Solvent | Polarity Index | Dipole moment | Dielectric Constant | Boiling Point | Freezing Point |
Pentane | 0.0 | 0 | 1.84 | 36.1 | -129.7 |
Cyclopentane | 0.1 | 0 | 1.97 | 49.3 | -93.9 |
Heptane | 0.1 | 0 | 1.92 | 98.4 | -90.6 |
Hexane | 0.1 | 0.08 | 1.88 | 68.7 | -95.3 |
Cyclohexane | 0.2 | 0 | 2.02 | 80.7 | 6.5 |
Toluene | 2.4 | 0.31 | 2.38 | 110.6 | -94.5 |
o-Xylene | 2.5 | 0.45 | 2.57 | 144.4 | -25.2 |
Chlorobenzene | 2.7 | 1.54 | 5.62 | 131.7 | -45.6 |
o-Dichlorobenzene | 2.7 | 2.14 | 9.93 | 180.5 | -17.0 |
Diethyl Ether | 2.8 | 1.15 | 4.33 | 34.5 | -117.4 |
Dichloromethane | 3.1 | 1.14 | 8.93 | 39.7 | -95.1 |
1,2-Dichloroethane | 3.5 | 1.83 | 10.36 | 83.5 | -35.7 |
Isopropyl Alcohol | 3.9 | 1.66 | 19.92 | 82.3 | -88.0 |
n-Butyl Acetate | 4.0 | 1.84 | 5.01 | 126.1 | -73.5 |
n-Propyl Alcohol | 4.0 | 3.09 | 20.33 | 97.2 | -126.2 |
Ethyl Alcohol | - | 1.66 | 24.55 | 78.3 | -114.1 |
Glyme | - | 1.71 | 7.20 | 84.5 | -69 |
Tetrahydrofuran | 4.0 | 1.75 | 7.58 | 66 | -108.5 |
Chloroform | 4.1 | 1.15 | 4.81 | 61.1 | -63.5 |
Ethyl Acetate | 4.4 | 1.88 | 6.02 | 77.1 | -84.0 |
Ethyl Methyl Ketone | 4.7 | 2.76 | 18.51 | 79.6 | -86.7 |
1,4-Dioxane | 4.8 | 0.45 | 2.25 | 101.3 | 11.8 |
Acetone | 5.1 | 2.69 | 20.7 | 56.3 | -94.7 |
Methanol | 5.1 | 2.87 | 32.70 | 64.7 | -97.7 |
Pyridine | 5.3 | 2.37 | 12.4 | 115.2 | -41.5 |
2-MethoxyEthanol | 5.5 | 2.04 | 16.93 | 124.6 | -85.1 |
Acetonitrile | 5.8 | 3.44 | 37.5 | 81.6 | -43.8 |
N,N-DimethylFormamide | 6.4 | 3.86 | 36.71 | 153.0 | -60.4 |
DimethylAcetamide | 6.5 | 3.72 | 37.78 | 166.1 | -20 |
N-MethylPyrrolidone | 6.7 | 4.09 | 32.2 | 202 | -24.4 |
Dimethyl Sulfoxide | 7.2 | 4.1 | 46.68 | 189 | 18.5 |
Water | 10.2 | 1.87 | 80.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Values Taken from //www.bandj.com/BJProduct/SolProperties/Polarity.html
For reference and additional solvents follow this Link. Compiled by A.Chandrasekaran
Properties of Organic Solvents
The values in the table below except as noted have been extracted from online and hardbound compilations . Values for relative polarity, eluant strength, threshold limits and vapor pressure have been extracted from: Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003. //www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=761
//chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
The tables below were posted (10/23/98) and revised (07/28/09) and updated (04/10/10) by Steve Murov, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry.
Table 1 arranged alphabetically, Table 2 arranged according to increasing polarity
TABLE 1
Solvent | formula | boiling point (oC) | melting point (oC) | density (g/mL) |
solubility in H2O1 (g/100g) | relative polarity2 |
eluant strength3 | threshold limits4 (ppm) | vapor pressure 20oC (hPa) |
acetic acid | C2H4O2 | 118 | 16.6 | 1.049 | M | 0.648 | >1 | 10 | 15.3 |
acetone | C3H6O | 56.2 | -94.3 | 0.786 | M | 0.355 | 0.56 | 500 | 240 |
acetonitrile | C2H3N | 81.6 | -46 | 0.786 | M | 0.460 | 0.65 | 20 | 97 |
acetyl acetone | C5H8O2 | 140.4 | -23 | 0.975 | 16 | 0.571 | |||
2-aminoethanol | C2H7NO | 170.9 | 10.5 | 1.018 | M | 0.651 | 3 | 0.53 | |
aniline | C6H7N | 184.4 | -6.0 | 1.022 | 3.4 | 0.420 | 2 | 0.4 | |
anisole | C7H8O | 153.7 | -37.5 | 0.996 | 0.10 | 0.198 | |||
benzene | C6H6 | 80.1 | 5.5 | 0.879 | 0.18 | 0.111 | 0.32 | 0.5 | 101 |
benzonitrile | C7H5N | 205 | -13 | 0.996 | 0.2 | 0.333 | 10 | 12 | |
benzyl alcohol | C7H8O | 205.4 | -15.3 | 1.042 | 3.5 | 0.608 | |||
1-butanol | C4H10O | 117.6 | -89.5 | 0.81 | 7.7 | 0.586 | 20 | 6.3 | |
2-butanol | C4H10O | 99.5 | -114.7 | 0.808 | 18.1 | 0.506 | 100 | ||
i-butanol | C4H10O | 107.9 | -108.2 | 0.803 | 8.5 | 0.552 | |||
2-butanone | C4H8O | 79.6 | -86.3 | 0.805 | 25.6 | 0.327 | 0.51 | 200 | 105 |
t-butyl alcohol | C4H10O | 82.2 | 25.5 | 0.786 | M | 0.389 | 100 | 41 | |
carbon disulfide | CS2 | 46.3 | -111.6 | 1.263 | 0.2 | 0.065 | 0.15 | 10 | 400 |
carbon tetrachloride | CCl4 | 76.7 | -22.4 | 1.594 | 0.08 | 0.052 | 0.18 | 5 | 120 |
chlorobenzene | C6H5Cl | 132 | -45.6 | 1.106 | 0.05 | 0.188 | 0.30 | 10 | 12 |
chloroform | CHCl3 | 61.2 | -63.5 | 1.498 | 0.8 | 0.259 | 10 | 210 | |
cyclohexane | C6H12 | 80.7 | 6.6 | 0.779 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.04 | 100 | 104 |
cyclohexanol | C6H12O | 161.1 | 25.2 | 0.962 | 4.2 | 0.509 | 50 | 1.2 | |
cyclohexanone | C6H10O | 155.6 | -16.4 | 0.948 | 2.3 | 0.281 | 25 | 5 | |
di-n-butylphthalate | C16H22O4 | 340 | -35 | 1.049 | 0.0011 | 0.272 | |||
1,1-dichloroethane | C2H4Cl2 | 57.3 | -97.0 | 1.176 | 0.5 | 0.269 | 100 | 240 | |
diethylene glycol | C4H10O3 | 245 | -10 | 1.118 | M | 0.713 | 0.027 | ||
diglyme | C6H14O3 | 162 | -64 | 0.945 | M | 0.244 | |||
dimethoxyethane (glyme) | C4H10O2 | 85 | -58 | 0.868 | M | 0.231 | |||
N,N-dimethylaniline | C8H11N | 194.2 | 2.4 | 0.956 | 0.14 | 0.179 | |||
dimethylformamide (DMF) | C3H7NO | 153 | -61 | 0.944 | M | 0.386 | 10 | 3.5 | |
dimethylphthalate | C10H10O4 | 283.8 | 1 | 1.190 | 0.43 | 0.309 | |||
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) | C2H6OS | 189 | 18.4 | 1.092 | M | 0.444 | 0.75 | ||
dioxane | C4H8O2 | 101.1 | 11.8 | 1.033 | M | 0.164 | 0.56 | 20 | 41 |
ethanol | C2H6O | 78.5 | -114.1 | 0.789 | M | 0.654 | 0.88 | 100 | 59 |
ether | C4H10O | 34.6 | -116.3 | 0.713 | 7.5 | 0.117 | 0.38 | 400 | 587 |
ethyl acetate | C4H8O2 | 77 | -83.6 | 0.894 | 8.7 | 0.228 | 0.58 | 400 | 97 |
ethyl acetoacetate | C6H10O3 | 180.4 | -80 | 1.028 | 2.9 | 0.577 | |||
ethyl benzoate | C9H10O2 | 213 | -34.6 | 1.047 | 0.07 | 0.228 | |||
ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 197 | -13 | 1.115 | M | 0.790 | 1.11 | ||
glycerin | C3H8O3 | 290 | 17.8 | 1.261 | M | 0.812 | |||
heptane | C7H16 | 98 | -90.6 | 0.684 | 0.0003 | 0.012 | 400 | 48 | |
1-heptanol | C7H16O | 176.4 | -35 | 0.819 | 0.17 | 0.549 | |||
hexane | C6H14 | 69 | -95 | 0.655 | 0.0014 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 50 | 160 |
1-hexanol | C6H14O | 158 | -46.7 | 0.814 | 0.59 | 0.559 | |||
methanol | CH4O | 64.6 | -98 | 0.791 | M | 0.762 | 0.95 | 200 | 128 |
methyl acetate | C3H6O2 | 56.9 | -98.1 | 0.933 | 24.4 | 0.253 | 200 | 220 | |
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) | C5H12O | 55.2 | -109 | 0.741 | 4.8 | 0.124 | 0.20 | ||
methylene chloride | CH2Cl2 | 39.8 | -96.7 | 1.326 | 1.32 | 0.309 | 0.42 | 50 | 475 |
1-octanol | C8H18O | 194.4 | -15 | 0.827 | 0.096 | 0.537 | |||
pentane | C5H12 | 36.1 | -129.7 | 0.626 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.00 | 600 | 573 |
1-pentanol | C5H12O | 138.0 | -78.2 | 0.814 | 2.2 | 0.568 | |||
2-pentanol | C5H12O | 119.0 | -50 | 0.810 | 4.5 | 0.488 | |||
3-pentanol | C5H12O | 115.3 | -8 | 0.821 | 5.1 | 0.463 | |||
2-pentanone | C5H10O | 102.3 | -76.9 | 0.809 | 4.3 | 0.321 | |||
3-pentanone | C5H12O | 101.7 | -39.8 | 0.814 | 3.4 | 0.265 | 200 | ||
1-propanol | C3H8O | 97 | -126 | 0.803 | M | 0.617 | 0.82 | ||
2-propanol | C3H8O | 82.4 | -88.5 | 0.785 | M | 0.546 | 0.82 | 400 | 44 |
pyridine | C5H5N | 115.5 | -42 | 0.982 | M | 0.302 | 0.71 | 5 | 20 |
tetrahydrofuran(THF) | C4H8O | 66 | -108.4 | 0.886 | 30 | 0.207 | 0.57 | 200 | 200 |
toluene | C7H8 | 110.6 | -93 | 0.867 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.29 | 50 | 29 |
water | H2O | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.998 | M | 1.000 | >>1 | ||
water, heavy | D2O | 101.3 | 4 | 1.107 | M | 0.991 | |||
p-xylene | C8H10 | 138.3 | 13.3 | 0.861 | 0.02 | 0.074 | 0.26 | 100 | 15 |
1 M = miscible.
2 The values for relative polarity are normalized from measurements of solvent shifts of absorption spectra and were
extracted from Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003.
3 Snyder's empirical eluant strength parameter for alumina. Extracted from Reichardt, page 495.
4 Threshold limits for exposure. Extracted from Reichardt, pages 501-502.
TABLE 2
Solvent | formula | boiling point (oC) | melting point (oC) | density (g/mL) |
solubility in H2O1 (g/100g) | relative polarity2 |
eluant strength3 | threshold limits4 (ppm) | vapor pressure 20oC (hPa) |
cyclohexane | C6H12 | 80.7 | 6.6 | 0.779 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.04 | 100 | 104 |
pentane | C5H12 | 36.1 | -129.7 | 0.626 | 0.0039 | 0.009 | 0.00 | 600 | 573 |
hexane | C6H14 | 69 | -95 | 0.655 | 0.0014 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 50 | 160 |
heptane | C7H16 | 98 | -90.6 | 0.684 | 0.0003 | 0.012 | 400 | 48 | |
carbon tetrachloride | CCl4 | 76.7 | -22.4 | 1.594 | 0.08 | 0.052 | 0.18 | 5 | 120 |
carbon disulfide | CS2 | 46.3 | -111.6 | 1.263 | 0.2 | 0.065 | 0.15 | 10 | 400 |
p-xylene | C8H10 | 138.3 | 13.3 | 0.861 | 0.02 | 0.074 | 0.26 | 100 | 15 |
toluene | C7H8 | 110.6 | -93 | 0.867 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.24 | 50 | 29 |
benzene | C6H6 | 80.1 | 5.5 | 0.879 | 0.18 | 0.111 | 0.32 | 0.5 | 101 |
ether | C4H10O | 34.6 | -116.3 | 0.713 | 7.5 | 0.117 | 0.38 | 400 | 587 |
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) | C5H12O | 55.2 | -109 | 0.741 | 4.8 | 0.124 | 0.20 | ||
diethylamine | C4H11N | 56.3 | -48 | 0.706 | M | 0.145 | 0.63 | 5 | 260 |
dioxane | C4H8O2 | 101.1 | 11.8 | 1.033 | M | 0.164 | 0.56 | 20 | 41 |
N,N-dimethylaniline | C8H11N | 194.2 | 2.4 | 0.956 | 0.14 | 0.179 | |||
chlorobenzene | C6H5Cl | 132 | -45.6 | 1.106 | 0.05 | 0.188 | 0.30 | 10 | 12 |
anisole | C7H8O | 153.7 | -37.5 | 0.996 | 0.10 | 0.198 | |||
tetrahydrofuran (THF) | C4H8O | 66 | -108.4 | 0.886 | 30 | 0.207 | 0.57 | 200 | 200 |
ethyl acetate | C4H8O2 | 77 | -83.6 | 0.894 | 8.7 | 0.228 | 0.57 | 400 | 97 |
ethyl benzoate | C9H10O2 | 213 | -34.6 | 1.047 | 0.07 | 0.228 | |||
dimethoxyethane (glyme) | C4H10O2 | 85 | -58 | 0.868 | M | 0.231 | |||
diglyme | C6H14O3 | 162 | -64 | 0.945 | M | 0.244 | |||
methyl acetate | C3H6O2 | 56.9 | -98.1 | 0.933 | 24.4 | 0.253 | 200 | 220 | |
chloroform | CHCl3 | 61.2 | -63.5 | 1.498 | 0.8 | 0.259 | 0.40 | 10 | 210 |
3-pentanone | C5H12O | 101.7 | -39.8 | 0.814 | 3.4 | 0.265 | 200 | ||
1,1-dichloroethane | C2H4Cl2 | 57.3 | -97.0 | 1.176 | 0.5 | 0.269 | 100 | 240 | |
di-n-butyl phthalate | C16H22O4 | 340 | -35 | 1.049 | 0.0011 | 0.272 | |||
cyclohexanone | C6H10O | 155.6 | -16.4 | 0.948 | 2.3 | 0.281 | 25 | 5 | |
pyridine | C5H5N | 115.5 | -42 | 0.982 | M | 0.302 | 0.71 | 5 | 20 |
dimethylphthalate | C10H10O4 | 283.8 | 1 | 1.190 | 0.43 | 0.309 | |||
methylene chloride | CH2Cl2 | 39.8 | -96.7 | 1.326 | 1.32 | 0.309 | 0.42 | 50 | 475 |
2-pentanone | C5H10O | 102.3 | -76.9 | 0.809 | 4.3 | 0.321 | |||
2-butanone | C4H8O | 79.6 | -86.3 | 0.805 | 25.6 | 0.327 | 0.51 | 200 | 105 |
1,2-dichloroethane | C2H4Cl2 | 83.5 | -35.4 | 1.235 | 0.87 | 0.327 | |||
benzonitrile | C7H5N | 205 | -13 | 0.996 | 0.2 | 0.333 | 10 | 12 | |
acetone | C3H6O | 56.2 | -94.3 | 0.786 | M | 0.355 | 0.56 | 500 | 240 |
dimethylformamide (DMF) | C3H7NO | 153 | -61 | 0.944 | M | 0.386 | 10 | 3.5 | |
t-butyl alcohol | C4H10O | 82.2 | 25.5 | 0.786 | M | 0.389 | 100 | 41 | |
aniline | C6H7N | 184.4 | -6.0 | 1.022 | 3.4 | 0.420 | 2 | 0.4 | |
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) | C2H6OS | 189 | 18.4 | 1.092 | M | 0.444 | 0.75 | ||
acetonitrile | C2H3N | 81.6 | -46 | 0.786 | M | 0.460 | 0.65 | 20 | 97 |
3-pentanol | C5H12O | 115.3 | -8 | 0.821 | 5.1 | 0.463 | |||
2-pentanol | C5H12O | 119.0 | -50 | 0.810 | 4.5 | 0.488 | |||
2-butanol | C4H10O | 99.5 | -114.7 | 0.808 | 18.1 | 0.506 | 100 | ||
cyclohexanol | C6H12O | 161.1 | 25.2 | 0.962 | 4.2 | 0.509 | 50 | 1.2 | |
1-octanol | C8H18O | 194.4 | -15 | 0.827 | 0.096 | 0.537 | |||
2-propanol | C3H8O | 82.4 | -88.5 | 0.785 | M | 0.546 | 0.82 | 400 | 44 |
1-heptanol | C7H16O | 176.4 | -35 | 0.819 | 0.17 | 0.549 | |||
i-butanol | C4H10O | 107.9 | -108.2 | 0.803 | 8.5 | 0.552 | |||
1-hexanol | C6H14O | 158 | -46.7 | 0.814 | 0.59 | 0.559 | |||
1-pentanol | C5H12O | 138.0 | -78.2 | 0.814 | 2.2 | 0.568 | |||
acetyl acetone | C5H8O2 | 140.4 | -23 | 0.975 | 16 | 0.571 | |||
ethyl acetoacetate | C6H10O3 | 180.4 | -80 | 1.028 | 2.9 | 0.577 | |||
1-butanol | C4H10O | 117.6 | -89.5 | 0.81 | 7.7 | 0.586 | 20 | 6.3 | |
benzyl alcohol | C7H8O | 205.4 | -15.3 | 1.042 | 3.5 | 0.608 | |||
1-propanol | C3H8O | 97 | -126 | 0.803 | M | 0.617 | 0.82 | ||
acetic acid | C2H4O2 | 118 | 16.6 | 1.049 | M | 0.648 | >1 | 10 | 15.3 |
2-aminoethanol | C2H7NO | 170.9 | 10.5 | 1.018 | M | 0.651 | 3 | 0.53 | |
ethanol | C2H6O | 78.5 | -114.1 | 0.789 | M | 0.654 | 0.88 | 1000 | 59 |
diethylene glycol | C4H10O3 | 245 | -10 | 1.118 | M | 0.713 | 0.027 | ||
methanol | CH4O | 64.6 | -98 | 0.791 | M | 0.762 | 0.95 | 200 | 128 |
ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 197 | -13 | 1.115 | M | 0.790 | 1.11 | ||
glycerin | C3H8O3 | 290 | 17.8 | 1.261 | M | 0.812 | |||
water, heavy | D2O | 101.3 | 4 | 1.107 | M | 0.991 | |||
water | H2O | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.998 | M | 1.000 | >>1 |
Spectra (of solvents and other compounds)
1. ir, nmr, mass spectra
Aldrich - //www.sigmaaldrich.com/
NIMC site - //riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
RSC - //www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/spectra/index2.htm
2. ir, mass spectra, uv-vis
NIST site - //webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
3. ir
Acros - //www.acros.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__21/DesktopDefault.aspx
ChemExper Chem Directory - //www.chemexper.com/
4. nmr
bioorganics - //mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/mmcdbrowse.html
Solvents - //www.alsnotebook.com/chlorformtraces.html
Jump to Chemistry Webercises Directory.
visitor counter (started 10/23/98)