend us, thru Jesus Christ our Lord. Almity God, who s\\e^ea\. \Ai VJaam V5B»l\i%.\:cw EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, 103 error the light of thy truth, to the intent that they may return into the way of riteousness ; Grante unto all them that are admitted into the felloship of Christ's religion, that they may eschew those thinges that are contrairy to their professhion, and folio all such things as are agre-^ able to the same, thru our Lord Jesus Christ* The American Poets are Inglish in everry thing but their senery. They have retaned all the best caracteristics of Inglish litterature^'— fredom of thought, daring enurgy, manly feling, and pathos never degennerating into sicly senti- mentallity. The memury of ther recent stmgle for independance has made manny of them hos- tile to the polittical power of England, but none inimical to its litterary pre-eminnence. They kno that they cannot hope to rivel the fame of Shak- speare or Milton, and they have, therfore, made the fame of theese poets part of their own ; re- garding them, as indede they are, the common propurty of all who speke the Inglish langwage* 10^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PART IL EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. What is the second part of grammar? C what does etymology treat? How many sorts c words are there ? Name the parts of speech. § ]. Article. What is an article ? Which are the articles] When does a become an 9 What form of th< article a is used before a sounded h? What is^ or an called ? Why is it so called ? Which u the definite article? Why is it called definite? When a noun has no article in what sense b it tc be taken ? 2. Correct the following errors: — An house, a inch, a owl, an yard, a urn, an hill, a end, a army, an hero, a hour, a adder, an wolf, an hole, an heart, a honest man, a honour, a uncle» an useful horse, an ewe, many an one, a unskilful workman^ an humourous story, a historical account, an horOj an bed, a adder^ a honour, an horse, an housC] an pen, a ox, a eel, a ant, a eye, a uninterrupted afiair, an unit* 3. MVhen is a used before the vowel u and when an ? EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 105 4. Which article is used before singular nouns ? 5. Before what nouns is the used ? 6. When a noun denotes a whole class of ani- mals or things, has it an article before it or not ? Give an example. ?• What is the meaning of the general expres- sion " The horse is a noble animal.'' Does it mean one horse or more ? § 2. Substantives. 1. What is a substantive ? How many kinds^ of substantires are there? Which are proper substantives ? Which are common substantives ? What have substantives belonging to them ? Of what person are substantives when spoken of? Of what person are substantives when spoken to? 2. Point out the nouns in the following sen- tences : — The sun shines, buy me an orange. My horse is dead. Where is John ? When will you, go to France ? Which is the house ? Queea Victoria reigns. The sea is green. Love your neighbour. God's noblest work is man. Tem- perance preserves health. Religion produces happiness. London stands on the Thames. Ex- cellent writing. A great multitude. ludiistt^ \& the road to wealth. 106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 3- Are the following nouns proper or comnum f — Horse, man, George, stag, paper, bottle, pen, England, church, town, June, Europe, country, apple, Jane, Ireland, prince, America^ window, queen, Charlotte, market, brother, Joseph, Wed- nesday, Mount Vesuvius, Neptune. 4. What is gender ? How many genders are there ? What does the masculine gender'denote ? What the feminine? What nouns are of the common gender ? What are neuter ? Are in- animate things ever spoken of as masculine or feminine? Give an example. How are the sexes distinguished ? 5. Of what gender is each of the following nouns ? — Abbot, bachelor, actress, maid, bride, steer, house, duchess, hart, hero, table, countess> niece, friar, nun, parent, we, nephew, widow, wizard, hind, emperor, marchioness, child, vis- count, animal, stag, sultana, executrix, baron, virtue, heroine, eagle, earl, deaconess, garden, mouse. 6. What is number? How many numbers have nouns ? What does the singular express ? What the plural ? Have all nouns a singular and a plural number ? Are any used in both num- bers? How is the plural generally formed? EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. ]07 How do nouns form their plural when the singU'- lar ends in x^ ch soft, sh, ssy or s9 How do nouns infovfe form their plural? How those ending inff? When the singular ends in y with a consonant before it, how is the plural formed ? 7* Distinguish the number of the following nouns: — Glass, garden, conquests, woods, Thomas, arches, loaves, attorneys, wharfs, diffi- culty, union, fifes, success, pence, ox, woman, stuff, history, meekness, dependencies. 8. Write or spell the plural of the following nouns: — Sea, toy, hat, loaf, wish, sex, kiss, inch, woman, sky, bounty, duty, echo, knife, wife, story, study, church, glory, potato, booby, sheaf, diffi- culty, roof, tooth, dwarf, mouse, monarch, folio, portico, ox, chimney, a sheep, journey, negro, a vale, enemy, snuff, attorney, handkerchief, a deer, arcanum, cherub, child, penny, alley, proof, die, lily, manifesto, phenomenon. 9. How many cases have English substantives? Mention them. How is the nominative case dis- tinguished ? How the possessive ? How is the possessive case generally formed ? Is the apos* trophic 8 added in the possessive plural when the nominative plural ends in ^ ^ Is the apostrophic s 108 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. -ever omitted in the possessive case singular when the nominative terminates in ss9 How is the objective case distinguished ? 10. Write the following nouns in the posses* sive case singular: — Boy, girl^ man, woman, Iake> sea, church, lass, beauty, sister, bee, branch. 11. Write the following in the possessive case plural: — Brother, child, man, woman, foot, tooth, ox, mouse, goose, penny. 12. Write the plurals of the following nouns: — Apple, plum, orange, bush, tree, plant, con- venience, disorder, novice, beginning, defeat, protuberance, 13. Write the following substantives in the nominative case plural : — Cry, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, duty, boy, folly, play, lily, toy, con- veniency. 14. Write the following in the nominative case plural: — Loaf, sheaf, self, muff, knife, stuff, wife, staff, wolf, half, calf, shelf, life. 15. Write the following in the genitive case plural: — Brother, child, man, woman, foot, tooth, ox, mouse, goose, penny. 16. Write the following nouns in the nomina* Hve and possessive ca^es plural: — Wife, chiefs die, EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 109 staff, city, river, proof, archer, master, crutch^ tooth, mouth, baker, distaff. 17. Write the plurals of the following: mo- narch, tyro^ grotto, nuncio, 'punctilio^ ruff, mufi^ reproof, portico, handkerchief, gulf, hoof, fife> multitude, people, meeting, John, Lucy, meek- ness, charity, folly, France, Matthew, James^ wisdom, reading. 18. Write the gender, number, and case of the following : father, brothers, mother's, boys, book, loaf, arms, wife, hats, sisters*, bride's, bottles, brush, goose, eagles* wings, echo, ox's horn, mouse, kings, queens, bread, child's, glass, tooth, tongs, candle^ chair, Jane's boots, Robert's shoe, horse. 19. Correct the following errors: a dice, the well is ten foot deep, 1 have two penknifes, three staffs, we saw fifty sheeps in the vallies, each of the attomies had six wifes, a drove of oxes and calfs, he gave eight pennies for two loafes, the historys of England and Scotland, he kicked with his foots against the postes, two mother in laws, three spoonsful, my lives end, a heros* courage, a mothers' tenderness, the mens' industry, the six soldier's muskets, the young laxiy'a aeKooL. (p/ur,) I. 110 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 20- Write the plurals of the following : adder, criterion, • glass. loss. ant. day. glory. man. army. desideratum. goose. memorand attorney. difficulty. grotto^ monarch. automaton. distress. gulf. mouse. bed, . drone. gun-smith, mu£^ booby, dunce. handkerchiefj multitude, book. duty. hat. needle. bounty, echo. hill, nuncio. boy. ellipsis. hoof. ox. branch. emphasis. hope. peach. calf. end. horse. penny. candle. enemy. inch. reproof. cargo. eye. jockey. ruff. charity. fife, journey. sphinx. child. fish. key, stamen. chinmey. flower. kiss, tooth. church. folly. knife. vortex. city. foot, leaf. woe, coach, fox. loaf. woman. 21. Write the feminines of the following noi actor. enchanter. mayor. sultan. ambassador. governor. peer. tiger, author. heir. poet. traitor. bridegroom, hero. prince. tutor, conductor. hunter prophet. widower. count. jew, shepherd, duke. lion, songster. Emperor, marquis. sorcerer, 22. Write the following in all their eases, b singular and plural : fox, book, leaf, candle, 1 laaC wish, fish, sex, kiss, coa.c\i%me\i,^V.^,\i^>Qi EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. Ill army, duty, knife, echo, loss, cargo, wife, story^ church, table, glass, study, calf, branch,^ street, potato, peach, sheaf, booby, rock, stone, house, glory, hope, flower, city, difficulty, distress, day, boy, relay, chimney, journey, valley, needle^ enemy, army, vale, ant, sheep, hill, valley, sea* key, toy. § 3. Adjectives. 1. What is an adjective? Are adjectives varied on account of gender^ number, or case ? Of what variation do they admit ? How many degrees of comparison are there ? What does the positive state express ? What the compara- tive ? W^hat the superlative ? How is the com-* parative formed ? How the superlative ? In what other way are adjectives compared ? How are monosyllables compared ? How dissyllables ? 2. Point out the adjectives in the following exercise : a pretty bird, a lofty spire, a beautiful flower, a swift horse, winding streams, the sea is calm, a look serene, three cows, James is diligent, an easy lesson, the lady was very kind, read this curious story, he bears a heavy burden, the twen- tieth chapter, Moses was remarkably vxveftk^ Vc^ prospects were very flattering^ «ii \>ea&\. wi %»&^ L 2 112 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. never saw, a brighter colour, the most industrious servant. 3. Compare the following adjectives: fair^ grave, bright, amiable, long^ short, tall, studious, deep, little, troublesome, much, perplexing, bad, eloquent. 4. Write the following adjectives in the com- parative degree : near, far, little, low, good, in- different, gay, convenient, much, old, worthy. 5. Write the following in the superlative de* gree : feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base^ curious, little, strong, better^ near, content 6. Write the following adjectives in their posi- tive state : nobler, ablest, most active, more pru- dent, less, worst, best, later, nearest, more, farthest^ elder. 7. Correct the following errors : a happyer man, the lovelyest boy, a lesser house, John is a worser scholar than James, this is a comfortabler situation, the magnificentest palace. 8v Compare the following adjectives : fair, grave, bright, long, short, tall^ white, deep, strongs poor, rich, great. 9. Compare the following adjectives : amiable, moderate, disinterested, favourable, grateful, studious, attentive, negWgent, Vxi^vjAVTvwsa, \«t- EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 113 plexingy rich, merry, furious, covetous, large^ little, good, bad, near, wretched, rigorous, de- lightful, sprightly, spacious, splendid, gay, impru^i dent, pretty. 10. Write the following adjectives in the com- parative degree i near, far, little, low, good, in* different^ bad, worthy, convenient. 11. Write the following adjectives in the su- perlative degree : feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base, little, strong, late, near, content. § 4. Pronouns. 1. What is a pronoun ? How many kinds of pronouns are there? Mention them. How many personal pronouns are there? Mention them. Of what do they admit? How many persons have pronouns? To what pronouns has gender respect ? How many numbers have pronouns ? How many cases ? Mention them. Do the cases differ in form ? 2. Decline the pronouns I, we, thou, you, he, Bne, it, they. Write the possessive of I, he, you, they ; and the objective case of I, we, thou, she, it, they. 3. What are the relative ptonoxxw^*^ "^^e^&iss^k. them, Wha.t is the word caXYeidi \» ^\iv^ ^^ L 3 IH ENGLISH GRAMMAR. relate ? What kind of pronoun is the word m To what is who applied ? To what is which plied ? For what purpose is that often uf Decline who f What are who, which, and i called when used in asking questions ? 4. Describe the nature of adjective prono How many sorts of adjective pronouns are thi Mention them. Repeat the possessive. The tributive. The demonstrative. To what < the demonstrative pronoun this refer ? To v does that refer ? Repeat the indefinite prono Decline other. 5. Correct the following errors : my fri which came yesterday, the tree who grows in garden^ this book is het% the lady which sp firsts the elephant whom I saw, I dislike a which is slothful, virtue and vice are opposit their effects^ this exalts the mind^ that debase 6. Write the possessive singular and plura the pronouns, I^ thou^ he, she, it, who, i other. 7- Write the objective cases, singular plural, of the pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, who. exercises in etymology. 115 § 5. Verbs. !• What is a verb? How many kinds of verbs are there? Mention them. Into what other classes are verbs divided ? What is a verb active? What does an active verb necessarily imply ? What is a verb passive ? What does a passive verb necessarily imply ? What is a neuter verb? What are auxiliary verbs? Mention them. Which of the auxiliary verbs have no va- riation ? 2. When are doy be, and have principals and not auxiliaries? How many tenses^ properly speakings have English verbs ? How is the im* perfect tense formed ? 3. How many numbers have verbs ? Mention them. How many persons are there in each number ? What is the first person singular of the verb to love f Repeat the second person sin- gular of the same verb. What is the third person singular ? Repeat the third person plural. 4. What is a mood ? How many moods are there ? Mention them. How is the indicative mood distinguished? How the imperative? How the potential? How tVie ^vs^s^Mtfdcw^'^ How the iniinitive? W\ial Ha %. ^^iJ^wJ^fc^ 116 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. From what does the participle derive its name ? How many participles are there ? Mention them. What conjunctions are generally prefixed to the subjunctive mood ? 5. In what persons does the termination of verbs vary ? What does the third person always end in ? 6. What other auxiliary verb, besides to have, is sometimes used to form the perfect tense ? What authors sometimes use the present tense instead of the imperfect and perfect ? 7- How is the imperfect distinguished from the present ? When is the present tense used for the future? 8. What is the difference between sktUl and fmll in the first future tense ? 9. What is tense? How many tenses are there? Mention them. How is the present tense distinguished ? How the imperfect ? How the perfect ? How the pluperfect ? How is the first future tense ? How the second future ? 10. Point out the verbs in the following exer- cise : I write^ he reads, fire burns^ she eats bread, John caught a hare, Ann forgot her book, Laura feeds her bird, caicb tliat hocse^ Eliza dances gracefully, she should hale eVv\, ^^ximv) ^^^^s; EXEKCiSES IN ETYMOLOGY. 117 is rich^ is he at school? where was Thomas? learn your lesson^ she has got a beautiful pigeon^ YOU have told them. «* 11. The master is loved by Charles, remember the poor, we shall sleep soundly, they are governed by fear, Thomas muses on the past, George was beaten yesterday, it was done before, do you im- prove ? dost thou love learning ? he sits on a chair^ they are learning geography, arithmetic had been taught, all men eagerly pursue happiness, Jane looks like a queen, J seldom dream when I am in health, you ought to strive to excel Thomas. 12. Distinguish theactivey neuter^ and passive verbs in the foregoing exercise, and ivrite them in separate columns, 13. Of what number are the verbs in the follow, ing exercise ? we love, they write, he rides, she sings, you laugh, it falls, the horse runs, the leaves shake, I may stay, let us run, you shall see, he might enjoy play, wisdom is excellent. 14. In what person is the verb ? you read, he thinks, they took leave, we live happily, it will fall, take care, the men sing, study delights us, I heard a noise, they wrote well, did you speak, come hither, the passions should b^ ^q>n^\\ss^ IS Conjugate the foWovrvn^ N^t\«» Ns^ ^^*^«te- 118 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. dicative mood^ present tense: beat, gain, readi eat, walk, desire, interpose. 16. Conjugate the following verbs in the po* tential mood, imperfect tense : fear, hope, dream, fly, consent, improve, controvert. 17. Conjugate the following verbs in the sub junctive mood, perfect tense : drive, prepare starve, omit, indulge, demonstrate. 18. Conjugate the following verbs in the im« perative mood: believe, depart, invent, give; abolish, contrive. 19. Wiite the following verbs in the infinitive mood, present and perfect tenses : grow, decrease, live, prosper, separate, incommode. 20. Write the present, perfect, and compounc participles of the following verbs : confess, dis- turb, please, know, begin, sit, set, eat, lie, lay. 21. Conjugate the following verbs in the indi. cative mood, present and perfect tenses of the passive voice : honour, abase, amuse, slight, en- lighten, displease, envelope, bereave. 22. Conjugate the following verbs in the indi- cative mood, pluperfect and first future tenses: Fly, contrive, know, devise, choose, come, see^ go, eat, grow, bring, forsake. 23. Write the foYLoyrVng \et\)% \n. VXi!^ Y^^saec EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 119 and imperfect tenses of the potential and subjunc- tive moods : know^ shake^ heat, keep, give, blow, bestow, beseech. 24. Write the following verbs in the indicative mood, imperfect and second future tenses of the passive voice : slay, draw, crown, throw, defeat^ grind, hear, divert. 25. Write the following verbs in the second and third persons singular of all the tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods: approve, condemn, mourn, freeze, know, arise, drive, blow, investigate. 26. Form the following verbs in the infinitive and imperative moods, with their participles, all in the passive voice : embrace, draw, defeat^ smite. 27. Write the following verbs in the present, imperfect, and passive participles : abide, am, arise, begin, bereave, bring, buy, burst, can, catch, crawl, creep, draw, drink, drive, fall, feel, flee, fly, forsake, get, give, go, grow, have, hear, hearken, hide, hold, keep, know, loiter, loose, lose, may, must, pay, punish, race, ride, ring, run, say, see, seek, sell, shake, shall, sit, slay, slap, slaughter, slide, slip, will. 120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 28- When does the verb to be denote duty Give an example. 29. What verbs active are called regular! What verbs passive are called regular ? How i a passive verb conjugated? What verbs ar called irregular? How many kinds of irregula verbs are there? Mention their peculiarities I Are walky arisen and seek regular or irregulai verbs ? 30. Name the imperfect tense and perfect parti ciple of am, begin, creep, drive, buy, burst, pay rise, ride, forsake, grow, fall, keep, feel, get, go. lie, lay, see, swell, knit, swear. 31. Conjugate throughout the irregular verbs, to shut, to teach, to go, to lay. 32. Correct the errors in the following sen- tences : — They have chose their books, the bottle was shook ; they have began their work ; the cask is bursted ; 1 see him last week ; I have awaken him ; he has gave me his book ; if I had went to York ; the sheep were sheared ; it vext her much ; I have strove to do it ; my stick is broke ; 1 begun the work to-day ; he talkt and stampt with much violence; James drawed a bird; many were slew in this engagement; I written to him yesteidaj \ l\vfe OoMx^el \ia.^e / EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 121 wrote their copies; it is laying on the table; I durst not do so now; the horse was stole; might I leave the room? the enemy are flown; the cloth had been wove; I seen him yesterday; lay on the sofa; 1 have just laid down; did yon want it now? he done the work well; he was hung last week; I taken my sister with me; the first stone was lain; they have ran the race; I have eat and drank enough. 33. Name the moods, tenses, numbers, and persons, of the verbs in the following sentences : — ^Welove him; James loves me; it amuses him; we shall conduct them; they will divide the spoil; soldiers should defend their country; friends in- vite friends; she can read her lesson; she may play a tune; you might please her; thou mayst ask him; he may have betrayed us; we might have diverted the children; John can deliver the message; 1 love; to love; love; reprove thou; has loved; we tied the knot; if we love; if thou love; they could have commanded armies; to love; to baptize; to have loved; loved; loving; to survey; having surveyed ; write a letter; read your lesson ; thou hast obeyed my voice; honour thy father; we may have been; thou mayst have beeci^ they can liave been; 1 mv^t \jaj<^ \i^^\v\ "V^"^ M 122 BNGLISH CRAMMAK. Ehould hare been; we vould have been; thou be; we be; he be; thou wert; we wer be; be thou; be; to be; being; to have been; be; be ye; been; be; having been; if we be they be; to be. S4. Write the moods, tenses, numbers, persons, of the following: — Snow b white; waaa good man; we Eiave been younger; she been happy; it bad been late; we are old; you be wise; it will be time; if they be thine ; be i tious; be heedful, youth; we may be rich; t should be virtuous; thou mightst be wiser; t must have been excellent scholars; they mi have been powerful; they are loved; we n loved; thou art loved; it is loved; she was loi be has been loved; you have been loved; I h been loved; thou hadst been loved; we shall loved; (hou wilt be loved; they will be loi I shall have been loved; you will have h loved; he can be loved; thou mayst be loved; must be loved; they might be loved; ye would loved; they should be loved; 1 could be lot thou canst have been loved; it may have b loved; you might have been loved; if 1 be lov tboa wert loved; we be loved; they be loved; tiou loved; be ye loved- -jon \ft VOT«ft.-, \i EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 123 loved, loved; having been loved; to have beea loved; being loved. 35. Of what mood and tense is do or am the sign ? Of what is did or was the sign ? Of what have? Of what had? Of what shall or will? Of what shall or will have ? Of what mai/, can, or must? Of what mighty cotddy wouldy or should f Of what ^noy, ean, or 97i2£«^ have f Of what mighty could, should, or would have 9 What is mostly the sign of the irtfinitive mood ? 36. Write the imperfect tense and passive par- ticiple of the following verbs : — Take, drive, creep, begin, abide^ buy, bring, arise, catch, be- reave, am, burst, draw, drink, fly, flee, fall, get, give, go, feel, forsake, grow, have, hear, hide, keep, know, lose, pay, ride, ring, shake, run, seek, sell, see, sit, slay, slide. 37. Name the moods, tenses, numbers, and person, of the verbs in the following sentences :—• Prosperity gains friends; thou conferrest a favour; they commend her; Thomas disregards me; grief contracts the heart; virtue ennobles the mind; she surpasses you; we approve it; I obey my teacher; we completed our journey; it destroys our plea- sure; they have betrayed me; I do like this &itu.- ation; they did condemn s\xc\i^Ta\^'eX&\\iaJ*^^^=^ M 2 124f ENGLISH GRAMMAR. studied your lesson ? do you instruct him ? Jan has finished his work; they will divide the spi John will have delivered the message; prep your exercises; thou didst act an unkind pa they had lamented her fate; she may play a tu: he had regaled himself; it would relieve th can he repeat the lines ? their fears will det them; to revere good men; soldiers should defc their country; regard your reputation; addre ing the king; to hate folly; let them pursue th business; he might have attempted an esca] protect yourselves; she could have assisted J brother; surveying his estate; let us examine oi selves; I am sincere; thou art extravagant; he disinterested; thou dost improve; your expec tion has failed; the accident had happened; 3^ shall submit; good humour wiU prevail; he Ir respected; have they removed? we shall h{ agreed; I can conjecture; they might have t veiled^ be willing to forgive; having assents depart. 58. Conjugate the following verbs in the ] dicoHve mood, present tense : — Laugh^ gain, de* walk, desire^ interpose. 59. Conjugate the following through the p sent, impetfecty and ^rst /uture tenses 0$ tihA vi EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 125 eative mood: — Fear^ hope, consent, depart, abo- lish, contrive. 40. Conjugate the following through all the moods and tenses of the active voice: — Call, grant, esteem, improve, enjoy, believe. 41. Conjugate the verb to \o\e progressively ; Bs, *' I am loving," &c., and the following, with the addition of a noun^ adverb^ or infinitive: — To confer a favour; to listen attentively; to stay to dine. 42. For what purpose do we use the compound form of verbs, consisting of the auxiliary verb do and the infinitive mood ? Decline / do sing in the present and imperfect tenses according to this compound form. 43. How is an English verb made negative ? Decline / did not run. 44. How do you denote the occupation in which any person is engaged ? Decline / am running. 45. What active verbs in English have a pas- sive signification ? 46. How is a passive verb conjugated in Eng- lish? 47. Give some examples of tbe^eawi^'^'wSk- ciple ending in n or en. M S 126 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 48. Give some examples of verbs of w present and imperfect tenses and the participle are the same. 49. Name some irregular verbs whi< the imperfect tense and perfect partic same* 50. Name some irregular verbs which their tenses different. 51. What are the different meaning! verb to bear? What is the difference Jlee ^xoAflyf What are the different i of the verb to lie? What are the diffei of hanged and hung? 52. What are defective verbs? Nai of them. 6. Adverbs. 1. What is an adverb? 2. What do adverbs denote ? Give i amples. S. Are adverbs ever compared? 1 adverbs in ly compared ? 4. Give some adverbs which are com a total change of the word. 5. Name some adjectives "which are s< ■ used for adverbs^ and give some e^^xK EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 127 6. Give some examples of prepositions being used adverbially. 7. What adverbs are used in afErming or denying ? 8. Name some compound adverbs. 9. What adverbs are used only in composition, and what meaning do they conmiunicate to the words with which they are compounded ? 10. Name some conjunctions which are used adverbially. § 7. Prepositions. 1. What is a preposition ? Before what parts of speech are prepositions generally used ? Give some examples. 2. Give some examples of prepositions being used after verbs without any noun or pronoun governed by them. § 8. Conjunctions. What is a conjunction ? Into what classes are conjunctions divided ? How is a copulative con- junction distinguished? How a disjunctive con. junction ? § 9. Interjections. What 13 an interjection? Gvvft s>o«ye. ««wss^«a»^ and state what passions oi \\ie xxxoA^^^ ^-k^^^^^' 128 XKGLISH GltAMUAR. § 10. Derivation. 1. In how many various ways are words rived from one another ? 2. Give an example of substantives dei from verbs. 3- Give examples of verbs derived from : stanlives, from adjectives, and from adverbs. 4. Give esamples of adjectives derived I substantives. 5. Give examples of substantives derived I adjectives. 6. Give examples of adverbs derived i at^ectives. 7> Point out the derivative words in the lowing sentences, and show from what they derived :— Pitch upon that course of life w is the most excellent ; and habit will rendi the most delightful. Fashion is the plagu wise men, and the idol of fools. Anger glance into the breast of a wise man, but i only in the bosom of fools. By taking reve a man is but even with hb enemy ; but in j ing it over, he is superior. No man hi thorough taste of prosperity to whom adve never happcDed. The worst of crosses is nevi EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 129 have had any. A good word is as soon said as a bad one. We should take a prudent care for the future, but so as to enjoy the present. It is no part of wisdom to be miserable to-day, because we may happen to be so to-morrow. No man was ever cast down with the injuries of fortune, unless he had before suffered himself to be de- ceived by her favours. None more impatiently suffer injuries than those that are most forward in doing them. Though a man may become learned by another's learning, he never can be wise but by his own wisdom. The coin that is most current among mankind is flattery; the only benefit of which is, that by hearing what we are not, we may be instructed what we ought to be. The temperate man's pleasures are durable, because they are regular; and all his life is calm and serene, because it is innocent. The love of gaming will corrupt the best prin- ciples in the world. An angry man who sup- presses his passions, thinks worse than he speaks ; and an angry man that will chide^ speaks worse than he thinks. A good word is an easy obliga- tion ; but not to speak ill requires only our si- lence, which costs us nothing. 130 ENGLISH GRAMMAIU PART III. EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING* SECT. I. Etymological Parsing Table. What part of speech ? 1. An article. What kind? Why? 2. A substantive. Common or proper? What Gender? Number? Case? Why? 3. An adjective. What degree of comparison ? To what does it belong ? Why an adjec- tive? 4. A pronoun. What kind? Person? Gen- der? Number? Case? Why? 5. A verb. What kind? Mood? Tense? Number ? Person ? Why ? If a partici- ple, Why ? Active or passive ? 6. An adverb. Why is it an adverb ? 7. A preposition. Why a preposition ? 80 A con^unctum. What kind ? Why ? 9* An interjection., Why? EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 131 SECT. 11. Specimens of Etymological Parsing. Hope animates us. Hope is a common substantive, of the neuter gender, the third person, in the singular number, and the nominative case. (^Decline the svbstan^ tive.) Animates is a regular verb active, indi- cative mood, present tense, third person singular. (^Repeat the present tense, the imperfect tense, and the perfect participle; and sometimes conjugate the verb entirely^ Us ia a personal pronoun, first person plural and in the objective case. '(Decline the pronoun.) A peaceful mind is virtue^s reward. A is the indefinite article. Peaceful is an ad- jective. (Repeat ^ degrees of comparison.) Mind is a common substantive of the neuter gender, the third person, in the singular number, and the nominative case. (Decline the substan" tive.) i^ is an irregular verb neuter, indicative mood, present tense^ and the third person singu- lar. (Repeat the present tense, the imperfect tense, and the participle ; and occasionally conjugate the verb entirely.) Ftrtue's is z. ^ifs^sississ^ ^>c2^ stantive, of the third pereoii, Vdl\Xi^ ^m^JiSssx^wass^- 132 ENGLISH GRAMMAR* ber^ and the possessive case. (^Decline i stantive.) Reward is a common substan the third person, in the singular numb( the nominative case. SECT, in. Article and Svhstantive, The vices Temperance A variety George The Rhine A prince A rivulet The Humber Gregory The pope An abbess An owl A building The Grocers' Coi Europe The sciences Yorkshire The planets TYie axm. A bush A tree A flower An apple An orange An almond A hood A house A hunter An hour An honour An hostler The garden The fields The rainbow The clouds The scholars' duty The horizon Virtue EXERCTSES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 133 A volume Parchment The pens A deposition Benevolence An oversight A design The governess An ornament The girls* school A grammar Mathematics The elements An earthquake The King's prerogative Africa The continent Koundness A declivity •Blackness An inclination The undertaking Penelope Constancy An entertainment A fever The stars A comet A miracle A prophecy Depravity The constitution The laws Beauty A consumption An elevation The conqueror An Alexander Wisdom America The Caesars The Thames A river The shadows A vacancy The hollow An idea A whim Something "N 134 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. SECT. IV. Article^ Adjective^ and Substantive. A good heart A wise head A strong body An obedient son A diligent scholar A happy parent Shady trees A fragrant flower The verdant fields - A peaceful mind Composed thoughts A serene aspect An affable deportment The whistling winds A boisterous sea The howling tempest A gloomy cavern Rapid streams Unwholesome dews A severe winter A useless drone The industrious bees Hannless doves The careless ostrich The dutiful stork The spacious firma- ment Cooling breezes A woman amiable A dignified character A pleasing address An open countenance The candid reasoner Fair proposab A mutual agreement A plain narrative An historical fiction Relentless war An obdurate heart Tempestuous passions A temper unhappy A sensual mind The babbling brook A limpid stream T\ie devious walk EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 135 The serpentine river A miserable end A melancholy fact Gloomy regions An interesting history An incomprehensible A happier life subject The woodbine's fra- A controverted point grance The cool sequestered A cheering prospect vale An harmonious sound A garden enclosed Fruit delicious The sweetest incense An odorous garden The sensitive plant A convenient mansion Warm clothing A temperate climate Wholesome aliment An affectionate parent A free government The diligent farmer A fruitful field The crowning harvest A virtuous conflict A final reward Peaceful abodes The noblest prospect A profligate life The iw-mantled tower Virtue's fair form A mahogany table Sweet-scented myrtle A resolution wise, no- ble, disinterested Consolation's lenient hand A better world A cheerful, good old man A silver tea-urn Tender-looking charity My brother's wife's mother A book of my friend's An animaJLm^^ 'sr^J^ 136 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. SECT. V. Pronoun and Verbf Sfc. I am sincere. They will obey us. Thou art industrious. Good humour shall pre- He is disinterested. vail. We honour them. He will have deter- You encourage us. mined. They commend her. We shall have agreed. Thou dost improve. Let me depart. He assisted me. Do you instruct him. We completed our jour- .Prepare your lessons. ney. Let him consider. Our hopes did flatter Let us improve our- us. selves. They have deceived Know yourselves. me. Let them advance. Your expectation has They may offend. failed. I can forgive. The accident had hap- He might surpass them. pened. We could overtake He had resigned him- him. self. I would be happy. Their fears will detect Ye should repent them. He may have deceived You shall submit. me. EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 137 They may have forgot- The person will have ten. been executed, when Thou mightst have im- the pardon arrives* proved. L^et him be animated. We should have con- Be you entreated. sidered. Let them be prepared. To see the sun is plea- It can be enlarged. sant. You may be discover- To live well is honour- ed. able. He might be convinced. Tohave conquered him- It would be caressed. self was his highest I may have been de- praise, ceived. Promoting others' wel- They might have been fare^ they advanced honoured. their own interest. To be trusted, we must He lives respected. be virtuous. Having resigned his To have been admired, office, he retired. availed him little. They are discouraged. Ridiculed, persecuted. He was condemned. despised, he main. We have been reward- tained his principles. ed. Being reviled, we bless. She had been admired. Having been deserted, Virtue will be reward- he beoassv^ ^ssaks^s^^ 138 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The sight being new. Every heart kno\v he startled. own sorrows. This uncouth figure Which was his ch( startled him. It was neither. I have searched, I have Hers is finished, found it. is to do. They searched those This is what I fear rooms ; he was gone. That is the thing v The book is his ; it I desired. was mine. Who can preserve These are yours, those self? are ours* Whose books are tl Our hearts are deceit Whom have we ser ful. Some are neglij Your conduct met their othefs industrioi approbation. One may deceive None met who could self. avoid it. All have a talent t His esteem is my ho- prove. nour. Can any dispute it Her work does her Such is our condit: credit. Each must answer the question. EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 139 SECT. VI. Adverb, Preposition, Confunction, and Inter-^ jection, I have seen him once, diligent, and he will perhaps twice. probably succeed. Thirdly, and lastly, I How sweetly the birds shall conclude. sing I This plant is found Why art thou so heed- here and elsewhere. less ? Only to-day is properly He is little attentive, ours. nay, absolutely stu- The task is already per- pid. formed. When will they arrive ? We could not serve Where shall we stop ? him then, but we Mentally and bodily, will hereafter. we are curiously and We often resolve, but wonderfully formed, seldom perform. They travelled thro' He is much more pro- France, in haste, to- mising now than wards Italy, formerly. From virtue to vice, We are wisely and hap- the progress is gra- pily directed. dual. He has certainly been By diligence and (c^^ gality, 1 ENGLISH GRAMMAH. i at The house vaa bc We are often below our wishes, and above our Some things make for him, others against By thia imprudence, he was plunged into new difflcultiea. Without the aid of charity, he supported himself with credit. Of bis talents much might be said; con- cerning his integrity, nothing. On all occasions, she behaved with pro- priety. We in vain look for a path between virtue and vice. He lives within his in- come. a great price, above its value. She came down slowly, but briskly up agaii His father and m and uncle, resii Rome. We must be tei ate, if we won! healtliy. He is as old ai class-mate, buti learned. Charles is estee because he is dbcreet and bei lent. We will stay til He retires to rest that he majr early. We ought to be tl EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 141 ful, for we have re- She will transgress ceived much. unless she be ad- Though he is often ad- monished. vised, yet he does If he were encouraged^ not reform. he would amend* Eeproof either softens Though he condemn or hardens its object me, I wiU respect Neither prosperity, nor him. adversity, has im- Their talents are more proved him. brilliant than useful. He can acquire no vir- Notwithstanding his po- tue, unless he make verty, he is a wise some sacrifices. and worthy person. Let him that standeth, If our desires are mo- take heed lest he derate, our wants will falL be few. If thou wert his supe- Hope often amuses, but rior, thou shouldst seldom satisfies us. not have boasted. Though he is lively, yet He will be detected, he is not volatile, though he deny the O peace I how desirable fact. art thou I If he has promised, he I have been often oc- should act accord- cupied, alas I with ingly. trifles. 142 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Strange I that we should Hail, simplicity I source be so infatuated. of genuine joy. O I the humiliations to Behold I how pleasant which vice reduces it is for brethren to us. dwell together in Hark I how sweetly the unity, woodlark sings ! Welcome again I my Ah I the delusions of long lost friend, hope! SECT. VII. A few instances of the same words constituting several of the parts of speech. Calm was the day, and miseries, which are the scene delightful. stealing softly after We may expect a calm them. after a storm. A little attention will To prevent passion, is rectify some errors. easier than to calm Though he is out of it. danger, he is still Better is a little with afraid. content, than a great He laboured to still the deal with anxiety. tumult The gay and dissolute Still waters are com- think little of tVie tsxouIy deepest. EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 143 Damp air is unwhole- He has seen much of some. the world, and been Guilt often casts a damp much caressed. ' over our sprightliest His years are more than hours. hers ; but he has not Soft bodies damp the more knowledge, sound much more The more we are bless- than hard ones. ed, the more grate- Though she is rich and ful we should be. fair, yet she is not The desire of getting amiable. more is rarely satis- They are yet young, and fied. must suspend their He has equal know- judgment yet awhile. ledge^ but inferior Many persons are bet- judgment. ter than we suppose She is his inferior in them to be. sense, but his equal The few and the many in prudence. have their preposses- We must make a like sions. space between the Few days pass without lines. some clouds. Every being loves its Much money is cor- like, rupting. Behave yourselves like Think much, and speak meii« little. 144 EKGLISH GRAMMAR. We are too apt to like most, no n pernicious compa- quired. ny. I will submit He may go or stay as mission bri he likes. It is for our They strive to learn. be tempera He goes to and fro. I for better To his wisdom we owe I have a regai our privilege. He is esteei The proportion is ten on his own to one. and on th He served them with parents. his utmost ability. Both of then When we do our ut- praise. SECT. VIIL Promiscuous Exercises in Etymological In your whole behaviour, be hu obliging. Virtue is the universal charm. True politeness has its seat in the he We should endeavour to please, rath shine and dazzle. Opportunities occur daily for streng: ourselvcB the habits o£ virtue. EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 145 Compassion prompts us to relieve the wants of others. A good mind is unwilling to give pain to either man or beast. Peevishness and passion often produce, from trifles, the most serious mischiefs. Discontent often nourishes passions, equally- malignant in the cottage and in the palace* A great proportion of human evils is created by ourselves. A passion for revenge has always been con- sidered as the mark of a little and mean mind. If greatness flatters our vanity, it multiplies our dangers. To our own failings we are commonly blind. The friendships of young persons are often founded on capricious likings. In your youthful amusements, let no unfairness be found. Engrave on your minds this sacred rule : " Do unto others, as you wish that they should do unto you." Truth and candour possess a powerful charm ; they bespeak universal favour. After the first departure froia ^YDL<(iKs6^:\<k^^^^ o 146 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. seldom in our power to stop : one artifi rally leads on to another. Temper the vivacity of youth, Tidth ; mixture of serious thought. The spirit of true religion is social^ k cheerful. Let no compliance with the intempera of others, ever betray you into profane s In preparing for another world, we i neglect the duties of this life. The manner in which we employ oui time, may decide our future happiness o; Happiness does not grow up of its own it is the fruit of long cultivation, and tl: sition of labour and care. A plain understanding is often joii great worth. The brightest parts are sometimes fou out virtue or honour. How feeble are the attractions of th form, when nothing within corresponds t Piety and virtue are particularly grac becoming in youth. Can we, untouched by gratitude, v: profusion of good^ vrbicVi Vke ^Nme Uai around us? EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 147 There is nothing in human life more amiable and respectable, than the character of a truly humble and benevolent man. What feelings are more uneasy and painful^ than the workings of sour and angry passions ? No man can be active in disquieting others, who does not, at the same time, disquiet himself. A life of pleasure and dissipation is an enemy to health, fortune^ and character. To correct the spirit of discontent, let us con- sider how little we deserve, and how much we enjoy. As far as happiness is to be found on earth, we must look for it, not in the world, or the things of the world ; but within ourselves, in our temper, and in our heart. Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into ridicule, they honour it at the bottom of their hearts. Of what small moment to our real happiness are many of those injuries which draw forth our resentment I In the moments of eager contention, every- thing is magnified and distorted in its appear- ance. Multitudes, in the moat o\i?.c\«^ ^\a5ass«ia»% «ksw o ^ 148 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. not less eager in their petty broils^ nor le mented by their passions, than if princely h were the prize for which they contended. ^ The smooth stream, the serene atmos the mild zephyr, are the proper emblem gentle temper, and a peaceful life. Amo sons of strife, all is loud and tempestuous. PART IV. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. RULE I. Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour. What avails the best sentiments^ if persons do not live suitably to them ? Thou should love thy neighbour^ as sincerely as thou loves thyself. From a fear of the world's censure, to be ashamed of the practice of precepts, which the heart approves and embraces^ mark a feeble and imperfect character. The erroneous opinions which we form con- cerning happiness and misery, gives rise to all the mistaken and dangerous passions that em- broils our life. The mechanism of clocks and watches, were totally unknown a few centuries ago. The number of the inhabitants of Great Bri- tain and Ireland, do not e^e^^^ ^v^<e«CL\sSSssss«a*s o S 150 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Nothing but vain and foolish pursuits delight some persons. RULE II. Idleness and ignorance is the parent to many vices. Patience and diligence, like faith^ removes mountains. What signifies the counsel and care of pre- ceptors, when youth think they have no need of assistance ? RULE III. Man's happiness or misery are, in a great measure, put into his own hands. Man is not such a machine as a clock or a watch, which move merely as they are moved. Speaking impatiently to servants, or anything that betrays inattention or ill-humour, are cer** tainly criminal. When sickness, infirmity, or reverse of fortune, affect us, the sincerity of friendship is proved. Let it be remembered, that it is not the utter- ing, or the hearing of ceTtain N70xd%) tUajt consti^ tute the worship of the A\tni^\it^. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 151 BULE IV. The British Parliament are composed of Queen^ Lords, and Commons. A great number do not always argue strength. The council was not unanimous^ and it sepa- rated without coming to any determination. KULE V. They which seek wisdom, will certainly find her. I do not think that any person should incur censure for being tender of their reputation. Thou who has been witness of the fact, can give an account of it. The child whom we have just seen^ is wholesome- ly fed, and not injured by bandages or clothing. He is like a beast of prey, who destroys with^.. out pity. RULE VI. If he will not hear his best friend, whom shall be sent to admonish him ? The persons who conscience and virtue sup« port, may smile at the caprices of fortune. It is not to be expected that they, whom in early life, have been dark and deceitful, should afterwards become fair and in^enxjiwx.^* ' They who have laboured to ixvak^ xxs» ^^^ ^'^^ 2 IEKGLI8H GRAMMAR. }od are the persons who we ought to love and espect, and whom we ought to be grateful to. From the character of those who you associate withy your own will be estimated. RULE VII. Thou art the friend that hast often relieved me, and that has not deserted me now in the time of peculiar need. I perceive that thou art a pupil who possesses bright partSy but who hast cultivated them but little. I am the man who approves of wholesom' discipline, and who recommend it to others ; bi I am not a person who promotes useless severif x)T who object to mild and generous treatment RULE VIII. These kind of indulgences soften and ii the mind. Instead of improving yourselves, you been playing this two hours. Those sort of favours did real injury the appearance of kindness. The chasm made by the earthquake w ty foot broad> and one loxm^e^ i^V^Q\c EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 153 RULE IX. The fire, the air, the earth, and the water, are four elements of the philosophers. We are placed here under a trial of our virtue. The profligate man is seldom or never found to be^ the good husband^ the good or the bene- ficent neighbour. His error was accompanied with so little con- trition and candid acknowledgement, that he found a few persons to intercede for him. There were so many mitigating circumstances attending his misconduct, particularly that of his open confession, that he found few friends who were disposed to interest themselves in his favor. RULE X. Thy ancestors virtue is not thine. Thy fathers oflfence will not condemn thee. A mothers tenderness and a fathers care are natures gifts* for mans advantage. A mans manner's frequently influence his fortune. RULE XI. Who have I reason to love so much as this friend of my youth ? 54* ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The man wlio he raised from obscurity is dead. He and they we know, but who art thou ? Ye only have I known of all the families of the earth. We should fear and obey the author of our being, even he who has power to reward or punish us for ever. He loves we. He invited my brother and I. They that help me I will reward. Ye only have I known. She that is idle and mischievous reprove sharply. ft He who committed the offence thou shouldst correct^ not I who am innocent. He exposes hisself too much. Who did they entertain so freely ? He will I protect who you unjustly persecut As they esteemed theirselves wise they expos their weakness. Whosoever you send, I will receive. Let thou and I make the experiment. 1 hey who opulence has made proud, and luxury has corrupted, are not happy. Who should we esteem more than the ^uidgood? EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 155 Who, of all the men in the world, do you think I saw the ofher dav? it Do you know who I mean ? Thou chantress of the woods among I woo, to hear thy evening song. It was US who went there. It was me who wrote the letter. We are them for whom you sought. Do not be surprised, it is me. I am sure it was them we met. I told you it was him. You are her that promised to be here to-day. He so much resembled his brother, that, at first sight, I took it to be he. I saw a person whom I supposed to be she. Who do you think him to be ? Let him be whom he may, I am not afraid of him. I am your cousin, him from whom you received the letter yesterday. She is the person who I understood it to have been. Was it them that did it ? I believe it to have been they. Whom do you think \s t\ie 8kW&»tl 156 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. RULE XII. It is better live on a little^ than outlive a great deaL You ought not walk too hastily. I have seen some young persons to conduct themselves very discreetly. RULE XIII. The next new year's day, I shall be at school three years. From the little conversation I had with him, he appeared to have been a man of letters. It would have given me great satisfaction, to relieve him from that distressed situation. We should respect these persons^ because they continue long attached to us. In the treasury belonging to the cathedral in this city, is preserved with the greatest venera- tioU) for upwards of six hundred years, a dish which they pretend to be made of emerald. I have compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days. And he that was dead sat up luid began to speak. I should be obliged to \ivm> v£ ke N^ill gratiff ioe ia that particular.. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 157 This fashion has been formerly much admired. Ye will not come unto me that ye might have life. I was at Brighton and seen the king. It would have given me great satisfaction to relieve him from that distressed situation. They completed the business by the time you came. He hath given me the treasure and he hath taken it away. It would have afforded me no satisfaction if I could perform it. I always intended to have rewarded my son according to his merit. His sickness was so great, that I often feared he would have died before our arrival. I intended to have written to you last week. The Stoics believed that all crimes were equal* The professor, in his lecture^ said, that fever always produced thirst. From the little conversation I had with him> he appeared to have been a man of letters. I II know thy thoughts. You cannot if my heart were in your hand. 158 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, RULE XIV* Esteeming theirselves wise^ they became fools. Suspecting not only ye, but they also^ I was studious to avoid all intercourse. From exposing hisself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost his health. RULE xv. He was pleasing not often, because he was vain. William nobly acted, though he was unsuc- cessful. Unless he have more government of himself, he will be always discontented. Never sovereign was so much beloved by the people. He was determined to invite back the king and to call together his friends* We may happily live, though our possessions be smalL RULE XVI. Be honesty nor take no shape nor semblance of disguise. There cannot be nothing more insignificant than vanity. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 159 The measure is so exceptionable^ that we can- not by no means permit it RULE XVII. We are all accountable creatures^ each for hisself. Does that boy know who he speaks to ? Who does he offer such language to ? It was not he that they were angry with. Will you go with I ? To who will you give that book? This is intended for thou? He can do nothing of hisself. With who do you live ? I travelled with he and his father. There is great friendship between he and she. I do not know from who you had it« She stood between he and me. They willingly and of theirselves endeavoured to make up the difference. To who do you speak ? To he ? What friend have I besides those. He laid the suspicion upon somebody^ I know not who, in the company. Mark the prepositions which are imi^roi^e^V^ ,uBed in the following senten^^^^i ^sA «s^'^>C^*2Q^ p ^ 160 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. the right ones : — I thought on doing it ; he died for thirst; I differ with you; their past state was different to their present ; confide not on man ; an exception to the general rule ; agreeable with the sacred text; this should be no discouragement for you ; he is glad of cala- tnities ; this book is replete in errors ; he died of the sword ; I will wait of you ; expert in his work ; they live at America ; conformable with his plan ; the Romans reduced the world to their own power ; he is now at London ; he lives in Hackney ; adapted for his capacity ; his present was accepted of by his friend; he became a martyr of Christianity ; I shall be in Paris ; we intend to touch in Liverpool ; I have been to London after having resided a year at France, and now I live in Islington ; he was resolved of going to Rome ; he was eager of recommending it ; we are now reconciled with these difficulties ; you have bestowed your favours on the most deserving persons; the reptile has gone in its hole ; the glass was broken in pieces ; distribute these between the three ; I have an abhorrence against such nefarious practices ; there is great prejudice to the measure ; the whole country was overrun with the enemy; the Athenians EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 161 were overwhelmed with a shower of stones ; the colonel was shot by a musket balJ. RULE XVIII. My brother and him are tolerable gramma* rians. Did he not tell thee his fault, and entreated thee to forgive him ? Professing regard^ and to act differently, mark a base mind. This excellent person appeared to be fully re- signed, either to live^ or to have died. She and him are very unhappily connected. To be moderate in our views, and proceeding temperately in the pursuit of them, is the best way to ensure success. RULE XIX. Though he urges me yet more earnestly, I shall not comply, unless he advances more forcible reasons. She disapproved the measure^ because it were very improper. Though the fact be extraordinary, it certainly did happen. / 2NGLISH GRAMMAR. I shall walk in the fields to-day, unless it lins. As the governess were present, the children behaved properly. . If he acquires riches, they will corrupt hb mind, and be useless to others. Though he be in adversity, he does not despond. If he executes the business well, he shall be rewarded. If he acquires knowledge^ it will improve his condition. Though he calls every day, I will not see him. If he was to come, it would give us much pleasure. If he do remain quiet, it is because the mastr is present. Unless he complies, no hope remain for hir If thou live virtuously, thou art happy. If eating be necessary to man, he ought to be a glutton. O that his heart was tender. As the governess were present^ the chi behaved orderly. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 163 Except he comes, we cannot go on with our work. Unless he studies more, he will never be learned. Though her chastity be proper, it gives her no claim to praise. ' If he is alone, inform him of the circum- stance. Whether thou wast then able to do it, is uncertain. Was he to examine the affair, the truth must appear. Would he act so disinterested a part, if he was so circumstanced ? Whether he go to-night or to-morrow is not yet known. You must not do it, though he presses you yet more earnestly. He may trifle with this business, till he loses his chance of success. Be ready to succour such persons who need thy assistance. They had no sooner risen, but they applied themselves to their studies. Such men that act treacherously > Q.>ij^ ^js^ be avoided. 164 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. He feared lest you would forsake hiuL This is no other but the gate of Paradise. Though he afflict me so, will I trust in him. We cannot attend to the one or the other. I doubt not but that he is possessed of me- rit He is not as diligent and learned as his brother. I must be so candid to own that I have been mistaken. The one is equally deserving as the other. It is so clear as I need not explain it. As far as I am able to judge^ he acquitted himself honourably. I do not doubt but that I shall succeed. He would not do it himself^ nor let jne do it. He must go himself or send his servant. There is no condition so secure as cannot admit of change. He was as angry as he could not speak. He is not as eminent and as much esteemed as he thinks himself to be. The multitude rebuked them, because they should hold their peace. They will not believe but what I have been in fault EXERCISES IN SYNTAX* 165 This is the man as I met. Wait whilst I come. RULE XX. The business was much better executed by his brother than he. They are much greater gainers than me by this unexpected event. They know how to write as well as him ; but he is a much better grammarian than them. RULE XXI. These counsels were the dictates of virtue^ and the dictates of true honour. We must guard against either too great se- verity, or facility of manners. Verily, there is a reward for the righteous I There is a God that judgeth in the earth. By these happy labours, they who sow and reap will rejoice together. Averse either to contradict or blame, the too complaisant man goes along with the manners that prevail. . In all stations and conditions, the important relations take place, of masters and servants, and huabands, and wives, aad ^^xea\& ^sv^ ^Sk^^^'ss^-* :I66 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. and brothers and friends, and citizens and sub- jects. Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate ; but avarice and cunning cannot gain friends. A taste for useful knowledge, will provide for us a great and noble entertainment, when others leave us. RULE XXII. He is more bold and active^ but not so wbe and studious as his companion. Sincerity is as valuable, and even more va- luable, than knowledge. Neither has he, nor any other persons, sus- pected so much dissimulation. Several alterations and additions have been made to the work. No person was ever so perplexed, or sustained the mortifications, as he has done to-day. We hear the sound of the wind, but we can- not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth. The first proposal was essentially difierent, and inferior to the second. ]SX£RCIS£S IN SYNTAX. 167 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. He may pursue what diversions he please* The aristocracy of England is wealthy. Each indi- vidual of the company were gratified. His mind and spirit is invincible. The train of our ideas are often interrupted. He need not be in so much haste. George or I is the person. Those set of books was a valuable present His conduct evinced the most extreme vanity. These trees are remarkable tall. I was informed about it. This is he who I gave the book to. Eliza always appears amiably. Bid him come to me. ' The master requested him and I to read more dis- tinctly. It was us who went there. Thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. Him being in the country, I cannot comply with your request. She is free of pain. Who shall I give it to? I wrote to and cautioned the captain against it. AH of them were older than me. Abuse of mercies ripen us for judgment. ALL i& ^<>Aax% 1<^ Bet out • I find muc\i di^exi^X.^ ^'l ^^\sv% ^N- 168 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Every deed and every motive were good. If he does but approve my endeavours, it will be an ample reward. Unless he mean what he says he is doubly faithless. I cannot admit of the pro- priety of the measure. What signifies their opinions? Both him and his son are men of business. Is your father and mother well ? The Lord Mayor accompanied by the city officers^ were at the hall. I and my uncle and aunt are often interrupted at their meals. Upon seeing I he turned pale. William and I am cousins. Neither of them are remarkable for punctuality. He or I rides through the grounds every day. You and he is to settle the business. You, sir, who was present, has a right to speak concerning that affair. Request them children who are talking to be silent. Whom is there that never commits a fault ? Who made that noise ? Not me. Of whom did you buy that hat? Of a hatter, he who lives in Cheapside. He enters deeper into the subject than his brother. I never before saw such beautiful trees. This is my wife's brother's partner's house. Give me hold of it. It was no other but the king himself. Was yqu present at last meeting? EXERCISES IN SYNTAX* 169 A second deluge learning thus o*er-nm» And the Monks finished what the Goths begun. For why did he postpone it ? After I visited the Continent I returned back to London. The court of France, who gave the order, were cer- tainly blameworthy. Such among us who follow that profession. The assembly who met yester- day. David^ the son of Jesse, was the youngest of his brothers. He is by this time arrived. He was sharpening of his instrument Neither good or evil come of themselves. The subject will clearly be understood after it has diligently been studied. They have done their best, and should be not reproached for not doing more. I do not apprQve of it It was him who spoke first If there was no cowardice there would be little insolence. He or you is sure to be blamed. If one takes a wrong method at first it will lead them astray. Town or country are equally agreeable to me. She or her sisters was present. His being at enmity with Caesar and Antony were the cause of perpetual discord. If thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him. To do to others as we would they should to us. Sincerity is as valuable, and even 170 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. more valuable^ than knowledge. No person was ever so perplexed, or sustained the mortifica- tions, as he has done to day. Whatever we do secretly, shall be displayed and heard in the clearest light. They enjoy also a free consti- tution and laws. Several alterations and ad- ditions have been made to the work. SUPERFLUOUS AND LOW EXPRES- SIONS. EXAMPLES FOR CORRECTION. They both met. Reckon up my account. Fill that glass full. It is evident he was the first aggressor. She threw it right in his face. Give me this here, take that there. You have got the money. They were conversing together. He descended down the steps. For why do you ask me ? You are the tallest of all the family. Nothing else but that would satisfy him. He called on me for to ask my opinion. The latter end of that man is peace. What do you want it for? The subject-matter of his sermon was excellent. Are you going up to London ? The gtolen gooda were restored again. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 171 EXAMPLES OF BAD ARRANGEMENT AND AMBIGUITY. He has gone through the six first books of Simson's Euclid. Lysias promised to his father that he would never forsake his friends. The eagle killed the hen, and ate her in her own nest. You suppose him younger than I. The Divine Being heapeth favours upon his servants ever liberal and faithful. Solomon the son of David, who built the temple of Jerusalem, was the richest monarch of the Jewish people. When our friendship is considered, how is it possible that I should not grieve for his loss. The soldier with a single companion, who passed for the bravest man in the regiment, offered his ser- vices. The first care of Aurelius was to marry his daughter Lucilla once more to Claudius Pompeianus, a man of misfortune, &c. The senate of Rome ordered that no part of it should be rebuilt : it was demolished to the ground, so that travellers are unable to say where Carthage stood at this day. a 2 172 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. There is one or two chapters yet to be read* Whose brother was Remus ? Romulus. Neither man nor woman were admitted. Neither the master nor his pupils is come. She is the same lady who sung so sweetly. Whether they go or stay makes no difference to me. There was bat four witnesses. I have been to see the coro- nation, and a fine sight it is. He is taller nor me. For ever in this humble cell, Let thee and I, my fair one, dwell. I had much rather not walk this morning. The three first books are well written. He travelled all over the country. He is a fine old veteran. The neighbourhood was deluged with the burst- ing of the river bank. He, though unknown to us, we highly respect. This house is to let Of two evils choose the least. Whenever I pass the house he is always at the door. Henry is a dutiful and affectionate boy. Joseph will make a better painter than a lawyer. The per sons who conscience and virtue support^ smile at the caprices of fortune. I am purposed to do iL He of all others made Wie ^TeaXje&\.^^x^ in the company. As you are s^eeVaX«t-%^\i«x^A EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 173 reply to thee in the foUowiDg case. They were deserted from the post of duty. Our cups are quite empty. Where do you come from? Thomas is not as docile as his brother. The enemy is not as near as we expected them to be. This is the duke's of Bridgwaters canaL The subject now lays before us. You have not done nothing to-day. He, in all nature I explore, He, in all creatures 1 adore. Around; beneath, above. Woe is I, for I am undone. Neither he nor his brother pursued their first intention. Henry at first, though he showed an unwillingness^ yet after- wards he granted his request. Edward is eight years older than him. I spoke to none but he. He was banished England. John reads pretty. Come here, James. Where are you going, Thomas? Vice and folly produces mischief. The Lord Mayor or some of the aldermen were expected to have been present William and me are to go home. I had the physician, the surgeon's, and the apothecarys assistance. The Lords house have finished their business. He dare not act otherwise than he does. A good and a wise maa is never less alone tliaa '^\Lea ^q^^» ^^Kxssi. Q 3 174< ENGLISH GRAMMAB* whom they seek is in the house. He is chosen a speaker of the house of commons. They or he are much to be blamed. Let each stand in. their rank* A pillar sixty foot high. Only few seems to notice them. The troop consist of fifty men. They behaved noble in the affair. This is a very universal opinion. After who is he seeking? Lucetta is a modest woman^ whom, if we flatter, she will be disconcerted. Thomas and James have sold his land. This work is easier performed than that Who are you ? says I. He acted bolder than was expected. We begun the harvest yesterday. She had no sooner entered but she told me the reason of her visit He put it in his pocket Lord^yron the poet's works. Shall then this verse to future age pretend ? Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend. He was very dexterous in smelling out the de- signs of others. I saw James and his sister both walking together. He knows nothing on it Belisarius was general of all the forces under the emperor Justinian the First, a man of rare valour. Is not thy wickedness great, and thine iniquities jjifinite? Thou art the person who EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 175 were here last year. It was they as did it. A noble spirit disdaineth the malice of fortune ; his greatness of soul is not to be cast down. The library will be arranged in them beautiful rooms. From whence came they ? I shall not go whilst to-morrow. Who do you lodge with ? I know who it was who said it. He was born at London, but he died in Bath. The family who I attend is going on the Continent. If he be sincere, I am satisfied. I am the man who calls the hour of the night I only spoke a few words on the subject Her father and her mother were at church. It is difficult to agree his conduct with his professed principles. Who are you looking for? This is lately come in fashion. It is no more but his due. They have lived several years at Holland. Ratterers flatter as long, and no longer, than they have expectations of gain. He is a man whom, as far as my observations ex- tend, deserves your regard. John told the same story as you told. Let your promises be such that you can perform. This is the largest tree which I have ever seen. This was a cause in which justice exerted his power. After the most straitest sect of our religion. His whole life was spent in doing the good. You should 176 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. have given notice of the pupil leaving schooL Art thou him that I saw yesterday ? The lines are Johnson's, our great lexicographer's and moralist's. I shall be done my work this evening. They thought it to be I. There is, in fact, no impersonal verbs. We were apprehensive lest some misfortune had befallen you. A man may see a metaphor or an allegory in a picture, as well as read them in a description. The girl her book is torn in pieces. He which commands his- self commands the whole world. I offer observa- tions which a long and chequered pilgrimage have enabled me to make on man. Thine is the king- dom, the power, and the glory. He acted friendly and upright in the business. Though he was a son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered. A horse and ass. It is about a month ago that I have seen him. Which be the oldest of the two ? To be good and to do good is the great end of life. Every means were used to reclaim the prodigal. Five and seven makes twelve, and one make thirteen. The number of the names together were about an hundred and twenty. Neither in this world, neither in the world to come. He mentioned it EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 177 over again. Lift up your book. And the third part of the stars were smitten. We have strict statues and most biting laws, Which for this nineteen years we have let sleep. A circle^ a square, a triangle, or a hexagon^ please the eye by their regularities. Noah, for his god- liness, and his family were the only persons pre- served from the flood. It is true what he says, but it is not applicable to the point. Did you see the thunder and lightning last night ? Never as I know of. You are a much greater loser than me by him. On either side of the river was there the tree of life. By continual mortifying our corrupt affections. A stone is heavy and the sand weighty; but a fOoVs wrath is heavier than them both. Do you believe the tale what he tells ? Either of you were as free as they are. Excellent well, my lord. What then are their use ? Father, says he, what brings you here ? Rapt into future times the bard begun. I have received no letter, neither from him nor his brother. Nevertheless, Asa his heart was perfect with the Lord. What separates France from Spain ? The Pyrenees mountains. Whoever the king favours. The cardinal will find employment for. And far enough from court. 178 ENGLISH GKAHMAB. The duke had not behaved with that loyalty as was expected. To-morrow is Sunday. He did not know who to suapecL The concourse of people were so great, that with difficulty we passed through them. In Iceland is several hot bcHlii^ springs. A part of them remun behind. Not to govern his temper or to restr^ his tongue were base. The ship Neptune foundered and lost her crew, Thesepicturesof the king were sent to him from Italy. The sewers most be kept so clear as the water may run away. Nobody is so san- guine to hope for it. Fare thee welli brother. There are many shining qualities in the mind of man, but there is none so useful as discretion. Neither he nor his brother were included in the indictment {indUement). A new gaol (Jaie) i building. The whole corps {eore) are ordere out Half the company are gone. The viscou {vicouni) with his suite {twett) were in attet ance. Who finds him in money ? The ene fly. She learned her brother to read. Whet it was I or they is no matter. There rem two points for consideration. Is your br< and sister at home ? Who should I see the day, but our old teacher? He is an autho J am much pleased with. Tbb is a ladies EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 179 kerchief. These are ladies gloves. These field's are your*s. He was heard speak in his own de- fence. He or I are to go. Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. He would have went with us had he been invited. Be that as it will. I only done one exercise. His arguments were what follow. Friend to my life, which did not you prolong, The world had wanted many an idle song. Poverty turns our thoughts too much on the supplying our wants, and riches on the enjoying our superfluities. They or she is at home. A sooner day was proposed. The punishment is suitably to the offence. Was it he who came last? Yes^ it was him. Among whom was Mary Magdalen and Mary the mother of James. Go, flee thee away into the land of Judea. There can be no doubt but that the pleasures of the mind exceed those of sense. To despise the poor^ or to envy the rich, are marks of a mind little influenced by Christian principles. Whom do you think he is? Enjoying health and to live in peace are very great blessings. I, who temptation surrounded on every side^ fell into the snare. Though great has been his disobe- 180 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. dience and his folly, yet if he sincerely acknow- ledges his misconduct, he will be forgiven. This prodigy of learning, this scholar, critic^ and antiquarian, were entirely destitute of breed- ing. What do you think by it? On these causes depend all the happiness or misery which exists among men. Thou, Lord, who hath per- mitted affliction to come upon us, shall deliver us from it. We touched in Falmouth on our way to Spain. This change is to the better. False sex and queen more peijur*d than them all. Did you wish to see it now? Can it be him? Might I see your drawings? He has written to his father yesterday. I have never an article of that sort This is quite a summer's day. I cautioned him because he should not do it. Where should I begin from? Love each other. I have no doubt but that he will attend. They declared it treason to speak evil of the king, queen, or his heirs. Nothing is more lovelier than virtue. There was no other paper but this. The ancients asserted that virtue was its own reward. I have drank no spirituous liquors this six years. You was much to blame. Dare he venture ? Solid peace and contentment EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 181 consists neither in beauty or riches, but in the favour of God. Too much wealth are frequently the occasion of poverty. Either they or he was wrong. The reciprocations of love and friendship between he and I, have been many and sincere* These are the men who you might suppose was the authors of it. K 182 ENGLISH ORAMMAIU PART V. EXERCISES IN PARSING^ AS IT RESPECTS BOTH ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. SECT. I. SyntcLcHcal Parsing Table. Article* Why is it the definite article? Why the indefinite ? Why omitted? Why repeated? Substantive. Why is it in the possessive case ? Why in the objective case ? Why in apposition? Why is the apostrophic s omitted ? Adjective* What is its substantive ? Why in the singular, why in the plural number ? Why in the comparative degree &c? Why placed after its substantive ? Why omitted ? Why repeated ? EXERCISES IN PARSING. 183 ronoun^ What is its antecedent ? Why is it in the singular, why in the plural number ? Why of the masculine, why of the feminine, why of the neuter gender ? Why of the first, of the second, or of the third person ? Why is it in the nominative case ? Why the possessive? Why the objective ? Why omitted ? Why repeated ? irb. What is its nominative case ? What case does it govern ? Why is it in the singular? Why in the plural number? Why in the first person, &c ? Why is it in the infinitive mood ? Why in the subjunctive, &c. ? Why in this particular tense ? What relation has it to another verb, in point of time ? Why do participles sometimes go- vern the objective case? Why is the verb omitted? Why repeated ? R ^ 184 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Adverb* What is its proper situation ? Why is the double negative used ? Why rejected ? PrepositioTU What case does it govern ? Which is the word governed ? Why this preposition ? Why omitted ? Why repeated ? Conjunction. What moods, tenses^ or cases, does it connect ? And why ? What mood does it require? Why omitted ? Why repeated ? Interjection. Why does the nominative case follow it ? Why the objective ? Why omitted ? Why repeated ? SECT. 11. Specimens of Syntactical Parsing., Vice degrades us. Vice is a common substantive of the neuter gender, the third person^ in the singular number^ and the nominative case. Degrades is a regular verb active^ indicative mood, present tense, third person singular, agreeing with its nominative " vice," according to rule i, which says ; (here EXERCISES IK PARSING. 185 repeat the rule.) ^ is a personal pronoun, first person plural^ in the objective case, and governed by the active verb, " degrades," agreeably to RULE XI, which says, &c. He who lives virtuously prepares for all events. He is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, and masculine gender. Who is a relative pronoun, which has for its antece^ dent " he," with which it agrees in gender and number, according to rule v, which says, &c. Lives is a regular verb neuter, indicative mood, present tense, third person singular, agreeing with its nominative " who," according to rule vi, which says, &c. Virtuously is an adverb of quality. Prepares is a regular verb neuter, in- dicative mood, present tense, third person singu- lar, agreeing with its nominative " he/* For is a preposition. All is an adjective pronoun, of the indefinite kind, the plural number, and be- longs to its substantive, " events," with which it agrees, according to rule viii, which says, &c. Events is a common substantive, of the third person, in tjie plural number, and the objective case, governed by the preposition " for,'* accord- ing to rule XVI I, which says, &c. R 3 186 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. If folly entice the6, reject its allurements. i/T is a copulative conjunction. FoUy is a common substantive, of the third person, in the singular number, and the nominative case. En' iice is a regular verb active^ subjunctive mood, present tense, third person singular, and is governed by the conjunction " if," according to RULE XIX, which says, &c. Thee is a personal pronoun, of the second person singular, in the objective case, governed by the active verb *f en- tice," agreeably to rule xi, which says, &c. Reject is a regular active verb, imperative mood, second person singular^ and agrees with its nomi- native '' thou," implied. Its is a personal pro- noun, third person, singular number, and of the neuter gender, to agree with its substantive " folly," according to rule v, which says, &c# It is in the possessive case, governed by the noun " allurements," agreeably to rule x, which says, &c. Allurements is a common substantive, of the neuter gender, the third person, in the plural number, and the objective case, governed by the verb " reject," according to rule xi, which says, &c EXERCISES IN PARSING. 187 SECT. III. Exercises on the first, second^ third, and fourth Rules of Syntax,* 1. The contented mind spreads ease and cheer- fulness around it. The school of experience teaches many useful lessons. In the path of life are many thorns, as well as flowers. Thou shouldst do justice to all men, even to enemies. 2. Vanity and presumption ruin many a pro- mising youth. Food^ clothing, and credit, are the rewards of industry. He and William live together in great harmony* 3. No age> nor condition, is exempt from trouble. Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition, is not attainable by idle wishes. 4. The British nation is great and generous. * In parsing these Exercises, the pupil should repeat the respective rules oS syntax, and show that they apply to the sentences whidi he is parsing. 188 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The company is assembled; it is composed of persons possessing very different sentiments. A herd of cattle, peacefully grazing, affords a pleasing sight. SECT. IV. Exercises on the fifthy sixths seventh, and eighth Rules of Syntax, 5. The man who is faithfully attached to reli- gion, may be relied on with confidence. The vices which we should especially avoid, are those which most easily beset us. 6. They who are born in high stations, are not always happy. Our parents and teachers are the persons whom we ought, in a particular manner, to respect. If our friend is in trouble, we, whom he knows and loves, may console him. ?• Thou art the man who has improved his privileges, and who will reap the reward. I am the person, who owns a fault committed and who disdains to conceal it by falsehood. 8. That sort of pleasure weakens and debases the mind. EXERCISES IN PAR&CNG. 189 Even in these times, there are aaany persons -who, from disinterested motives, are solicitous to promote the happiness of others. SECT. V Exercises on the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth Rules of Syntax. 9. The restless, discontented person, is not a good friend^ a good neighbour, or a good sub- ject. The young, the healthy, and the prosperous, should not presume on their advantages. 10. The scholar's diligence will secure the tutor's approbation. The good parent's greatest joy, is, to see his children wise and virtuous. 11. Wisdom and virtue ennoble us. Vice and folly debase us. Whom can we justly love, as them who have endeavoured to make us wise and happy ? 12. When a person has nothing to do, he is almost always tempted to do wrong. We need not urge Charles to do good; he loves to do it. We dare not leave our studies without per- mission. 190 BN'I'ISH GRAMMAR. SECT. VI. Exercises an the thirteen^ fourteenth, Jlfteenthf sixteenth, and seventeenth Rules of Syntax, 13. The business is at length completed ; but long ago, I intended to do it I expected to see' the king before he left Windsor. The misfortune did happen: but we early hoped and endeavoured to prevent it To have been censured by so judicious a friend, would have greatly discouraged me. 14. Having early disgraced himself, he became mean and dispirited. Knowing him to be my superior, I cheerfully submitted. 15. We should always prepare for the worst, and hope for the best A young man, so learned and virtuous, pro- mises to be a very useful member of society. When our virtuous friends die, they are not lost for ever ; they are only gone before us to a happier world. 16. Neither threatenings, nor any promises, could make him violate the truth. EXERCISES IN PARSING. l91 Charles is not insincere; and therefore we may trust him. 17* From whom was that information re- ceived ? To whom do that house, and those fine gar- dens, belong ? SECT. VII. Exercises on the eighteenth^ nineteenth^ twentieth^ twenty-first, and twentt/'Second Rules of Syntax, 18. He and I commenced our studies at the same time. If we contend about trifles, and violently maintain our opinion, we shall gain but few friends. 19. Though James and myself are rivals, we do not cease to be friends. If Charles acquire knowledge, good manners, and virtue, he will secure esteem. William is respected, because he is upright and obliging. 20. These persons are abundantly more op- pressed than we are. Though I am not so good a scholar as he 192 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. is, I am^ perlapSy not less attentive than he, to study. 21. Ciiarles was a. man of ]&nowledge> learn- ing, politeness, and religion. Li our travels, we saw much to approve, and much to condemn. 22. The book is improved by many useful corrections, alterations, and additions. She is more talkative and lively than her bro- ther, but not so well informed, nor so uniformly cheerful. SECT. VIII. Promiscuous Exercises in Syntactical Parsing. They strive to learn. .He goes to and fro. To his wisdom we owe our privilege. The pro- portion is ten to one. He has served them with his utmost ability. When we do our utmost^ no more is required. I will submit, for I ■ know submission brings peace. It is for our health to be temperate. O I for better times. I have a regard for him. He is esteemed both on his own account, and on that of his parents. Both of them deserve praise. I rest, then, upoh this argument. He arrived then, and not till then. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 193 Hei^apped his cloak about him. He some- times rides about. I have not seen him since that time. Since it must be done, do it wil- lingly. He commenced practice long since. I shall be near you presently. He was near falling from his horse. By what means shall I obtain my object ? Regard the quality rather than the quan- tity of what you read. Yesterday was a fine day. I rode out yesterday. I shall write to-morrow. To-morrow may be brighter than to-day They travelled further than they intended. Wait till you have further orders. John is writing upon the writing-desk ; his writing is better than Joseph's. Virtue is the universal charm. Discomposed thoughts, agitated passions, and ruffled temper^ poison every pleasure in life. Patience and diligence, like faith, remove mountains. To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character. The most acceptable sacri- fice is that of a contrite and humble heart. Too many of the pretended friendships of youth are mere combinations in pleasure. The intermix- ture of evil in human society serves to exercise the suffering graces and virtues of the good. The sun, the moon, and the stars, are the glory s 194 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. of nature. Good order in our affairs^ not mean savings, produces great profit. The great busi^ ness of life is to be employed in doing justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with our Creator. In fiuth and hope the world will disagree. But all mankind's concern is charity. True politeness has its seat in the heart We should endeavour to please, rather than to shine and dazzle. Opportunities occur daily for strengthening in ourselves the habits of virtue. Compassion prompts us to relieve the wants of others. A good mind is unwilling to give pain to either man or beast Peevishness and passion often produce^ from trifles, the most serious mis- chiefs. Discontent often nourishes passions, equally malignant in the cottage and in the palace. A passion for revenge has always been considered as the mark of a little and mean mind. If greatness flatters our vanity, it multi- plies our dangers. To our own failings we are commonly blind. The friendships of young persons are often founded on capricious likings. In your youthful amusements let no unfairness be found. Engrave on your minds this sacred rule : ** Do unto others as you wish that they PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 195 should do unto you/' Truth and candour pos- sess a powerful charm ; they bespeak universal favour. After the first departure from sincerity, it is seldom in our power to stop ; one artifice generally leads on to another. Temper the vi- vacity of youth, with a proper mixture of senous thought. The spirit of true religion is social, )dnd, and cheerful. Proceed yet Either, and a prospect take Of the swift stream, and of the standing lake. Lei no compliance with the intemperate mirth of others ever betray you into profane sallies. In preparing for another world, we must not neglect the duties of this life. The manner in which we employ our present time may decide our future happiness or misery. Happiness does not grow up of its own accord ; it is the fruit of long cul* tivation, and the acquisition of labour and care. A plain understanding is often joined with great worth. The brightest parts are sometimes found without virtue or honour. How feeble are the attractions of the fairest form when nothing Svithin corresponds to them I Piety and virtue are particularly graceful and becoming in youth. Can we, untouched by gratitude, view that pro- fusion of good, which the Divine hand pours a 2 196 ENGLISH GRAMMAR* around as? There is nothiog in human life more amiable and respectable^ than the charao ter of a truly humble and benevolent man» What feelings are more uneasy and distressful, than the workings of sour and angry passions. No man can be active in disquieting others^ who does not, at the same time, disquiet himself. A life of pleasure and dissipation is an enemy to health, fortime, and character. If there is a Power above us — And that there is, all Nature cries aloud Through all her works, — he must delight in virtue. To correct the spirit of discontent, let usi con- sider how little we deserve, and how much we enjoy. As far as happiness is to be found on earth, we must look for it, not in the worid, or the things of the world ; but within ourselves, in our temper, and in our heart. Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into ridicule^ they honour it at the bottom of their hearts. Of what small moment to our real happiness^ are many of those injuries which draw forth our resentment? In the moments of eager contention, every thing is magnified and distorted in its appearance. Multitudes in the most obscure stations, are not less eager in their petty broils, nor less tonnented FROMISCUOtJS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 197 by their passions, than if princely honours were •the prize for which they contend. The smooth stream, the serene atmosphere, the mild zephyr, are the proper emblems of a gentle temper, and a peaceful life. I have always preferred cheer- fulness to mirth ; the latter I consider as an act, the former as a habit, of the mind. Were the liar to assert the truth ever so earnestly he would scarcely be believed. Upon thy mother's knee^ a new-bom child. Weeping thou sat*st, whilst all around thee smiled ; So live, that, sinking into death*s long sleep, Calm thou may'st smile, whilst all around thee weep. We should be grateful for those dispensations of Providence that teach us humility. No station is so high, no power is so great, no name is so fair, as to prevent men from being hurt by malice and envy. Let no reproach make you lay aside religion ; the frowns of the world are nothing to the smiles of heaven. If thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone. He is of all human beings the happiest who has a conscience untainted by guilt, and a mind so well regulated as to accommodate itself to the will of heaven. Being condemned by his own heart, the wicked 198 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. man is completely miserable. Had the man of dissipation listened to the remonstrances of rea- son, his ruin might have been prevented. Shame being lost^ there is little hope that any virtuous principle will be retained. Give me understand- ing that I may keep thy law. Speaking to the purpose exceeds eloquence. Having obtained the object, which he had so long sought, he gave up his profession, and went to reside with his friend Clifton. 'T is our part As Christians, to forget the wrongs we feel ; To pardon trespasses; our very foes To love and cherish ; to do good to all ; Live peaceably ; and be in all acts. Wise as the serpent, gentle as the dove. Without love to God, the enjoyment of him is unattainable : now, as, that we may love God, it is necessary to know him ; so, that we may know him, it is necessary to study his works. It is of the utmost importance to us, that we associate principally with the wise and virtuous; when, therefore, we choose our companions, we ought to be extremely cautious in our selection. Be not overcome by the injuries you meet with, so as to pursue revenge ; by the disasters of life^ so as to sink into despair ; by the evil PROMISCUOUS EXBRCISES IN PARSING. 199 examples of the world, so as to follow them in sin. Overcome injuries^ by forgiveness ; disasters^ by fortitude ; evil examples^ by firmness of prin- ciple. Sobriety of mind is one of those virtues, which the present condition of human life strongly in- culcates. The uncertainty of its enjoyments checks presumption; the multiplicity of its dangers demands perpetual caution. Modera- tion, vigilance, and self-government, are duties incumbent on all ; but especially on such as are beginning the journey of life. The charms and comforts of virtue are inex- pressible ; and can only be justly conceived by those who possess her. The consciousness of Divine approbation and support, and the steady hope of future happiness, communicate a peace and joy, to which all the delights of the world bear no resemblance. If we knew how much the pleasures of this life deceive and betray their unhappy votaries ; and reflected on the disappointments in pursuit, the dissatisfaction in enjoyment, or the uncertainty of possession, which every where attend them ; we should cease to be enamoured with these brittle and transient joys : and should wisely fix 200 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. our hearts on those virtuous attainments, which the world can neither give nor take away. Order is Heaven's first law ; and this confest. Some are, and must be, greater than the rest. More rich, more wise ; but who infers from hence That such are happier, shocks aU common sense. Needful austerities our wills restrain ; As thorns fence in the tender plant from harm. Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence. But health conasts with temperance alone ; And peace, Oh, virtue !* peace is all thy own. On earth, nought precious is obtain'd, But what is painful too ; By travel and to travel bom. Our sabbaths are but few. Who noble ends by noble means obtains, ' Or £Euling, smiles in exile or in chains. Like good Aurelius, let him reign, or bleed » Like Socrates, that man is great indeed. Our hearts are &sten*d to this world. By strong and endless ties ; But every sorrow cuts a string. And urges us to rise. Oft pining cares in rich brocades are drest, . And diamonds glitter on an anxious breast.' PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 201 Teach me to feel another's wo, To hide the fault I see ; That mercy I to others show. That mercy show to me. This day be bread, and-peace, my lot ; All else beneath the sun Thou know*st if best bestow*d or not. And let thy will be done. Vice is a monster of so irightfid mien. As, to be hated, needs but to be seen ; Yet seen too oft, fimiiliar with her face. We first endure, then pity, then embrace. If nothing more than purpose in thy power. Thy purpose firm, is equal to the deed : Who does the best his circumstance allows. Does well, acts nobly ; angels could no more. In fidth and hope the world will disagree But all mankind's concern is charity. To be resigned when ills betide. Patient when favours are denied. And pleased with fiivours giv'n ; Most surely this is Wisdom's part. This is that incense of the heart. Whose fragrance smells to Heav'n. All fame is foreign, but of true desert ; Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart. One self-approving hour whole years outweighs Of stupid starers, and of loud huzzas ; And more true joy Marcellus exiled feels, Than Cassar with a senate at his heels. 202 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife Their sober wishes never learn*d to stray ; Along the cool sequester'd vale of life. They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. What nothing earthly gives, or can destroy. The soul's calm sunshine, and the heartfelt joy. Is virtue's prize. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. Whose trembling limbs have borne him to thy door; Whose days are dwindled to the shortest span ; Oh ! give relief, and Heav'n will bless thy store. Who lives to nature, rarely can be poor ; Who lives to &ncy, never can be ridi. When -young, life's journey I began. The glitt'ring prospect charm'd my eyes ; I saw, along th* extended plain, Joy after joy successive rise. But soon I found 't was all a dream ; And leam'd the fond pursuit to shun. Where few can reach their purposed aim. And thousands daily are undone. •T is greatly wise to talk with our past hours ; And ask them what report they bore to Heav*n. All nature is but art, unknown to thee ; All chance, direction which thou canst not see ; All discord, harmony not understood ; All partial evil, universal good. « IS PARSING- «0* „MXSC«0«« ^-'^'"^ '^ ** «»n'a choice is »»» Vrbatihe»°**^ desire." '"..Toba.eouto*^ .^^vn be feeds, «ceasdess.th»s,*ef-wS^„^V.espT«^-' «X^e6e^^-*;rvefiditte^-f Valbe«otc«ejoO,elessth«.*e,? Thwt g«»*.*V,ltt. ftom toy «> toy- Does bis l-tw ^„ Una, •T^*'"" .^sh«»e.T«««a' \ VM ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PART VI. EXERCISES IN PROSODY. 1. Of how many parts does Prosody consi 2. What is Accent? 3. What is Quantity? 4. What is Emphasis ? 5. What are Pauses ? 6. In what do Tones consist? 7. What is the difference between Prose Poetry? 8. How many Verses form a Couplet ? 9. What is a Stanza ? 10. What is the difference between lam Trochaic, Anapaestic, and Dactylic verse ? 11. Name the metre which is used in the lowing verses, and divide them into their pro feet Dftughter of Jove, relentless pow*r. Thou tamer of the \iumaxi\n«N*^ Whose iron scourge sjoiSl tott' Aii%\Msat The bad affTight« affiict ^ft^>wX\, EXERCISES IN PROSOPY. 205 Bound in thy adamantine chain. The proud are taught to taste of pain ; And purple tyrants vainly groan With pangs unfelt before, unpitied and alone. By the streams that ever flow. By the fragrant winds that blow 0*er th* Elysian fiow*rs ; By those happy souls who dwell In yellow meads of Asphodel, Or Amaranthine bow*rs : By the heroes* armed shades, Glittering through the gloomy glades ; By the youths that dy*d for love. Wandering in the myrtle grove. Restore, restore Eurydice to life ; O take the husband, or return the wife I The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold. And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold ; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea. When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green. That host with their banners at sunset were seen : Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath blown. That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast. And breathed in the fiice of the foe as he pass'd ; And the eyes of the sleepers wax'd deadly and chill. And their hearts but once heav'd, and for ever grew stilL And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide. But through it there roll*d not the breath oCKU \(tvdi&\ And the foam of his gasping lay wYiolb^ on V2Q&\?aa^ And cold as the spray of the TOcVAyesJCvA^ «s>^ T 206 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. And there lay the rider distorted and pale, With the dev on his brow, and the rust on his mail ; And the tents were all silent, the banners alone. The lanoes unlifted, the trumpet unblown. And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail. And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal ; And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword. Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord. Send her rictorious, Happy and glorious. Long to reign over us, God save the Queen ! Sound an alarm to the slaves of a tyranny ! Let the defender of liberty rise i 207 PART VII. EXSRCISES IN PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS. COMMA. The tutor by instruction and discipline/ lays the foundation of the pupil's future honour. Self-conceit^ presumption, and obstinacy, blast the prospect of many a youth. Deliberate slowly^ execute promptly. To live soberly righteously .and piously com- prehends the whole of our duty. The path of piety and virtue pursued with a firm and constant spirit will assuredly lead to happiness. Continue my dear child to make virtue the principal study. Peace of mind being secured we may smile at misfortunes. He who is a stranger to industry may possess but he cannot enjoy* Beware of those rash and dangerous con- T 2 5S08 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. nexions which mav afterwards load thee with dis- V honour SEMICOLON. The path of truth is a plain and a safe path * that of falsehood is a perplexing maze. Modesty is one of the chief ornaments of youth and has ever been esteemed a presage of rising merit. Heaven is the region of gentleness and friend- ship, hell of fierceness and animosity. COLON. Often is the smile of gaiety assumed whilst the heart aches within ^though folly may laugh guilt will sting. There is no mortal truly wise and restless at the same time wisdom is the repose of minds. PERIOD. We ruin the happiness of life when we attempt to raise it too high a tolerable and comfortable state is all that we can propose to ourselves on earth peace and contentment not bliss nor trans- port are the full portion of man perfect joy is reserved for heaven. EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION, ETC. 209 INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. !*o lie down on the pillow after a day spent in iperance in beneficence and in piety how let it is Ve wait till to-morow to be happy alas why to-day shall we be younger are we sure we 11 be healthier will our passions become }ler and our love of the world less To each his sufferings all are men Condemn*d alike to groan The tender for another's pain Th* unfeeling for his own Yet ah why should they know their fate Since sorrow never comes too late And happiness too swiftly flies Thought would destroy their paradise No more where ignorance is bliss 'Tis folly to be wise Now the golden Mom aloft Waves her dew-bespangled wing With vermil cheek and whisper soft She wooes the tardy Spring Till April starts and calls around The sleeping fragrance from the ground And lightly o*er the living scene Scatters his freshest tenderest green New-born flocks in mstic dance Frisking ply theb feeble feet Forgetful of thcii wintry trance The birds his presence greet 210 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. But chief the skylark warbles high His trembling thrilling ecstasy And lessening horn the dazzled sight Melts into aiv and liquid light Write the following paragraphs with the proper stops and capitals: — there were two very powerful tyrants engaged in a perpetual war against each other the name of the first was luxury and of the second avarice the aim of each of them was no less than univer- sal monarchy ovar the hearts of mankind luxury had many generals under him who did him great service as pleasure mirth pomp and fashion ava- rice was likewise very strong in his officers being faithfully served by hunger industry care «nd watchfulness he had likewise a privy counsellor who was always at his elbow and whispering something or other in his ear the name of this privy counsellor was poverty as avarice con- ducted himself by the counsels of poverty his antagonist was entirely guided by the dictates and advice of plenty who was his first counsellor and minister of state that concerted all his mea- sures for him and never departed out of his sjgbU EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION, ETC. 211 the moon is in her summer glow but hoarse and high the breezes blow and racking o*er her face the cloud varies the tincture of her shroud on barnards towers and teess stream she changes as a guilty dream , when conscience with remorse and fear goads sleeping &ncy8 wild career her light seem'd now the blush of shame seemd now fierce angers darker flame shifting that shade to come and go like apprehensions hurried glow then sorrows livery dims the «ir and dies in darkness like despair such varied hues the warder sees reflected from the woodland tees then from old baliols tower looks forth sees the clouds mustering in the nortii hears upon turret roof and wall by fits the plashing rain drop fall lists to the breezes boding sound and wraps his shaggy mantle round 1 despaired at first said the corporal of being able to bring back your honour any kind of in- telligence concerning the poor sick lieutenant is he in the army then said my uncle toby he is said the corporal and in what regiment said my uncle toby ill tell your honour replied the corpo- ral everything straight forward as I learnt it then trim ill fill another p\p^ m<\\S£^ ^<qs\!^^\sS^ and not interrupt thee tiW lYiQW. \«sX \q^^ ^^ "^^ 212 ENGLISH GRAMMAl^. down at thy ease trim in the window seat and begin thy story again the corporal made his old bow which generally spoke as plain as a bow could speak it your honour is good and having done that he sat down as he was ordered and began the story to my uncle toby over again in pretty nearly the same words Divide the following poem into its verses, and put the proper stops and capitals :^ vital spark of heavenly flame quit oh quit this mortal frame trembling hoping lingering flying oh the pain the bliss of dying cease fond nature cease thy strife and let me languish into life hark they whisper angels say sister spirit come away what is this absorbs me quite steals my senses shuts my sight drowns my spirits draws my breath tell me my soul can this be death the world re- cedes it disappears heaven opens on my eyes my ears with sounds seraphic ring lend lend your wings i mount i fly o grave where is thy victory o death where is thy sting. THE END. Printed lay A.. Sw>Tnw«oo\>»,