| Abstract: Air pollutants are responsible for a number of adverse environmental effects, such as photochemical smog, acid rain, death of forests, or reduced atmospheric visibility. Emissions of greenhouse gases from combustion of fossil fuels are associated with the global warming of Earth’s climate. Certain air pollutants, including black carbon, not only contribute to global warming, but are also suspected of having immediate effect on regional climates. Air pollutants are substances that adversely affect the environment by interfering with climate, the physiology of plants, animal species, entire ecosystems, as well as with human property in the form of agricultural crops or man-made structures. We list climate at the top of the list to reflect the fact that global climate change has been recognized as one of the most important environmental challenges to be faced by humanity in the 21st century. In this context certain climate forcing agents—the most important one being carbon dioxide—which otherwise cause no harm to living organisms, should be added to the list of “classic” pollutants, along with such compounds as oxides of nitrogen or sulfur. On the other hand, climate research has linked certain compounds long recognized as air pollutants (for instance black carbon) to the warming of climate, thus providing one more reason for their control. Air pollutants can originate from natural or anthropogenic (man-made) sources, or both. Examples of natural sources of pollution include volcanic eruptions or wind erosion. Emissions from internal combustion engines are an exemplary source of anthropogenic pollution. Some sources of pollution, such as forest fires, can be related to both natural phenomena and human activities. Atmospheric reactions can transform primary pollutants into different chemical species. These reactions can produce both harmless compounds and secondary air pollutants that may be more harmful than their precursors. The world’s most important air pollutants, their sources, and known or suspected environmental effects are listed in Table 1 (after [298]).
Governments and international organizations have been taking actions to protect the quality of air, as well as—in more recent years—to control emissions of climate forcing agents. Ambient air quality standards and guidelines, issued by environmental protection authorities, are instrumental in achieving the air quality objective. An example of such legislation is set by the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) adopted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The NAAQS apply to both human health (primary standard) and public welfare (secondary standard). Primary standards protect sensitive members of the human population from adverse health effects of criteria air pollutants. Secondary standards protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with the presence of a pollutant in the ambient air. Welfare effects include effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, manmade materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, climate, damage to and deterioration of property, hazards to transportation, as well as effects on economic values and personal comfort and well-being. Under the US Clean Air Act of 1990, the NAAQS standards set maximum ambient concentration limits for six criteria pollutants including:
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 Reckless drilling can be devastating for the environment and local communities David Kingham/Flickr
Oil and gas drilling has a serious impact on our wildlands and communities. Drilling projects operate around the clock generating pollution, fueling climate change, disrupting wildlife and damaging public lands that were set aside to benefit all people. For many years the federal government prioritized the development of fossil fuels over habitat conservation and recreation. Federal agencies gave the oil and gas industry generous access to public lands, tax breaks and subsidies. With this support, the industry encroached upon too many of our nation’s wildlands. The Biden administration is reviewing some of these processes but we are still living with the consequences. For a cleaner future, it’s critical to reduce fossil fuel drilling on public lands. We need to equitably transition to responsible renewable energy—including solar and wind—to fulfill our energy needs while preserving our environment and communities. Here are seven impacts of oil and gas drilling: Submit Residents of Bakersfield, CA, know all too well the consequences of having fossil fuel extraction in their backyards David Seibold/Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0
A total of 1.2 million oil and gas production facilities scar the U.S. landscape—from active wells to processing plants. More than 12 million people live within 1/2 mile of these sites and are exposed to pollutants on a daily basis. What’s more, when fossil fuels are burned by automobiles, power plants and industrial facilities, they release even more impurities. Air pollution from fossil fuels is known as the “invisible killer.” It can lead to respiratory, cardiovascular and other diseases and is responsible for more than 13 percent of deaths in people aged 14 and older in the United States. Fossil fuel development can also leak toxic substances into the soil and drinking water sources, causing cancer, birth defects and liver damage. Black, Brown, Indigenous and low-income communities are disproportionately impacted since these groups tend to live in neighborhoods with more pollution. Not surprisingly, these communities are fighting back. In Greeley, Colorado, residents of a predominantly Latino and immigrant community are trying to close an oil and gas operation located two blocks from a public school. The original plan was to place the wells near a predominantly white school but the location changed after angry parents pushed back. The health threats from oil and gas production are very real and it’s crucial to reduce fossil fuel development—especially on public lands that should be contributing to our health and well-being. Longer wildfire seasons are a consequence of the planet’s rising temperatures Skeeze/Pixabay
Climate change is happening here and now. The year 2020 was one of the warmest on record, wildfire season in the West is longer and hurricanes are more dangerous. These extreme weather events are directly linked to fossil fuels that release heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. While we are all impacted, Black, Brown, Indigenous and working-class communities are feeling the heat—quite literally. Due to unjust housing policies and practices, these communities often live in treeless, concrete neighborhoods that are more susceptible to extreme weather events. These groups also have a harder time accessing natural landscapes that can help mitigate climate impacts. The United States is one of the world’s top emitters of greenhouse gases and almost one quarter comes from fossil fuel extracted on public lands. With better management, public lands can be a part of the solution instead of the problem. We can have less fossil fuel extraction on these lands and more responsible renewable energy. Oil and gas development on BLM lands around Bakersfield, CA Bob Wick/BLM
Infrastructure built for oil and gas extraction can leave behind radical impacts on wildlands. The construction of roads, facilities and drilling sites requires the use of heavy equipment and can destroy big chunks of pristine wilderness. The damage is often irreversible. On public lands, over 12 million acres are being used to produce fossil fuels–the equivalent of six Yellowstone National Parks. These developments typically remove large amounts of rangelands and vegetation that is used by wildlife and people. Even if oil and gas companies eventually abandon these sites, it can take centuries before they fully recover. What’s more, many fossil fuel developments are located in the West and in a semi-arid climate that receives little precipitation. A full recovery would require human intervention and a bundle of resources. The unsightly effects of oil and gas can degrade visitors’ experience on public lands Mason Cummings, The Wilderness Society
Hunters, anglers, hikers, birders and vacationing families go into the wilderness to experience nature in all its beauty. Oil tanks, power poles, noisy compressors and busy roads are not what they expect to see. Too much noise, air pollution or damaged landscapes can ruin anyone’s getaway. The unsightly effects of oil and gas can ultimately hurt local communities that depend on tourism for a living. Outdoor recreation is a big driver of local and national economies. In 2019, visitors to national parks spent an estimated $21.0 billion on their trips and supported 341,000 jobs, according to the National Park Service. If polluters continue to call the shots on public lands, they’ll usher in a new era of unchecked energy development on wildlands that deserve preservation. The pronghorn antelope has one of the longest big game migrations in the U.S. Mason Cummings/TWS
Oil and gas extraction is a menace to wildlife. Loud noises, human movement and vehicle traffic from drilling operations can disrupt animals’ communication, breeding and nesting. Powerlines, wellpads, fences, and roads can also fragment habitats for many species. The pronghorn antelope and mule deer in Wyoming are among the species most impacted. In the winter, some pronghorn travel south from the Grand Teton National Park to the Upper Green River Valley to escape heavy snow. Their journey is one of the longest big game migrations in the country. But recently, animals making this age-old trek have faced a series of obstacles, notably, intense activity in major natural gas fields. The pronghorn have to navigate past enormous well pads and noisy compressor stations to find what forage hasn’t been bulldozed. Future energy development farther south could ultimately have major impacts on the abundance of this herd. Dr. Brian Stacy, NOAA veterinarian, prepares to clean an oiled Kemp's Ridley turtle after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill NOAA and Georgia Department of Natural Resources/Flickr CC BY 2.0
Big oil spills are big killers of wildlife and can cause long-lasting damage to marine ecosystems. Just think of BP’s Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The 2010 incident spread oil across 68,000 square miles of sea surface and killed approximately 1 million seabirds, 5,000 marine mammals and 1,000 sea turtles. Smaller spills during oil and gas extraction don’t always make headlines but can also be dangerous. Drilling fluids injected into wells for lubrication—known as "mud"—are supposed to be captured in lined pits for disposal. However, they often leak and are splashed around drilling sites. Big and small oil spills are common in top producing states. A recent report by the Center for Western Priorities found that 2,179 spills were reported in Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming in the year 2020. These incidents can have devastating effects on local wildlife through direct contact, inhalation and ingestion of toxic chemicals. Chaco Canyon is considered one of the best places in the world to stargaze Sky over Chaco/Arcadiuš/FLICKR CC BY 2.0
The glare from oil and gas sites is so strong that it’s visible from space. Photos of Earth taken by NASA satellites show North Dakota's Bakken oil fields burning almost as bright as Minneapolis and Chicago. Much of that light is produced by the burnin, or flaring, of natural gas, well pads and storage sites. Scientists have found that the bright glow can hurt pollinators such as bees. These insects have the very important job of moving pollen around, which helps to generate new fruits and plants. But luminosity disrupts their sleep, feeding and reproductive cycles, which in turn leads to the dwindling of plants such as the cabbage thistle. The brightness is also changing important cultural landscapes like the Chaco National Park. The park is one of the best places in the world to stargaze, but its pristine skies could disappear to the human eye due to glare coming from oil and gas complexes. The show could come to an end if the federal government doesn’t permanently protect the area from this type of development. |
What is the largest suspected environmental problem associated with the burning of fossil fuels?
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