Beginning early on the morning of September 17, 1862, Confederate and Union troops in the Civil War clash near Maryland’s Antietam Creek in the bloodiest single day in American military history. The Battle of Antietam marked the culmination of Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s first invasion of the Northern states. Guiding his Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River in early September 1862, the general daringly divided his men, sending half of them, under the command of General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, to capture the Union garrison at Harper’s Ferry. READ MORE: How Photos from the Battle of Antietam Revealed the American Civil War's Horrors President Abraham Lincoln put Major General George B. McClellan in charge of the Union troops responsible for defending Washington, D.C., against Lee’s invasion. Over the course of September 15 and 16, the Confederate and Union armies gathered on opposite sides of Antietam Creek. Fighting began in the foggy dawn hours of September 17. As savage and bloody combat continued for eight hours across the region, the Confederates were pushed back but not beaten, despite sustaining some 15,000 casualties. By the time the sun went down, both armies still held their ground, despite staggering combined casualties–nearly 23,000 of the 100,000 soldiers engaged, including more than 3,600 dead. McClellan’s center never moved forward, leaving a large number of Union troops that did not participate in the battle. On the morning of September 18, both sides gathered their wounded and buried their dead. That night, Lee turned his forces back to Virginia. Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, that declared slaves in rebel territories "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”
Eleven of the fifteen costliest battles of the Civil War were fought in the Eastern Theater (in bold):
Notes: Eastern Theater battles are in bold. Western Theater battles are marked with an asterix. “Casualties” includes killed, wounded and captured or missing from both sides. Almost all the casualties from Harpers Ferry consisted of the captured Union garrison and 70% of the casualties from Fort Donelson were of the captured Confederate garrison. Antietam, one of two single day battles in the top 15, was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War and in American military history.
This is a list of the costliest land battles of the American Civil War, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing) on both sides.[A]
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For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked You can view and copy the source of this page: ==Highest casualty battles== {| class="sortable wikitable" |-Campaign ! rowspan="2"| Battle ! rowspan="2"| Campaign ! rowspan="2"| Date ! rowspan="2"| Nearest town ! [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|28px]] ! [[File:CSA FLAG 28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg|28px]] !Total ! [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|28px]]<br>Union ! [[File:CSA FLAG 28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg|28px]]<br>Confederacy ! [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|28px]] ! [[File:CSA FLAG 28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg|28px]] ! Total ![[File:Flag of the United States.svg|28px]] ![[File:CSA FLAG 28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg|28px]] !Total |- ! colspan="3" | Strength ! colspan="2"| Commander ! colspan="3"| Casualties ! colspan="3" |Casualties as % of Strength |- | [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] | [[Gettysburg campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|July 1, 1863}}–3, 1863 | [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 93,921 | style="text-align:center;"| 71,699 |'''165,620''' | [[George G. Meade]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 23,049 | style="text-align:center;"| 28,063 | style="text-align:center;"| '''51,118''' |24.54% |39.14% |30.86% |- | [[Battle of Chickamauga|Chickamauga]] | [[Chickamauga campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|September 19, 1863}}–20, 1863 | [[Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 60,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 65,000 |'''125,000''' | [[William Rosecrans]] | [[Braxton Bragg]] | style="text-align:center;"| 16,170 | style="text-align:center;"| 18,450 | style="text-align:center;"| '''34,624''' |26.95% |28.38% |27.70% |- | [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House|Spotsylvania Court House]] | [[Overland Campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|May 8, 1864}}–21, 1864 | [[Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 100,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 52,000 |'''152,000''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 18,399 | style="text-align:center;"| 12,687 | style="text-align:center;"| '''31,086''' |18.40% |24.40% |20.45% |- | [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]] | [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|May 1, 1863}}–4, 1863 | [[Chancellorsville, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 133,868 | style="text-align:center;"| 60,298 |'''194,166''' | [[Joseph Hooker]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 17,197 | style="text-align:center;"| 13,303 | style="text-align:center;"| '''30,500''' |12.85% |22.06% |15.71% |- | [[Battle of the Wilderness|The Wilderness]] | [[Overland Campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|May 5, 1864}}–7, 1864 | [[Locust Grove, Orange County, Virginia|Locust Grove, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 101,895 | style="text-align:center;"| 61,025 |'''162,920''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 17,666 | style="text-align:center;"| 11,033 | style="text-align:center;"| '''28,699''' |17.34% |18.08% |17.62% |- | [[Battle of Stones River|Stones River<br>(Murfreesboro)]] | [[Stones River Campaign|Stones River campaign]] | {{dts|December 31, 1862}} – January 2, 1863 | [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 41,400 | style="text-align:center;"| 35,000 |'''76,400''' | [[William Rosecrans]] | [[Braxton Bragg]] | style="text-align:center;"| 12,906 | style="text-align:center;"| 11,739 | style="text-align:center;"| '''24,645''' |31.17% |33.54% |32.26% |- | [[Battle of Shiloh|Shiloh<br>(Pittsburg Landing)]] | Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers | {{dts|format=md|April 6, 1862}}–7, 1862 | [[Shiloh, Hardin County, Tennessee|Shiloh, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 66,812 | style="text-align:center;"| 44,699 |'''111,511''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Albert Sidney Johnston]] | style="text-align:center;"| 13,047 | style="text-align:center;"| 10,699 | style="text-align:center;"| '''23,746''' |19.53% |23.94% |21.29% |- | [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam<br>(Sharpsburg)]] | [[Maryland campaign]] | {{dts|September 17, 1862}} | [[Sharpsburg, Maryland]] | style="text-align:center;"| 75,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 38,000 |'''113,500''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 12,401 | style="text-align:center;"| 10,316 | style="text-align:center;"| '''22,717''' |16.43% |27.15% |20.01% |- | [[2nd Battle of Bull Run|2nd Bull Run<br>(2nd Manassas)]] | [[Northern Virginia campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|August 29, 1862}}–30, 1862 | [[Manassas, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 62,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 50,000 |'''112,000''' | [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 10,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 8,300 | style="text-align:center;"| '''18,300''' |16.13% |16.60% |16.34% |- | [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg]] | [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|December 11, 1862}}–15, 1862 | [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 114,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 72,500 |'''186,500''' | [[Ambrose Burnside]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 12,653 | style="text-align:center;"| 5,377 | style="text-align:center;"| '''18,030''' |11.10% |7.42% |9.67% |- | [[Battle of Cold Harbor|Cold Harbor]] | [[Overland Campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|May 31, 1864}} – June 12, 1864 | [[Mechanicsville, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 108,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 59,000 |'''167,000''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 12,737 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,595 | style="text-align:center;"| '''17,332''' |11.79% |7.79% |10.38% |- | [[Siege of Petersburg|2nd Petersburg]] | [[Siege of Petersburg|Richmond–Petersburg campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|June 15, 1864}}–18, 1864 | [[Petersburg, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 62,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 38,000 |'''100,000''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 11,386 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:center;"| '''15,386''' |18.36% |10.53% |15.39% |- | [[Battle of Gaines's Mill|Gaines's Mill]] | [[Peninsula campaign]] | {{dts|June 27, 1862}} | [[Mechanicsville, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 34,214 | style="text-align:center;"| 57,018 |'''91,232''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 6,837 | style="text-align:center;"| 7,993 | style="text-align:center;"| '''14,830''' |19.98% |14.02% |16.26% |- | [[Battle of Missionary Ridge|Missionary Ridge]] | [[Chattanooga campaign]] | {{dts|November 25, 1863}} | [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 56,359 | style="text-align:center;"| 44,010 |'''100,369''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Braxton Bragg]] | style="text-align:center;"| 5,824 | style="text-align:center;"| 6,667 | style="text-align:center;"| '''12,491''' |10.33% |15.15% |12.45% |- | [[Battle of Atlanta|Atlanta]] | [[Atlanta campaign]] | {{dts|July 22, 1864}} | [[Atlanta, Georgia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 34,863 | style="text-align:center;"| 40,438 |'''75,301''' | [[William T. Sherman]] | [[John Bell Hood]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3,641 | style="text-align:center;"| 8,499 | style="text-align:center;"| '''12,140''' |10.44% |21.02% |16.12% |- | [[Battle of Seven Pines|Seven Pines<br>(Fair Oaks)]] | [[Peninsula campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|May 31, 1862}} – June 1, 1862 | [[Mechanicsville, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 34,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 39,000 |'''73,000''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Joseph E. Johnston]] | style="text-align:center;"| 5,031 | style="text-align:center;"| 6,134 | style="text-align:center;"| '''11,165''' |14.80% |15.73% |15.29% |- | [[Battle of Nashville|Nashville]] | [[Franklin–Nashville campaign]] | {{dts|format=md|December 15, 1864}}–16, 1864 | [[Nashville, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 55,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 30,000 |'''85,000''' | [[George H. Thomas]] | [[John Bell Hood]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3,061 | style="text-align:center;"| 6,000 | style="text-align:center;"| '''9,061''' |5.57% |20.00% |10.66% |- | [[Battle of Opequon|Opequon (3rd Winchester)]] | [[Valley campaigns of 1864|Sheridan's Valley campaign]] | {{dts|September 19, 1864}} | [[Winchester, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 40,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 15,514 |'''55,514''' | [[Philip Sheridan]] | [[Jubal Early]] | style="text-align:center;"| 5,020 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,015 | style="text-align:center;"| '''9,035''' |12.55% |25.88% |16.28% |- | [[Battle of Cedar Creek|Cedar Creek]] | [[Valley campaigns of 1864|Sheridan's Valley campaign]] | {{dts|October 19, 1864}} | [[Middletown, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 31,610 | style="text-align:center;"| 21,102 |'''52,712''' | [[Philip Sheridan]] | [[Jubal Early]] | style="text-align:center;"| 5,764 | style="text-align:center;"| 2,910 | style="text-align:center;"| '''8,674''' |18.23% |13.79% |16.46% |- | [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Franklin]] | [[Franklin–Nashville campaign]] | {{dts|November 30, 1864}} | [[Franklin, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 27,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 27,000 |'''54,000''' | [[John M. Schofield]] | [[John Bell Hood]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,326 | style="text-align:center;"| 6,252 | style="text-align:center;"| '''8,578''' |8.61% |23.16% |15.89% |- | [[Battle of Malvern Hill|Malvern Hill]] | [[Peninsula campaign]] | {{dts|July 1, 1862}} | [[Varina, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 54,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 55,000 |'''109,000''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,100 | style="text-align:center;"| 5,650 | style="text-align:center;"| '''7,750''' |3.89% |10.27% |7.11% |- | [[Siege of Petersburg|3rd Petersburg]] | [[Siege of Petersburg|Richmond-Petersburg campaign]] | {{dts|April 2, 1865}} | [[Petersburg, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 76,113 | style="text-align:center;"| 58,400 |'''134,513''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,250 | style="text-align:center;"| '''7,750''' |4.60% |7.28% |5.76% |- | [[Battle of Perryville|Perryville]] | [[Confederate Heartland Offensive|Kentucky campaign]] | {{dts|October 8, 1862}} | [[Perryville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:center;"| 22,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 16,000 |'''38,000''' | [[Don Carlos Buell]] | [[Braxton Bragg]] | style="text-align:center;"| 4,276 | style="text-align:center;"| 3,401 | style="text-align:center;"| '''7,677''' |19.44% |21.26% |20.20% |- | [[Battle of Glendale|Glendale]] | [[Peninsula campaign]] | {{dts|June 30, 1862}} | [[Varina, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 40,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 45,000 |'''85,000''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3,797 | style="text-align:center;"| 3,673 | style="text-align:center;"| '''7,470''' |9.49% |8.16% |8.79% |- | [[Second Battle of Corinth|2nd Corinth]] | Iuka and Corinth Operations | {{dts|format=md|October 3, 1862}}–4, 1862 | [[Corinth, Mississippi]] | style="text-align:center;"| 23,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 22,000 |'''45,000''' | [[William S. Rosecrans]] | [[Earl Van Dorn]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,520 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,233 | style="text-align:center;"| '''6,753''' |10.96% |19.24% |15.01% |- | [[Battle of Peachtree Creek|Peachtree Creek]] | [[Atlanta campaign]] | {{dts|July 20, 1864}} | [[Atlanta, Georgia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 21,655 | style="text-align:center;"| 20,250 |'''41,905''' | [[George H. Thomas]] | [[John Bell Hood]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1,710 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,796 | style="text-align:center;"| '''6,506''' |7.90% |23.68% |15.53% |- | [[Battle of Champion Hill|Champion Hill]] | [[Vicksburg campaign]] | {{dts|May 16, 1863}} | [[Edwards, Mississippi]] | style="text-align:center;"| 32,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 22,000 |'''54,000''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[John C. Pemberton]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,457 | style="text-align:center;"| 3,840 | style="text-align:center;"| '''6,297''' |7.68% |17.45% |11.66% |- | [[Battle of the Crater|The Crater]] | [[Siege of Petersburg|Richmond-Petersburg campaign]] | {{dts|July 30, 1864}} | [[Petersburg, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 8,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 6,100 |'''14,600''' | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 3,798 | style="text-align:center;"| 1,491 | style="text-align:center;"| '''5,289''' |44.68% |24.44% |36.23% |- | [[Battle of Fort Stedman|Fort Stedman]] | [[Siege of Petersburg|Richmond-Petersburg campaign]] | {{dts|March 25, 1865}} | [[Petersburg, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 14,898 | style="text-align:center;"| 10,000 |'''24,898''' | [[John G. Parke]] | [[John B. Gordon]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1,044 | style="text-align:center;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:center;"| '''5,044''' |7.01% |40.00% |20.26% |- | [[Battle of South Mountain|South Mountain]] | [[Maryland campaign]] | {{dts|September 14, 1862}} | [[Boonsboro, Maryland]] | style="text-align:center;"| 28,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 18,000 |'''46,000''' | [[George B. McClellan]] | [[Robert E. Lee]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,325 | style="text-align:center;"| 2,685 | style="text-align:center;"| '''5,010''' |8.30% |14.92% |10.89% |- | [[First Battle of Bull Run|1st Bull Run<br>(1st Manassas)]] | [[Manassas campaign]] | {{dts|July 21, 1861}} | [[Manassas, Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 35,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 34,000 |'''69,000''' | [[Irvin McDowell]] | [[P. G. T. Beauregard]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2,896 | style="text-align:center;"| 1,982 | style="text-align:center;"| '''4,878''' |8.27% |5.83% |7.07% |}Return to List of costliest American Civil War land battles. |