Why is cooperation in international relations difficult to achieve, even at its most basic level?

Alter, Karen J. 2014. The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Alter, Karen J., Helfer, Laurence R., and Madsen, Mikael Rask, eds. 2018. The Authority of International Courts in a Complex World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, Alejandro E. 2019. “Trend of Discussion on the Promotion of the Rule of Law in the Global Community/Sharing Information on and Experiences: the UN Perspective.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law.10.1017/amp.2019.54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Besson, Samantha. 2011. “The Legitimate Authority of International Human Rights.” In The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes, edited by Føllesdal, Andreas, Schaffer, Johan Karl, and Ulfstein, Geir, 32–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bianchi, Andreas. 2016. International Law Theories: An Inquiry into Different Ways of Thinking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198725114.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boot, Max. 2019. “Trump's Pet Intellectuals are Embarrassing Themselves.” Washington Post, 15 May.Google Scholar

Bower, Adam. 2015. “Arguing with Law: Strategic and Legal Argumentation, US Diplomacy, and Debates over the International Criminal Court.” Review of International Studies 41 (2): 337–60.10.1017/S0260210514000217CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burley, Anne-Marie. 1992. “Law among Liberal States: Liberal Internationalism and the Act of State Doctrine.” Columbia Law Review 92 (8): 1907–96.10.2307/1123016CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chayes, Abram, and Chayes, Antonia Handler. 1993. “On Compliance.” International Organization 47 (3): 311–31.10.1017/S0020818300027910CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chowdhury, Arjun. 2018. The Myth of International Order: Why Weak States Persist & Alternatives to the State Fade Away. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Coate, Roger A., and Murphy, Craig N.. 1995. “Editor's Note.” Global Governance 1 (1): 12.10.1163/19426720-001-01-90000002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cole, David. 2017. Engines of Liberty: How Citizen Movements Succeed. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

de Waal, Thomas. 2019. “Rethinking International Peace.” In Think Peace: Essays for an Age of Disorder, edited by de Waal, Thomas, 1–7. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar

Dill, Janina. 2015. Legitimate Targets? Social Construction, International Law, and US Bombing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Downs, George W., Rocke, David M., and Barsoom, Peter N.. 1996. “Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?International Organization 50 (3): 379406.10.1017/S0020818300033427CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Pollack, Mark. eds. Forthcoming (2021). International Legal Theory: Foundations and Frontiers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Franck, Thomas M. 2009. Recourse to Force: State Action Against Threats and Armed Attacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Frieden, Jeffrey A., Lake, David A., and Schultz, Kenneth A.. 2019. World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions. 4th ed. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Fyfe, Shannon. 2018. “The Office of the Prosecutor: Seeking Justice or Serving Global Imperialism?International Criminal Law Review 18 (6): 988–1014.10.1163/15718123-01806005CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gowa, Joanne. 1986. “Anarchy, Egoism, and Third Images: The Evolution of Cooperation and International Relations.” International Organization 40 (1): 167–86.10.1017/S0020818300004513CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gruber, Lloyd. 2000. Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400823710CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guzman, Andrew. 2008. How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305562.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hakimi, Monica. 2017. “The Work of International Law.” Harvard International Law Journal 58 (1): 146.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Shaffer, Gregory. 2015. “Transnational Legal Orders.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence C. and Shaffer, Gregory, 3–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107707092CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hassanein, Ahmed Samir. 2017. “Self-Referral of Situations to the International Criminal Court: Complementarity in Practice – Complementarity in Crisis.” International Criminal Law Review 17 (1): 107–34.10.1163/15718123-01703002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hathaway, Oona A. 2002. “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?Yale Law Journal 111 (8): 1935–2042.10.2307/797642CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hathaway, Oona A., and Shapiro, Scott J.. 2018. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Hurd, Ian. 2016. “Enchanted and Disenchanted International Law.” Global Policy 7 (1): 96101.10.1111/1758-5899.12299CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurd, Ian. 2017. How to Do Things with International Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.2307/j.ctvc77cj7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurd, Ian. 2019. “If I had a Rocket Launcher: Self-Defense and Forever War in International Law.” Houston Law Review 56 (4): 821–39.Google Scholar

Hussin, Iza. 2014. “Circulations of Law: Cosmopolitan Elites, Global Repertoires, Local Vernaculars.” Law and History Review 32 (4): 773–95.10.1017/S0738248014000479CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ikenberry, G. John. 2011. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ikenberry, G. John. 2020. A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order. Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Jahn, Beate. 2013. Liberal Internationalism: Theory, History, Practice. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9781137348432CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jahn, Beate. 2018. “Liberal Internationalism: Historical Trajectory and Current Prospects.” International Affairs 94 (1): 4361.10.1093/ia/iix231CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johns, Leslie. 2015. Strengthening International Courts: The Hidden Costs of Legalization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.7388936CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, David. 2014. The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kinsella, Helen. 2011. The Image before the Weapon: A Critical History of the Distinction Between Combatant and Civilian. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.10.7591/cornell/9780801449031.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koh, Harold Hongju. 2018. The Trump Administration and International Law. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190912185.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koremenos, Barbara. 2016. The Continent of International Law: Explaining Agreement Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316415832CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koskenniemi, Martii. 2009. “Miserable Comforters: International Relations as New Natural Law.” European Journal of International Relations 15 (3): 395422.10.1177/1354066109338229CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krasner, Stephen D. 1991. “Global Communications and National Power: Life of the Pareto Frontier.” International Organization 43 (3): 336–66.Google Scholar

Lake, David A. 2018. “International Legitimacy Lost? Rule and Resistance When America is First.” Perspectives on Politics 16 (1): 621.10.1017/S1537592717003085CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lake, David A., and Gourevitch, Peter. 2018. “Hundreds of Scholars Have Signed a Statement Defending the International Institutions that Trump Has Attacked.” Washington Post, 14 August.Google Scholar

Linarelli, John, Salomon, Margaret, and Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswarmy. 2018. The Misery of International Law: Confrontations with Injustice in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198753957.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luban, David. 2010. “Fairness to Rightness: Jurisdiction, Legality, and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Law.” In The Philosophy of International Law, edited by Besson, Samantha and Tasioulas, John, 569–588. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Magnuson, William. 2017. “Is Brexit the Beginning of the End for International Cooperation?” The Conversation, 28 March.Google Scholar

Mastanduno, Michael. 2018. “Liberal Hegemony, International Order, and US Foreign Policy: A Reconsideration.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 21 (1): 47–54.Google Scholar

McKeown, Ryder. 2017. “International Law and its Discontents: Exploring the Dark Side of International Law and International Relations.” Review of International Studies 43: 1–23.10.1017/S0260210517000092CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLaughlin, Sara Mitchell, and Hensel, Paul R.. 2007. “International Institutions and Compliance with Agreements.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 721–37.10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00277.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mearsheimer, John G. 2018. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.10.2307/j.ctv5cgb1wCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Medhora, Rohinton P. 2017. “Refreshing Global Trade Governance.” Council of Councils Global Memo, 19 January.Google Scholar

Milner, Helen. 1992. “International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strengths and Weaknesses.” World Politics 44 (3): 466–96.10.2307/2010546CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mingst, Karen A., and Arreguín-Toft, Ivan. 2017. Essentials of International Relations. 7th ed. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew. 1997. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.” International Organization 51 (4): 513–53.10.1162/002081897550447CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moyn, Sam. 2013. “Judith Shklar versus the International Criminal Court.” Humanity 4 (3): 473500.10.1353/hum.2013.0026CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newman, Abraham L., and Posner, Elliot. 2018. Voluntary Disruptions: International Soft Law, Finance, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198818380.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nexon, Dan. 2018. “Toward a Neo-Progressive Foreign Policy: The Case for an Internationalist Left.” Foreign Policy.Google Scholar

Nuñez-Mietz, Fernando G. 2019. The Use of Force Under International Law: Lawyerized States in a Legalized World. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

O'Connell, Mary Ellen. 2008. The Power and Purpose of International Law: Insights from the Theory and Practice of Enforcement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368949.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oppenheim, Lassa. 1908. “The Science of International Law: Its Task and Method.” American Journal of International Law 2: 313–56.10.2307/2186595CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Owen, John M. 2018. “Liberalism and its Alternatives, Again.” International Studies Review 20 (2): 309316.10.1093/isr/viy026CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peevers, Charlotte. 2013. The Politics of Justifying Force: The Suez Crisis, the Iraq War, and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686957.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pillinger, Mara, Hurd, Ian, and Barnett, Michael N.. 2016. “How to Get Away with Cholera: The UN, Haiti, and International Law.” Perspectives on Politics 14 (1): 70–86.10.1017/S1537592715003230CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powderly, Joseph. 2019. “International Justice in the Age of Perpetual Crisis.” Leiden Journal of International Law 32: 111.10.1017/S0922156518000675CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, Robert. 1994. “Anarchy in International Relations Theory: The Neorealist-Neoliberal Debate.” International Organization 48 (2): 313–44.10.1017/S0020818300028204CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reisman, W. Michael. 1984. “Coercion and Self-Determination: Construing Article 2(4).” American Journal of International Law 78: 642–5.10.2307/2202601CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robinson, Darryl. 2013. “A Cosmopolitan Liberal Account of International Criminal Law.” Leiden Journal of International Law 26: 127–53.10.1017/S0922156512000684CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogin, John. 2019. “How Russia is Corrupting the Liberal World Order.” Washington Post, 31 January.Google Scholar

Ruys, Tom. 2011. ‘Armed Attack’ and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolution in Customary Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sanders, Rebecca. 2018. Plausible Legality: Legal Culture and Political Imperative in the Global War on Terror. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190870553.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scott, Shirley V. 1994. “International Law as Ideology: Theorizing the Relationship between International Law and International Politics.” European Journal of International Law 5: 313–25.10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035873CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seymour, Lee J.M. 2016. “The ICC and Africa: Rhetoric, Hypocrisy, Management, and Legitimacy.” In Africa and the ICC: Perceptions of Justice, edited by Clarke, Kamari M., Knottnerus, Abel S., and de Volder, Eefje, 107–126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316556252.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shaffer, Gregory. Forthcoming (2021). “Legal Realism and International Law.” In International Legal Theory: Foundations and Frontiers, edited by Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Pollack, Mark. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shaffer, Gregory, and Ginsburg, Tom. 2012. “The Empirical Turn in International Legal Scholarship.” American Journal of International Law 106 (1): 146.10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shklar, Judith N. 1986. Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 2017. “The Return of Anarchy.” Columbia Journal of International Affairs.Google Scholar

Smith, Tony. 2017. Why Wilson Matters: The Origin of American Liberal Internationalism and its Crisis Today. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Snidal, Duncan. 1991. “Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation.” American Political Science Review 85 (3): 701–26.10.2307/1963847CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stavridis, James. 2019. “Why NATO is Essential for World Peace. According to its Former Commander.” Time.Google Scholar

Stein, Arthur A. 2008. “Neoliberal Institutionalism.” In Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Reus-Smit, Christian and Snidal, Duncan, 201–221. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Strange, Susan. 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511559143CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. 2018. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Revised edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2006. Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.1017/CBO9780511511073CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tharoor, Shashi. 2003. “United Nations: It May Not Be Perfect but It's the Best Hope the World Currently Has.” The Independent, 6 March.Google Scholar

Vinjamuri, Leslie, and Snyder, Jack. 2015. “Law and Politics in Transitional Justice.” Annual Review of Political Science 18: 303–27.10.1146/annurev-polisci-122013-110512CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, Neil. 2015. Intimations of Global Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316134221CrossRefGoogle Scholar