What is the name of the nutrients that build cells repair damage bones and are found in milk cheese and fish?

It pays to care for your bones. Not only do they help you move and stay upright, they also help protect your delicate internal organs, and supply key minerals like calcium and phosphorus when the body needs them for other uses, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Unfortunately, by the age of 40, these important structures begin to lose mass as the body stops replacing old bone, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). This gradual loss can affect your ability to move under your own power, and increases your risk of developing a debilitating condition like osteoporosis — unless you stock up on nutrients needed to stem your losses.

“What we eat and the activities that we do throughout the years [have] an impact on bone health,” says Angel Planells, RDN, a Seattle-based national media spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

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To build and protect healthy bones, be sure to include these RD-approved foods in your diet. And remember: Variety is an important factor when it comes to diet and bone health, Planells says. So, be sure to include a good mix of food groups in each meal — your bones (and your palate) will thank you.

There’s a reason dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese always come up in conversations about bone health: They’re loaded with calcium, the main nutrient that contributes to bone strength and structure, according to the NIH. Both a cup of fat-free milk and a cup of plain nonfat Greek yogurt are excellent sources of calcium, according to nutrient estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Whether you choose full- or nonfat dairy products will depend on your personal preference. “If somebody’s trying to lose weight, they may want to stick with lower-fat products,” says Sandy Allonen, MEd, a registered dietitian at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

If you’re going the nonfat route, choose foods that have been fortified with fat-soluble vitamins that are key for building strong bones, per American Bone Health, namely vitamin A and vitamin D. “When you pull out the fat, you also pull out the fat-soluble vitamins,” Allonen says.

Nuts contain some calcium, but they also offer two other nutrients essential to bone health: magnesium and phosphorus. Magnesium helps you absorb and retain calcium in the bones, Allonen says. Meanwhile, phosphorus is a key component of bones — roughly 85 percent of the phosphorus in your body can be found in your bones and teeth, according to the NIH.

There are plenty of nut varieties to choose from, including walnuts, peanuts, and pecans, but Allonen advises that almonds are always a good bet. One ounce (a small handful) of almonds is a good source of magnesium and provide some phosphorus, per the USDA.

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Like nuts, seeds provide you with calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, says Allonen.

Seeds also provide fiber, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that may lower cholesterol, reduce inflammation in the body, and keep your brain and nervous system working smoothly, according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (Walnuts are also a source of omega-3s, past research shows.)

Chia seeds, flaxseed (eat them ground), pumpkin seeds, and sesame seeds are only a few great seed varieties to add to your diet. One ounce of sesame seeds, for instance, is an excellent source of calcium and magnesium, and a good source of phosphorus, according to the USDA.

To incorporate more seeds into your diet, try sprinkling sesame seeds over your favorite salad or incorporating chia seeds into your next baking project.

As if you needed another reason to eat your greens! Leafy green vegetables, called cruciferous veggies, provide several nutrients that support bone health, such as vitamin K and calcium, per Oregon State University, and, as mentioned, these nutrients play a role in bolstering bone health.

“Vitamin K works in tandem with calcium to assist in building healthy bones,” Allonen says. What’s more, a lack of vitamin K has been associated with osteoporosis and fractures, according to a review published in the May–August 2017 issue of Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism.

Cruciferous veggies include spinach, turnip greens, kale, cabbage, and broccoli.

For an example of what you get, one cup of cooked kale is an excellent source of vitamin K and a source of calcium, notes the USDA. This versatile leafy green, which you can toss in soups, salads and more, is also a good source of bone-friendly vitamin A. If kale isn’t your thing, opt for broccoli: A cup of this cooked, chopped cruciferous veggie is an excellent source of vitamin K, a good source of vitamin A, and offers some bone-strengthening calcium and magnesium, according to the USDA.

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All kinds of beans, including black beans, edamame, pinto beans, and kidney beans, serve up a hearty dose of bone-building nutrients like magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.

Plus, beans are typically high in fiber and protein, which may be especially helpful for those following a plant-based diet. And contrary to popular belief, eating a plant-based diet, which focuses on reducing animal products, such as meat and dairy, and increasing plant foods like produce, doesn’t have a negative effect on bone health. A vegan diet, which is one plant-based eating plan, isn’t associated with an increased risk of bone fractures if you eat enough calcium, notes past research. The NIH recommends that adults get between 1,000 and 1,300 milligrams (mg) of calcium per day, depending on your sex and life stage.

Plant foods like beans can help you reach that calcium target and provide additional nutrients. For instance, a cup of black beans, which offer 84 mg of calcium, are an excellent source of magnesium and phosphorus, according to the USDA. They are also an excellent source of fiber and are a source of plant protein.

Though diet alone likely won’t provide you with enough vitamin D, fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and rainbow trout provide some of the sunshine vitamin, Planells says.

Also known as the “sunshine” vitamin, vitamin D is fat soluble and plays a key role in bone growth and remodeling, according to the NIH. Specifically, one of the things it does is it helps the gut absorb calcium. Yet unfortunately, nearly 50 percent of the worldwide population is deficient in this important nutrient, largely thanks to low exposure to sunshine, according to past research.

“Some sun exposure can trigger vitamin D production, but based on your skin type and where you live, you may not get enough,” Planells says. Plus, there are concerns that too much sun exposure can increase your risk of skin cancer, “so we need to focus on food options to get adequate vitamin D,” Planells adds. Specifically, adults should aim for 20 mcg, or 800 IU, of vitamin D per day, per the NIH.

Fatty fish are among the best food sources of vitamin D. An ounce of fresh smoked tuna is a good source of the sunshine vitamin, while a small, 3.25-oz can of salmon is an excellent source, according to the USDA.

RELATED: Eat the Right Fish for Heart Health

If your body can’t tolerate dairy, you can use foods fortified with calcium and vitamin D to fill in the gaps. Fortified foods like cereal and juice may even provide a higher amount of calcium than leafy greens like kale, says Planells.

For example, one cup of Total Raisin Bran cereal provides calcium and is an excellent source of vitamin D, according to the USDA. And one 8-ounce bottle of calcium-fortified orange juice is an excellent source of calcium and vitamin D.

Medically Reviewed by David Zelman, MD on June 06, 2022

Protein
Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Iron
Potassium
What Not to Eat

After a fracture, your bone needs to rebuild. A healthy, well-balanced diet rich in key nutrients can help speed that up.

You don't need to take supplements unless your doctor recommends it. They don't always work well. It's much better to get the nutrition you need from your plate, not from a pill.

About half your bone's structure is made of this. When you have a fracture, your body needs it to build new bone for the repair. It also helps your body take in and use calcium, another key nutrient for healthy bones.

Good sources: Meat, fish, milk, cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt, nuts, seeds, beans, soy products, and fortified cereals.

This mineral also helps you build strong bones, so foods and drinks rich in it can help your bone fracture heal. Adults should get between 1,000 and 1,200 milligrams of calcium each day. Your doctor will tell you if you need a calcium supplement, and what amount you should take if you do.

Good sources: Milk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, broccoli, turnip or collard greens, kale, bok choy, soy, beans, canned tuna or salmon with bones, almond milk, and fortified cereals or juice.

This vitamin should be a part of your diet to help your fracture heal. It helps your blood take in and use calcium and build up the minerals in your bones.

You get some vitamin D when sunlight hits your skin, so it can be a good idea to spend a short amount of time outdoors each day -- 15 minutes may be enough for a fair-skinned person.

Vitamin D is found naturally in only a few foods like egg yolks and fatty fish, but manufacturers add it to other foods, like milk or orange juice. Adults should get at least 600 IU of vitamin D every day, and if you're over 70 you should get at least 800 IU.

Good sources: Swordfish, salmon, cod liver oil, sardines, liver, fortified milk or yogurt, egg yolks, and fortified orange juice.

Collagen is a protein that's an important building block for bone. Vitamin C helps your body make collagen, which helps your bone fracture heal. You can get it from many tasty, fresh fruits and veggies. Aged or heated produce can lose some of its vitamin C, so go for fresh or frozen.

Good sources: Citrus fruits like oranges, kiwi fruit, berries, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and green vegetables.

If you have iron-deficiency anemia -- when you don't have enough healthy red blood cells -- you may heal more slowly after a fracture. Iron helps your body make collagen to rebuild bone. It also plays a part in getting oxygen into your bones to help them heal.

Good sources: Red meat, dark-meat chicken or turkey, oily fish, eggs, dried fruits, leafy green veggies, whole-grain breads, and fortified cereals.

Get enough of this mineral in your diet, and you won't lose as much calcium when you pee. There are lots of fresh fruits rich in potassium.

Good sources: Bananas, orange juice, potatoes, nuts, seeds, fish, meat, and milk.

It's a good idea to cut back on or skip these:

Alcohol: While you don't have to cut out alcoholic drinks, these beverages slow down bone healing. You won't build new bone as fast to fix the fracture. A bit too much alcohol can also make you unsteady on your feet, which can make you more likely to fall and risk an injury to the same bone.

Salt: Too much of this in your diet can make you lose more calcium in your urine. Salt can be in some foods or drinks that don't taste salty, so check labels and aim for about 1 teaspoon, or 6 grams, a day.

Coffee: Lots of caffeine -- more than four cups of strong coffee a day -- can slow down bone healing a little. It might make you pee more, and that could mean you lose more calcium through your urine. A moderate amount of coffee or tea should be fine.