When must congressional elections be held?

A total of 469 seats in the U.S. Congress (34 Senate seats and all 435 House seats) are up for election on November 8, 2022. The seats of five of the six non-voting members of the U.S. House are up for election as well.

Two special elections for the U.S. Senate are scheduled for November 8, 2022. One special election will be held to fill the final four years of Sen. Jim Inhofe's (R-Okla.) six-year term that began in 2021. Inhofe announced his resignation effective January 3, 2023.[1] The other special election will be held to fill the final weeks of the six-year term that Kamala Harris (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2016. That U.S. Senate seat is also up for regular election in 2022, for a total of 35 individual Senate seats up. Special elections for the U.S. House will be held throughout the year to fill vacancies that occur in the 117th Congress. For more information about special elections to the 117th Congress, click here.

The 2022 election will be the first to take place following apportionment and redistricting after the 2020 census. As a result of apportionment, six states (Texas, Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon) gained seats in the U.S. House, and seven states (California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) lost seats. Click here for more information about apportionment after the 2020 census.

This page provides an overview of the 2022 elections for the U.S Congress. In the sections below, you will find:

For more information about the 2022 U.S. House elections, click here. For more information about the 2022 U.S. Senate elections, click here.

Click here for our coverage of special elections to the 117th Congress.

Partisan breakdown

U.S. Senate

Democrats gained a net total of three seats in the 2020 Senate elections. This brought their caucus total to 50, including two independents who caucus with Democrats. Republicans held the other 50 seats following the elections.

U.S. House

As of September 2, 2022, Democrats held a 219-211 advantage in the U.S. House with five vacant seats. All 435 seats are up for election.

Historical party control

The charts below show historical partisan breakdown information for each chamber.

U.S. Senate

Seats up for election

Fourteen seats held by Democrats and 20 held by Republicans are up for regular election in 2022. The map below shows what seats are up for election, the incumbent heading into the election in each state, whether each seat is open, recent Senate and presidential election margins of victory, and race ratings.

You can find this information in table form just below the map and in the U.S. Senate race ratings section.

Click [show] on the right to expand the table below.

Margins of victory in last election

Smallest margins of victory

Eleven of the seats up for election in 2022 were won by fewer than 10 percentage points the last time they were up for election. Of those, seven were won by fewer than 5 percentage points, four held by a Democrat and three held by a Republican. Click on the "Last election margin of victory" column in the table below to sort the list by margin of victory.

Click [show] on the right to expand the table.

Largest margins of victory

The following 10 seats up for election in 2022 had the largest margins of victory in 2016. Click [show] on the right to expand the table.

Battleground states

The following eight states were rated as battlegrounds by Inside Elections as of October 2021 and as either a toss-up, lean, or likely Democratic or Republican state by Cook Political Report and/or Sabato's Crystal Ball. Click here for more information about Senate race ratings.

Arizona

The previous two Senate elections—held in 2018 and 2020—were both decided by 2.4 percentage points. In 2020, Mark Kelly (D) defeated incumbent Sen. Martha McSally (R) in a special election[6], 51.2% to 48.8%. In 2018, Kyrsten Sinema defeated McSally, 50.0% to 47.6%.

The two most recent presidential elections in Arizona were similarly close. Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 0.3 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 3.6 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as a Toss-up.

Florida

In 2018, Rick Scott (R) defeated incumbent Sen. Bill Nelson (D) by 0.2 percentage points in the Senate race for Florida. In 2016, incumbent Marco Rubio won re-election by a margin of 7.7 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections in Florida were both decided by less than 4 percentage points. Incumbent President Donald Trump (R) defeated Joe Biden (D) by 3.3 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 1.2 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as Lean or Likely Republican.

Georgia

The two Senate elections held in Georgia in 2020—with runoffs taking place in January 2021—were both decided by 2 percentage points or fewer. Jon Ossoff (D) defeated incumbent Sen. David Perdue (R) by 1.2 percentage points, 50.6% to 49.4%. Raphael Warnock (D) defeated incumbent Sen. Kelly Loeffler (R) in a special election by 2 percentage points, 51.0% to 49.0%. In 2016, incumbent Sen. Johnny Isakson (R) won re-election by a margin of 13.8 percentage points.

Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 0.2 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 5.2 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as a Toss-up.

Nevada

The two preceding Senate elections were both decided by 5 percentage points or fewer. In 2018, Jacky Rosen defeated incumbent Sen. Dean Heller (R) by 5 percentage points. In 2016, incumbent Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto defeated Joe Heck (R) by 2.4 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections in Nevada were similarly close. Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 2.4 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Hillary Clinton (D) defeated Trump in the 2016 presidential election by 2.4 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as a Toss-up.

New Hampshire

The two preceding Senate elections were split in competitiveness. In 2020, Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen (D) won re-election against Bryant Messner (R) by a margin of 15.6 percentage points. In 2016, Maggie Hassan (D) defeated incumbent Kelly Ayotte by 0.1 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections in New Hampshire were similarly split. Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 7.3 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Hillary Clinton (D) defeated Trump in the 2016 presidential election by 0.3 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as Tilt or Lean Democratic.

North Carolina

Incumbent Sen. Richard Burr (R) is not seeking re-election, making this an open seat race. In 2020, incumbent Sen. Thom Tillis defeated Cal Cunningham (D) by 1.8 percentage points. In 2016, Burr won re-election by 5.7 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections in North Carolina were both decided by less than 4 percentage points. Incumbent President Donald Trump (R) defeated Joe Biden (D) by 1.3 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 3.6 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as Lean Republican.

Pennsylvania

Incumbent Sen. Pat Toomey (R) is not seeking re-election, making this an open seat race. In 2018, incumbent Bob Casey Jr. (D) defeated Lou Barletta (R) by 13.1 percentage points. In 2016, Toomey won re-election against Katie McGinty (D) by 1.5 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections were both decided by less than 2 percentage points. Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 1.2 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 0.7 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as a Toss-up or Tilt Republican.

Wisconsin

In 2016, incumbent Sen. Ron Johnson (R) won re-election against Russ Feingold (D) by 3.4 percentage points. In 2018, incumbent Sen. Tammy Baldwin defeated Leah Vukmir (R) by 10.8 percentage points.

The two most recent presidential elections were both decided by less than 1 percentage point. Joe Biden (D) defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by 0.7 percentage points in the 2020 presidential election. Trump defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election by 0.7 percentage points.

As of June 2022, election forecasters viewed this race as a Toss-up, Tilt Republican, or Lean Republican.

U.S. Senate race ratings

The following table compares U.S. Senate race ratings from The Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections as of September 2022.

Seats that changed party hands

Four of the 34 seats up for election in 2022 changed party control the last time they were up for election.

2020-2021 special elections

In 2020-2021, special elections took place in Georgia and Arizona. Democrats picked up both seats. The seats are up for election in 2022.

2016

In 2016—the last time these 34 seats were up for regular election—two seats changed party hands. Democrats picked up both seats.

Presidential election results in 2022 Senate states

• Democrats are not defending any Senate seats in states Trump won in 2020.

• In the 2020 Senate elections, Democrats and Republicans each defended two seats won by the other party's presidential candidate in 2016. Click here for more information.

The following table shows the 2020 presidential election margin of victory in percentage points for each state with a Senate election in 2022. Click [show] on the right to expand the table.

See also:

Senator's party vs. governor's party

In 11 states with Senate seats up for election in 2022, the seat is held by a senator of a different party than the governor. Six seats held by Republican senators in states with Democratic governors are up. Five seats held by Democratic senators in states with Republican governors are up.

States with senators from different parties

Seven states have senators from different parties in the 117th Congress: Maine, Montana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Four of those seven states have Senate seats up for election in 2022. Vermont has one Democratic senator and one independent senator who caucuses with Democrats, so three states with seats up for election have senators in different caucuses: Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

The 117th Congress has the fewest number of states with split Senate delegations in history, according to Eric Ostermeier of the University of Minnesota: "Prior to the 117th, only one congress has convened with fewer than 10 split-delegation states [since the start of the direct election era] – the 84th Congress following the Election of 1954. That cycle produced nine states with one Democratic and Republican U.S. Senator."[9]

2021 impeachment votes

On February 13, 2021, former President Donald Trump (R) was acquitted of incitement of insurrection. Fifty-seven senators voted to convict and 43 voted to acquit. Conviction requires a two-thirds vote of senators present.[10]

Of the seven Republican senators who voted guilty, three hold seats up for elections in 2022:

Burr and Toomey are not seeking re-election.

2020 election party changes

In the 2020 Senate election cycle, Democrats flipped four seats and Republicans flipped one:

U.S. House

All 435 U.S. House seats will be up for election. The seats of five of the six non-voting members of the U.S. House will be up for election as well. Special elections will be held to fill vacancies that occur in the 117th Congress.

Incumbents defeated in 2022

As of September 2, 2022, the following incumbents had lost re-election campaigns.[11]

Historical comparison

The following table shows the number of U.S. House incumbents defeated in each election cycle from 2000 to 2020, by party.

Battleground elections

Ballotpedia has identified 36 of the 435 House races (3.2%) as battlegrounds. For more information on our methodology for identifying battlegrounds, click here.

There are 36 U.S. House battlegrounds in 2022.

• California's 13th Congressional District election, 2022
• California's 22nd Congressional District election, 2022
• California's 27th Congressional District election, 2022
• Colorado's 8th Congressional District election, 2022
• Indiana's 1st Congressional District election, 2022
• Iowa's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022
• Kansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2022
• Maine's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• Michigan's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022
• Michigan's 7th Congressional District election, 2022
• Minnesota's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• Nevada's 1st Congressional District election, 2022
• Nevada's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022
• Nevada's 4th Congressional District election, 2022
• New Hampshire's 1st Congressional District election, 2022
• New Hampshire's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• New Jersey's 7th Congressional District election, 2022
• New Mexico's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• New York's 18th Congressional District election, 2022
• New York's 19th Congressional District election, 2022
• New York's 22nd Congressional District election, 2022
• New York's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022
• North Carolina's 13th Congressional District election, 2022
• Ohio's 13th Congressional District election, 2022
• Ohio's 1st Congressional District election, 2022
• Ohio's 9th Congressional District election, 2022
• Oregon's 5th Congressional District election, 2022
• Pennsylvania's 17th Congressional District election, 2022
• Pennsylvania's 7th Congressional District election, 2022
• Pennsylvania's 8th Congressional District election, 2022
• Rhode Island's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• Texas' 28th Congressional District election, 2022
• User:Maddie Sinclair Johnson/Template Sandbox
• Virginia's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022
• Virginia's 7th Congressional District election, 2022
• Washington's 8th Congressional District election, 2022

U.S. House races with two incumbents, 2022

The U.S. House incumbents listed in the table below announced their candidacy for the same congressional district for the 2022 U.S. House elections. Races are listed only for states where redistricting is complete.

Open seats

Ballotpedia considers a seat to be open if the incumbent representative did not file to run for re-election or if they filed for re-election but withdrew before the primary. If an incumbent filed to run in a different district than the one they currently represent, Ballotpedia considers the seat they currently represent as open, as long as no incumbent from another district is running in it. A seat created as a result of a state gaining a new congressional district due to apportionment is also considered open if no incumbent is running in it.

The table below does not include vacant seats that will be filled by special election before November 8, 2022, unless no incumbent is running in the regular general election.

The table below lists all open seats in the United States House of Representatives for states whose filing deadline has passed. The table is current as of August 12, 2022.

U.S. House race ratings

The following table compares U.S. House race ratings from The Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections as of September 2022.

Targeted races

DCCC targets

NRCC targets

Newly created seats after the 2020 census

On April 26, 2021, the U.S. Census Bureau released its post-2020 census apportionment counts. Apportionment is the process whereby the 435 districts in the U.S. House of Representatives are allotted to the states on the basis of population.[47] Five states (Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon) gained one seat each, and Texas gained two seats. Seven states (California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) lost seats.[48]

Non-voting delegates running for re-election in 2022

The seats of the five non-voting delegates serving in the U.S. House of Representatives are up for election in 2022. As of August 18, 2022, three of the delegates have declared they are running for re-election. Michael F.Q. San Nicolas (D), the delegate representing Guam's At-Large Congressional District, is retiring to run for governor. The seat of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, whose functions are similar to the delegates, is not up for election this year. To learn more about congressional non-voting members in the U.S. House of Representatives, click here

Redistricting after the 2020 census

Redistricting is the process of drawing new congressional and state legislative district boundaries. This article summarizes congressional and state legislative actions in each state in the 2020 cycle.

Forty-four (44) states adopted congressional district maps. Six states were apportioned one U.S. House district, so no congressional redistricting was required.

Congressional redistricting was completed after the 2020 census for 435 of the 435 seats (100%) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Seats that changed party hands in 2020

The table below shows which U.S. House districts flipped partisan control as a result of the 2020 elections.

Incumbents not seeking re-election

U.S. Senate members

• 
  1 Democrat
• 
  5 Republicans

U.S. House members

Forty-nine representatives are not seeking re-election to their U.S. House seats (not including those who left office early):

• 
  31 Democrats
• 
  18 Republicans

Incumbents retiring from public office

• 
  22 Democrats
• 
  10 Republicans

Retiring from public office, 2022
Name	Party	State	Date announced
Christopher Jacobs	Republican	New York	June 3, 2022[58]
Bob Gibbs	Republican	Ohio	April 6, 2022[59]
Fred Upton	Republican	Michigan	April 5, 2022[60]
Van Taylor	Republican	Texas	March 2, 2022[61]
Ted Deutch	Democratic	Florida	February 28, 2022[62]
Fred Keller	Republican	Pennsylvania	February 28, 2022[63]
Kathleen Rice	Democratic	New York	February 15, 2022[64]
Jim Cooper	Democratic	Tennessee	January 25, 2022[65]
Jerry McNerney	Democratic	California	January 18, 2022[66]
Jim Langevin	Democratic	Rhode Island	January 18, 2022[67]
John Katko	Republican	New York	January 14, 2022[68]
Trey Hollingsworth	Republican	Indiana	January 12, 2022[69]
Ed Perlmutter	Democratic	Colorado	January 10, 2022[70]
Brenda Lawrence	Democratic	Michigan	January 4, 2022[71]
Bobby Rush	Democratic	Illinois	January 3, 2022[72]
Albio Sires	Democratic	New Jersey	December 21, 2021[73]
Lucille Roybal-Allard	Democratic	California	December 21, 2021[74]
Stephanie Murphy	Democratic	Florida	December 20, 2021[75]
Alan Lowenthal	Democratic	California	December 16, 2021[76]
Peter DeFazio	Democratic	Oregon	December 1, 2021[77]
G.K. Butterfield	Democratic	North Carolina	November 19, 2021[78]
Jackie Speier	Democratic	California	November 16, 2021[79]
Adam Kinzinger	Republican	Illinois	October 29, 2021[80]
Michael Doyle	Democratic	Pennsylvania	October 18, 2021[81]
David Price	Democratic	North Carolina	October 18, 2021[82]
John Yarmuth	Democratic	Kentucky	October 12, 2021[83]
Anthony Gonzalez	Republican	Ohio	September 16, 2021[84]
Ron Kind	Democratic	Wisconsin	August 10, 2021[85]
Cheri Bustos	Democratic	Illinois	April 30, 2021[86]
Kevin Brady	Republican	Texas	April 14, 2021[87]
Ann Kirkpatrick	Democratic	Arizona	March 12, 2021[88]
Eddie Bernice Johnson	Democratic	Texas	October 9, 2019[89]

U.S. House members seeking a seat in the U.S. Senate

• 
  5 Republican members of the U.S. House
• 
  4 Democratic member of the U.S. House

Running for Senate, 2022
Name	Party	Seat	Date announced
Markwayne Mullin	Republican	Oklahoma's 2nd Congressional District	February 26, 2022[90]
Peter Welch	Democratic	Vermont's At-Large Congressional District	November 22, 2021[91]
Conor Lamb	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 17th	August 6, 2021[92]
Billy Long	Republican	Missouri's 7th	August 3, 2021[93]
Vicky Hartzler	Republican	Missouri's 4th	June 10, 2021[94]
Val Demings	Democratic	Florida's 10th	June 9, 2021[95]
Ted Budd	Republican	North Carolina's 13th	April 28, 2021[96]
Tim Ryan	Democratic	Ohio's 13th	April 26, 2021[97]
Mo Brooks	Republican	Alabama's 5th	March 22, 2021[98]

U.S. House members running for governor

• 
  3 Democratic members of the U.S. House
• 
  1 Republican member of the U.S. House

U.S. House members running for another office

• 
  2 Democratic member of the U.S. House
• 
  2 Republican member of the U.S. House

Fundraising by candidate

The following tables show the top U.S. Senate and U.S. House fundraisers of the 2022 election cycle based on FEC filings as of July 29, 2022.[108]

Fundraising by party

The Democratic and Republican national party committees and campaign party committees reported the following monthly fundraising amounts during the 2021-2022 election cycle, according to the Federal Election Commission. The six party committees are:

Special elections

This section tracks special elections to the 117th Congress in 2021-2022.

House

Results of special elections to the 117th Congress (House)
Race	Election date	Incumbent	Winner	Election MOV	Previous election MOV	2020 Presidential election MOV[109]
Alaska's At-Large Congressional District	August 16, 2022	Don Young	Mary Peltola	TBD	R+9	R+10
California's 22nd Congressional District	June 7, 2022	Devin Nunes	Connie Conway	R+24	R+8	R+6
Florida's 20th Congressional District	January 11, 2022	Alcee Hastings	Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick	D+59	D+57	D+55
Indiana's 2nd Congressional District	November 8, 2022	Jackie Walorski	TBD	TBD	R+23	R+20
Louisiana's 2nd Congressional District	April 24, 2021	Cedric Richmond	Troy Carter	D+10[110]	D+49	D+52
Louisiana's 5th Congressional District	March 20, 2021	Ralph Abraham[111]	Julia Letlow	R+38	R+24[112]	R+30
Minnesota's 1st Congressional District	August 9, 2022	Jim Hagedorn	Brad Finstad	R+4	R+3	R+10
Nebraska's 1st Congressional District	June 28, 2022	Jeffrey Fortenberry	Mike Flood	R+6	R+22	R+15
New Mexico's 1st Congressional District	June 1, 2021	Debra Haaland	Melanie Ann Stansbury	D+30	D+16	D+23
New York's 19th Congressional District	August 23, 2022	Antonio Delgado	Pat Ryan	D+2	D+12	D+2
New York's 23rd Congressional District	August 23, 2022	Tom Reed	Joe Sempolinski	R+7	R+17	R+11
Texas' 6th Congressional District	July 27, 2021	Ronald Wright	Jake Ellzey	R+6[113]	R+9	R+8
Texas' 34th Congressional District	June 14, 2022	Filemon Vela	Mayra Flores	R+8	D+14	D+4
Ohio's 11th Congressional District	November 2, 2021	Marcia Fudge	Shontel Brown	D+58	D+60	D+61
Ohio's 15th Congressional District	November 2, 2021	Steve Stivers	Mike Carey	R+17	R+27	R+14

Senate

Results of special elections to the 117th Congress (Senate)
Race	Election date	Incumbent	Winner	Election MOV	Previous election MOV	2020 Presidential election MOV (statewide)[114]
California Senate	November 8, 2022	Kamala Harris	TBD	TBD	D+23	D+55
Oklahoma Senate	November 8, 2022	Jim Inhofe	TBD	TBD	R+30	R+7

Historical special election data

Special elections, 2013-2020

Fifty special elections to the United States Congress were held during the 113th through 116th Congresses. During that time, special elections were called for 16 seats vacated by Democrats and 34 vacated by Republicans.

The table below details how many congressional seats changed parties as the result of a special election between 2013 and 2020. The numbers on the left side of the table reflect how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the numbers on the right side of the table show how many vacant seats each party won in special elections.

Congressional special election vacancies and results, 113th Congress to 116th Congress
Congress	Total elections held	Vacancies before elections	Seats held after elections	Net change
Democrats	Republicans	Democrats	Republicans
116th Congress	10	3	7	4	6	+1D, -1R
115th Congress	17	4	13	8	9	+4 D, -4 R
114th Congress	7	2	5	2	5	No change
113th Congress	16	7	9	7	9	No change
Averages	13	4	7	5	7	N/A

U.S. Senate special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 116th Congress
Party	As of special election	After special election
Democrats	4	7
Republicans	6	3
Total	10	10

U.S. House special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 116th Congress
Party	As of special election	After special election
Democrats	12	14
Republicans	28	26
Total	40	40

To see a list of all the Congressional special elections referenced in the table above, click [show] at the right.

Results of special elections to the 113th, 114th, and 115th Congress Race Election date Incumbent Winner Election MOV Previous election MOV Illinois' 2nd Congressional District April 9, 2013 Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. Robin Kelly D+49 D+40 South Carolina's 1st Congressional District May 7, 2013 Tim Scott Mark Sanford R+9 R+26 Missouri's 8th Congressional District June 4, 2013 Jo Ann Emerson Jason Smith R+40 R+47 U.S. Senate in Massachusetts June 25, 2013 John Kerry Ed Markey D+10 D+34 U.S. Senate in New Jersey October 16, 2013 Frank Lautenberg Cory Booker D+11 D+14 Louisiana's 5th Congressional District November 16, 2013 Rodney Alexander Vance McAllister R+19[115] R+63 Massachusetts' 5th Congressional District December 10, 2013 Ed Markey Katherine Clark D+34 D+23 Alabama's 1st Congressional District December 17, 2013 Jo Bonner Bradley Byrne R+41 R+98[116] Florida's 13th Congressional District March 11, 2014 C. W. Bill Young David Jolly R+2 R+15 Florida's 19th Congressional District June 24, 2014 Trey Radel Curt Clawson R+38 R+26 U.S. Senate in Hawaii November 4, 2014 Daniel Inouye Brian Schatz D+40 D+25 U.S. Senate in South Carolina November 4, 2014 Jim DeMint Tim Scott R+24 R+34 North Carolina's 12th Congressional District November 4, 2014 Melvin Watt Alma Adams D+51 D+59 U.S. Senate in Oklahoma November 4, 2014 Tom Coburn James Lankford R+39 R+45 Virginia's 7th Congressional District November 4, 2014 Eric Cantor David Brat R+24 R+17 New Jersey's 1st Congressional District November 4, 2014 Rob Andrews Donald Norcross D+18 D+38 New York's 11th Congressional District May 5, 2015 Michael Grimm Daniel Donovan R+19 R+12 Mississippi's 1st Congressional District May 12, 2015 Alan Nunnelee Trent Kelly R+40 R+39 Illinois' 18th Congressional District September 10, 2015 Aaron Schock Darin LaHood R+38 R+49 Ohio's 8th Congressional District June 7, 2016 John Boehner Warren Davidson R+56 R+40 Pennsylvania's 2nd Congressional District November 8, 2016 Chaka Fattah Dwight Evans D+81 D+75 Hawaii's 1st Congressional District November 8, 2016 Mark Takai Colleen Hanabusa D+43 D+4 Kentucky's 1st Congressional District November 8, 2016 Ed Whitfield James Comer Jr. R+44 R+46 Kansas' 4th Congressional District April 11, 2017 Mike Pompeo Ron Estes R+6 R+31 Montana's At-Large Congressional District May 25, 2017 Ryan Zinke Greg Gianforte R+6 R+15 California's 34th Congressional District June 6, 2017 Xavier Becerra Jimmy Gomez D+18[117] D+54[117] Georgia's 6th Congressional District June 20, 2017 Tom Price Karen Handel R+4 R+24 South Carolina's 5th Congressional District June 20, 2017 Mick Mulvaney Ralph Norman R+3 R+20 Utah's 3rd Congressional District November 7, 2017 Jason Chaffetz John Curtis R+32 R+47 U.S. Senate in Alabama December 12, 2017 Jeff Sessions Doug Jones D+2 R+28 Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District March 13, 2018 Tim Murphy Conor Lamb D+0[118] R+100 Arizona's 8th Congressional District April 24, 2018 Trent Franks Debbie Lesko R+6 R+38 Texas' 27th Congressional District June 30, 2018 Blake Farenthold Michael Cloud R+23 R+24 Ohio's 12th Congressional District August 7, 2018 Patrick Tiberi Troy Balderson R+1 R+40 Michigan's 13th Congressional District November 6, 2018 John Conyers Jr. Brenda Jones D+78 D+61 U.S. Senate in Minnesota November 6, 2018 Al Franken Tina Smith D+11 D+10 U.S. Senate in Mississippi November 6, 2018 Thad Cochran Cindy Hyde-Smith R+8 R+22 New York's 25th Congressional District November 6, 2018 Louise Slaughter Joseph Morelle D+16 D+12 Pennsylvania's 7th Congressional District November 6, 2018 Patrick Meehan Mary Gay Scanlon D+6 R+19 Pennsylvania's 15th Congressional District November 6, 2018 Charlie Dent Susan Wild D+0[119] R+20 Pennsylvania's 12th Congressional District May 21, 2019 Tom Marino Fred Keller R+36 R+32 North Carolina's 3rd Congressional District September 10, 2019 Walter Jones Greg Murphy R+24 R+100 North Carolina's 9th Congressional District September 10, 2019 None[120] Dan Bishop R+2 N/A Maryland's 7th Congressional District April 28, 2020 Elijah Cummings Kweisi Mfume D+49 D+55 California's 25th Congressional District May 12, 2020 Katie Hill Mike Garcia R+10 D+9 Wisconsin's 7th Congressional District May 12, 2020 Sean Duffy Tom Tiffany R+14 R+22 New York's 27th Congressional District June 23, 2020 Chris Collins Christopher Jacobs R+5 R+0[121] U.S. Senate in Arizona November 3, 2020 John McCain Mark Kelly D+2 R+13 Georgia's 5th Congressional District December 1, 2020 John Lewis Kwanza Hall D+8 D+100 U.S. Senate in Georgia January 5, 2021 Kelly Loeffler Raphael Warnock D+2 R+14

Special elections, 1986-2012

The table below presents the results of special elections to Congress from 1986 to 2012. Contact Ballotpedia at for access to earlier data.

Primary elections

Ballotpedia is highlighting news and conflicts in battleground primary elections for U.S. Senate and House of Representatives along with other offices in The Heart of the Primaries newsletter. Click the image to subscribe to the newsletter.

You can find stories specific to Senate primary elections on the following pages:

You can find stories specific to House primary elections on the following pages:

Battleground primaries

General elections are often the focal point of election-year media coverage as they determine control of elected offices up and down the ballot. Primary elections, however, can provide insight on future elections as they help dictate the direction each party takes.

Although many of the most competitive primaries take place for open seats or offices that are held by a different party, even high-ranking federal officeholders can lose renomination to primary challengers. In the 2014 primary for Virginia's 7th Congressional District, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R), ranked behind only then-Speaker John Boehner (R) in Republican House leadership, was defeated by economics professor Dave Brat (R).

In this section, you will find a list of noteworthy and notable Republican and Democratic primaries taking place across the country for the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House.

Senate

Democratic Party battleground primaries

There are 3 U.S. Senate Democratic battleground primaries in 2022.

The following map shows each state with a Democratic battleground primary for U.S. Senate in 2022. Hover over or tap a state to view the incumbent's name.

Republican Party battleground primaries

There are 9 U.S. Senate Republican battleground primaries in 2022.

The following map shows each state with a Republican battleground primary for U.S. Senate in 2022. Hover over or tap a state to view the incumbent's name.

House

Democratic Party battleground primaries

There are 26 U.S. House Democratic battleground primaries in 2022.

• Colorado's 7th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Democratic primary)
• Georgia's 7th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary)
• Illinois' 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Democratic primary)
• Illinois' 8th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Democratic primary)
• Kentucky's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• Michigan's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (August 2 Democratic primary)
• Michigan's 12th Congressional District election, 2022 (August 2 Democratic primary)
• Minnesota's 1st Congressional District special election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary)
• Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022 (May 10 Democratic primary)
• New York's 10th Congressional District election, 2022 (August 23 Democratic primary)
• New York's 12th Congressional District election, 2022 (August 23 Democratic primary)
• North Carolina's 13th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• North Carolina's 1st Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• North Carolina's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Democratic primary)
• Oregon's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• Oregon's 6th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 15th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 15th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary runoff)
• Texas' 28th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 28th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary runoff)
• Texas' 30th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 30th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary runoff)
• Texas' 34th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 35th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)
• Texas' 37th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Democratic primary)

Republican Party battleground primaries

There are 29 U.S. House Republican battleground primaries in 2022.

• Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 21 Republican primary runoff)
• Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Republican primary)
• Arizona's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022 (August 2 Republican primary)
• Colorado's 8th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Republican primary)
• Illinois' 15th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Republican primary)
• Indiana's 9th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Republican primary)
• Iowa's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (June 7 Republican primary)
• Michigan's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (August 2 Republican primary)
• Minnesota's 1st Congressional District special election, 2022 (May 24 Republican primary)
• Mississippi's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (June 28 Republican primary runoff)
• Nebraska's 1st Congressional District election, 2022 (May 10 Republican primary)
• Nevada's 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (June 14 Republican primary)
• Nevada's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 14 Republican primary)
• New York's 23rd Congressional District election, 2022 (August 23 Republican primary)
• North Carolina's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Republican primary)
• North Carolina's 13th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Republican primary)
• North Carolina's 1st Congressional District election, 2022 (May 17 Republican primary)
• Ohio's 13th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Republican primary)
• Ohio's 9th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Republican primary)
• South Carolina's 1st Congressional District election, 2022 (June 14 Republican primary)
• South Carolina's 7th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 14 Republican primary)
• Texas' 15th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Republican primary)
• Texas' 1st Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Republican primary)
• Texas' 38th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Republican primary)
• Texas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Republican primary)
• Texas' 8th Congressional District election, 2022 (March 1 Republican primary)
• United States House election in Wyoming, 2022 (August 16 Republican primary)
• Virginia's 7th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 21 Republican primary)
• West Virginia's 2nd Congressional District election, 2022 (May 10 Republican primary)

Important dates and deadlines

The table below lists important dates throughout the 2022 congressional election cycle, including filing deadlines and primary dates.

The table below lists changes made to election dates and deadlines in the 2022 election cycle. Items are listed in reverse chronological order by date of change, with the most recent change appearing first.

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1. ↑ Tulsa World, "U.S. Sen. Jim Inhofe announces retirement after 35 years in Congress representing Oklahoma," February 25, 2022
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Independent Senators Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and Angus King (I-Maine) caucus with the Democratic Party.
3. ↑ There is also a special election for this seat.
4. ↑ Padilla was appointed to the seat in January 2021 to succeed Kamala Harris (D).
5. ↑ The Hill, "Sen. Patrick Leahy says he won't seek reelection," November 15, 2021
6. ↑ McSally had been appointed to fill the seat left vacant by the resignation of Sen. Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.) and death of Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.).
7. ↑ Padilla was appointed to the seat in January 2021 to succeed Kamala Harris (D).
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Margin of victory
9. ↑ Smart Politics, "117th Congress Will Have Fewest Split US Senate Delegations in History," November 29, 2020
10. ↑ The New York Times, "Live Senate Vote Results: Impeachment Charge Against Trump," February 13, 2021
11. ↑ This does not include former U.S. Rep. Jeff Fortenberry (R-Neb.), who resigned before the primary election but whose name remained on the official ballot.
12. ↑ Gibbs unofficially withdrew from his primary after announcing his retirement on April 9, 2022. His name still appeared on the primary ballot.
13. ↑ Florida Politics, "Al Lawson to challenge Neal Dunn in new North Florida district," June 9, 2022
14. ↑ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Bourdeaux in matchup against McBath says she has incumbent’s edge," November 23, 2021
15. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Marie Newman announces she’ll challenge fellow Democrat Sean Casten following remap," October 29, 2021
16. ↑ St. Louis Public Radio, "Miller and Davis will square off in race for Illinois’ 15th Congressional District," January 1, 2022
17. ↑ The Detroit News, "Democratic Michigan Reps. Stevens, Levin appear set for a primary race," December 28, 2021
18. ↑ The New York Times, "Judge Approves N.Y. House Map, Cementing Chaos for Democrats," May 21, 2022
19. ↑ The Hill, "GOP Rep. Mayra Flores sworn in after flipping House seat in special election," June 21, 2022
20. ↑ Roll Call, "Mooney, McKinley put in same district by new West Virginia map," October 14, 2021
21. ↑ DCCC, "DCCC Announces 2021-2022 Districts In Play," April 6, 2021
22. ↑ DCCC, "DCCC Announces Changes To 2022 House Battlefield," January 27, 2022
23. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
24. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
25. ↑ DCCC, "2022 Frontline Members," accessed August 21, 2022
26. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
27. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
28. ↑ Roll Call, "These 47 House Democrats are on the GOP’s target list for 2022," February 10, 2021
29. ↑ NRCC, "NRCC Expands Target List to 75 Following Conclusion of Redistricting," June 9, 2022
30. ↑ Roll Call, "NRCC adds 10 Democrats to target list after release of census tally," May 4, 2021
31. ↑ NRCC, "NRCC Expands Offensive Map, Announces 13 New Targets," November 3, 2021
32. ↑ NRCC, "NRCC Continues to Expand Offensive Map Following Redistricting Developments," March 30, 2022
33. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
34. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
35. ↑ Patriot Program, "Home," accessed August 21, 2022
36. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
37. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
38. ↑ GOP Young Guns 2022, "On the Radar," accessed August 21, 2022
39. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
40. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
41. ↑ GOP Young Guns, "Young Guns," accessed August 21, 2022
42. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
43. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
44. ↑ NRCC, "Vanguard," accessed August 21, 2022
45. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State," accessed April 21, 2022
46. ↑ The Cook Polticial Report, "Enacted Maps and 2022 Ratings," accessed April 21, 2022
47. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Census Bureau to Release 2020 Census Population Counts for Apportionment," April 26, 2021
48. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "2020 Census Apportionment Results Delivered to the President," April 26, 2021
49. ↑ Marianas Variety. "San Nicolas to run for governor with journalist as running mate," April 20, 2022
50. ↑ Sablan ran as an independent from 2008 to 2020. In 2022, Sablan is running as a Democrat.
51. ↑ Saipan Tribune, "Kilili to seek re-election under the Democratic Party," October 25, 2021
52. ↑ Charlotte Observer, "US Sen. Richard Burr says 2016 will be his last run for elected office," July 20, 2016
53. ↑ The Hill, "Toomey announces retirement at end of 2022," October 5, 2020
54. ↑ Cleveland.com, "U.S. Sen. Rob Portman says he won’t run for re-election: Capitol Letter," January 25, 2021
55. ↑ WAAY, "ALABAMA U.S. SEN. RICHARD SHELBY CONFIRMS HE WON'T RUN FOR RE-ELECTION IN 2022," February 8, 2021
56. ↑ Politico, "GOP Sen. Roy Blunt will not run for reelection," February 8, 2021
57. ↑ Casper Star Tribune, "Vermont Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy won’t seek reelection," November 15, 2021
58. ↑ New York Times, "N.Y. Republican Drops Re-Election Bid After Bucking His Party on Guns," June 3, 2022
59. ↑ Cleveland, "U.S. Rep. Bob Gibbs to retire amid primary battle forced by redistricting," April 6, 2022
60. ↑ Washington Post, "GOP Rep. Upton, who voted to impeach Trump, will not seek reelection," April 5, 2022
61. ↑ Texas Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Van Taylor ends reelection campaign after he admits to affair," March 2, 2022
62. ↑ Politico, "Florida Democrat Deutch announces he won’t run for reelection," February 28, 2022
63. ↑ The Washington Post, "Rep. Fred Keller (R-Pa.) announces he won’t seek reelection," February 28, 2022
64. ↑ Roll Call, "New York’s Rice, who opposed Pelosi as leader, decides to retire," February 15, 2022
65. ↑ The Washington Post, "Rep. Jim Cooper announces he will not run for reelection, accusing GOP of ‘dismembering’ his Nashville district," January 25, 2022
66. ↑ Politico, "McNerney to retire, Harder shifts to his seat," January 18, 2022
67. ↑ Providence Journal, "In his own words|Rep. Jim Langevin: Why I won't be running for reelection in 2022," January 18, 2022
68. ↑ CNN, "Third House Republican who voted to impeach Trump calls it quits," January 14, 2022
69. ↑ CNN, "GOP Rep. Trey Hollingsworth announces he won't seek reelection to Indiana seat," January 12, 2022
70. ↑ The Hill, "Rep. Perlmutter says he won't seek reelection in November," January 10, 2022
71. ↑ The Washington Post, "Rep. Brenda Lawrence announces she will not seek reelection," January 4, 2022
72. ↑ Politico, "Bobby Rush to relinquish 30-year hold on House seat," January 3, 2022
73. ↑ Congressman Albio Sires, "Congressman Sires Announces He Will Not Seek Reelection," December 24, 2021
74. ↑ CNN, "California Democrat announces she will not seek reelection to Congress," December 21, 2021
75. ↑ Politico, "Murphy, a leader of House Dem centrists, won't seek reelection," December 20, 2021
76. ↑ Congressman Alan Lowenthal, "Congressman Alan Lowenthal Announces He Will Not Seek Reelection To Congress In 2022," December 16, 2021
77. ↑ Politico, "Peter DeFazio will retire from Congress in latest blow to Democrats," December 1, 2021
78. ↑ CNN, "G.K. Butterfield latest Democrat to announce he will not seek reelection," November 18, 2021
79. ↑ Politico, "Rep. Jackie Speier retiring from Congress," November 16, 2021
80. ↑ CNN, "Adam Kinzinger, outspoken GOP Trump critic, won't seek reelection for US House seat," October 29, 2021
81. ↑ Politico, "House Dem retirement rush continues with 2 new departures," October 18, 2021
82. ↑ Chapelboro, "Longtime Orange County Congressman David Price Set to Retire," October 18, 2021
83. ↑ CNN, "John Yarmuth, powerful liberal from Kentucky, announces he'll retire from Congress at the end of his term," October 12, 2021
84. ↑ New York Times, "Ohio House Republican, Calling Trump ‘a Cancer,’ Bows Out of 2022," September 16, 2021
85. ↑ Politico, "Rep. Ron Kind announces retirement in boon to GOP's House hopes," August 10, 2021
86. ↑ Politico, "Cheri Bustos, who led Democrats through tumultuous 2020 election, announces retirement," April 30, 2021
87. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Republican U.S. Rep. Kevin Brady will retire from Congress at the end of his term," April 14, 2021
88. ↑ Politico, "Ann Kirkpatrick announces 1st House retirement of 2022," March 12, 2021
89. ↑ Roll Call, "Texas Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson says she’ll run for one final term," October 9, 2019
90. ↑ MSN, "U.S. Rep. Markwayne Mullin announces Senate bid to fill seat soon to be vacated by Sen. Jim Inhofe" February 26, 2022
91. ↑ 270 to Win, "Vermont Rep. Peter Welch Running to Replace Retiring Sen. Patrick Leahy," November 22, 2021
92. ↑ Politico, "Conor Lamb launching Senate bid in Pennsylvania," August 6, 2021
93. ↑ Politico, "Rep. Billy Long launches Missouri Senate campaign after meeting with Trump," August 3, 2021
94. ↑ Roll Call, "Missouri GOP Rep. Vicky Hartzler launches Senate run," June 10, 2021
95. ↑ Politico, "Demings launches Senate bid against Rubio," June 9, 2021
96. ↑ The North State Journal, "Ted Budd enters 2022 U.S. Senate race," April 28, 2021
97. ↑ CNN, "Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan launches campaign of US Senate seat in Ohio," April 26, 2021
98. ↑ AL.com, "Alabama Congressman Mo Brooks launches U.S. Senate campaign," March 22, 2021
99. ↑ KITV, "Congressman Kai Kahele announces bid for Hawai'i Governor," May 8, 2022
100. ↑ Politico, "Suozzi becomes fourth Democrat to enter New York governor’s race," November 29, 2021
101. ↑ Politico, "Florida's Crist becomes first prominent Democrat to challenge DeSantis," May 4, 2021
102. ↑ CNN, "Trump ally GOP Rep. Lee Zeldin announces plan to run for New York governor in 2022," April 8, 2021
103. ↑ As of April 14, 2021, Zeldin had not made an announcement on whether he planned to also run for U.S. House.
104. ↑ Politico, "Rep. Louie Gohmert announces he's running for Texas AG," November 22, 2021
105. ↑ Maryland Matters, "Forgoing Congressional Re-Election Bid, Anthony Brown to Run for Attorney General," October 25, 2021
106. ↑ Yahoo, "Karen Bass Launches Bid For Mayor Of Los Angeles," September 27, 2021
107. ↑ Politico, "Trump looks to take down Raffensperger in Georgia," March 22, 2021
108. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Raising: by the numbers," accessed July 29, 2022
109. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," accessed April 6, 2021
110. ↑ Runoff MOV between two Democratic candidates.
111. ↑ This special election was called to fill the vacancy left by 2020 Congressman-elect Luke Letlow (R), who died before being sworn in to Congress.
112. ↑ Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
113. ↑ Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
114. ↑ 270towin, "Historical Timeline," accessed March 25, 2022
115. ↑ Both general election candidates were Republicans.
116. ↑ This race was unopposed.
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Both general election candidates were Democrats.
118. ↑ Lamb won by a margin of 0.4 percentage points.
119. ↑ Wild won by a margin of 0.2 percentage points.
120. ↑ The state Board of Elections declined to certify the results of the 2018 election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud.
121. ↑ Collins won by 0.3 percentage points.
122. ↑ A federal district court, in striking down the state's congressional redistricting plan, postponed the deadline for candidates qualifying by petition in lieu of paying the filing fee from June 22, 2022, to July 8, 2022. The court's order did not affect the July 22, 2022, deadline for candidates qualifying by paying the filing fee.
123. ↑ In Virginia, the Democratic and Republican parties form committees to decide on the method of nomination used for congressional races. These non-primary methods of nomination may take place on a date other than the statewide primary.