Cahokia Mounds, some 13 km north-east of St Louis, Missouri, is the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied primarily during the Mississippian period (800–1400), when it covered nearly 1,600 ha and included some 120 mounds. It is a striking example of a complex chiefdom society, with many satellite mound centres and numerous outlying hamlets and villages. This agricultural society may have had a population of 10–20,000 at its peak between 1050 and 1150. Primary features at the site include Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in the Americas, covering over 5 ha and standing 30 m high. Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Le site des Cahokia Mounds, à environ 13 km au nord de Saint Louis, Missouri, représente le plus grand foyer de peuplement précolombien au nord du Mexique. Il a été occupé essentiellement pendant le mississippien (800-1400), période où il couvrait 1 600 ha et comptait quelque 120 tumulus. C'est un remarquable exemple de société complexe fondée sur la chefferie et comprenant beaucoup de tumulus satellites et de nombreux hameaux et villages excentrés. Cette société agricole pourrait avoir atteint une population de 10 000 à 20 000 habitants à son apogée entre 1050 et 1150. Parmi les lieux essentiels du site, il faut noter Monks Mound, le plus grand ouvrage préhistorique en terre des Amériques, qui couvre plus de 5 ha et fait 3 m de haut. Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
يمثل موقع كاهوكا ماونذر الواقع عند 31 كيلومتراً شمال سانت لويس، ميسوري أكبر مواطن السكن في الحقبة ما قبل الكولومبيّة شمال المكسيك. أصبح موطن سكن في خلال حقبة الميسيسيبي (800-1400) عندما كان يغطي 1600 هكتار ويضمّ حوالى120 حجراً. هو مثال استثنائي عن مجتمع معقّد تأسس على مبدأ المقاطعات ويضمّ العديد من الهضاب المجاورة والقرى البعيدة عن المركز. لعلّ عدد سكّان هذا المجتمع الزراعي بلغ 10000 إلى20000 بين عامي1050 و1150. ومن بين أبرز محطات الموقع حجارة مونكس ماوند وهي تحفة العصر الحجري الأعظم في الأراضي الأمريكيّة والتي تغطي أكثر من 5 هكتارات وتعلو على ارتفاع ثلاثة أمتار. source: UNESCO/ERI
卡俄基亚土丘历史遗址位于密苏里州圣路易斯城东北部约13公里处，这是哥伦布发现美洲前墨西哥以北地区最大的聚居地。该遗址主要在密西西比纪（公元800年至1400年）时期开始有人类居住，占地1600公顷，包括120个土丘。该遗址是古代部落社会的典型样例，以类似中心城和卫星城的模式进行规划，在中心城市周围有许多小村庄。这个农业社会在其鼎盛时期（约公元1050年至1150年间）约有人口1万至2万。在这个遗址上我们还可以找到一些远古建筑，例如当地的寺庙丘，这是美洲大陆上最大的史前土木工程，占地超过5公顷，高约30米。 source: UNESCO/ERI
Курганы Кахокии, находящиеся приблизительно в 13 км к северу-востоку от Сент-Луиса (штат Миссури), – это крупнейшее доколумбово поселение из всех, располагающихся севернее Мексики. Оно было обитаемо в основном в течение «периода Миссисипи» (800-1400 гг.), когда занимало порядка 1,6 тыс. га и включало около 120 курганов. Это яркий пример древнего племенного поселения, которое включает многочисленные связанные с ним курганы и окрестные небольшие поселки. Данное аграрное сообщество на пике своего развития в 1050-1150 гг. могло иметь население порядка 10-20 тыс. человек. Среди главных достопримечательностей – «Монашеский курган», крупнейшее доисторическое земляное сооружение в Америке, имеющее площадь 5 га и высоту 30 м. source: UNESCO/ERI
Ubicado a unos 13 kilómetros al norte de San Luis (Misuri), el sitio de Cahokia Mounds es el mayor asentamiento humano precolombino encontrado al norte de México. Este lugar fue habitado en el Período Misisipiano (800-1400 d.C.), época en la que se extendía por unas 1.600 hectáreas y contaba con unos 120 túmulos. Los vestigios del sitio muestran la existencia de una sociedad compleja gobernada por caciques, así como la presencia de numerosos túmulos satélites y aldeas y pueblos periféricos. Esta sociedad agrícola llegó a tener probablemente unos 10.000 a 20.000 habitantes en el momento de su apogeo (1050-1150 d.C.). Otro elemento importante de este sitio es Monks Mound, el mayor túmulo prehistórico de las Américas, que tiene cinco hectáreas de superficie y treinta metros de altura. source: UNESCO/ERI
Cahokia Mounds - zo'n 13 kilometer ten noordoosten van Saint Louis, Missouri - is de grootste precolumbiaanse nederzetting ten noorden van Mexico. De plek werd voornamelijk bewoond tijdens de Mississippische periode (800-1400) toen het gebied bijna 1.600 hectare omvatte. Er waren toen ongeveer 120 artificiële aarden heuvels in het gebied. Cahokia Mounds is een voorbeeld van een complexe leiderschapscultuur met veel afgelegen gehuchten en dorpen. Op z'n piek (1050-1150) kende deze agrarische samenleving een bevolking van tussen de 10.000 tot 20.000 inwoners. Een belangrijke plek is de Monks Mound. Deze heuvel van meer dan 5 hectare groot en 30 meter hoog geldt als grootste prehistorische grondwerk op het Amerikaanse continent. Source: unesco.nl
 Image courtesy of Cahokia Mounds Historic State Site. Painting by William R. Iseminger. A UC Berkeley archaeologist has dug up ancient human feces, among other demographic clues, to challenge the narrative around the legendary demise of Cahokia, North America’s most iconic pre-Columbian metropolis. In its heyday in the 1100s, Cahokia — located in what is now southern Illinois — was the center for Mississippian culture and home to tens of thousands of Native Americans who farmed, fished, traded and built giant ritual mounds. By the 1400s, Cahokia had been abandoned due to floods, droughts, resource scarcity and other drivers of depopulation. But contrary to romanticized notions of Cahokia’s lost civilization, the exodus was short-lived, according to a new UC Berkeley study. UC Berkeley archaeologist A.J. White digs up sediment in search of ancient fecal stanols. (Photo by Danielle McDonald) The study takes on the “myth of the vanishing Indian” that favors decline and disappearance over Native American resilience and persistence, said lead author A.J. White, a UC Berkeley doctoral student in anthropology. “One would think the Cahokia region was a ghost town at the time of European contact, based on the archeological record,” White said. “But we were able to piece together a Native American presence in the area that endured for centuries.” The findings, just published in the journal American Antiquity, make the case that a fresh wave of Native Americans repopulated the region in the 1500s and kept a steady presence there through the 1700s, when migrations, warfare, disease and environmental change led to a reduction in the local population. White and fellow researchers at California State University, Long Beach, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Northeastern University analyzed fossil pollen, the remnants of ancient feces, charcoal and other clues to reconstruct a post-Mississippian lifestyle. Map by Herb Roe. Their evidence paints a picture of communities built around maize farming, bison hunting and possibly even controlled burning in the grasslands, which is consistent with the practices of a network of tribes known as the Illinois Confederation. Unlike the Mississippians who were firmly rooted in the Cahokia metropolis, the Illinois Confederation tribe members roamed further afield, tending small farms and gardens, hunting game and breaking off into smaller groups when resources became scarce. The linchpin holding together the evidence of their presence in the region were “fecal stanols” derived from human waste preserved deep in the sediment under Horseshoe Lake, Cahokia’s main catchment area. Fecal stanols are microscopic organic molecules produced in our gut when we digest food, especially meat. They are excreted in our feces and can be preserved in layers of sediment for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Because humans produce fecal stanols in far greater quantities than animals, their levels can be used to gauge major changes in a region’s population. A.J. White and colleagues paddle out onto Horseshoe Lake. (Photo courtesy of A.J. White) To collect the evidence, White and colleagues paddled out into Horseshoe Lake, which is adjacent to Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site, and dug up core samples of mud some 10 feet below the lakebed. By measuring concentrations of fecal stanols, they were able to gauge population changes from the Mississippian period through European contact. Fecal stanol data were also gauged in White’s study of Cahokia’s Mississippian Period demographic changes, published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal. It found that climate change in the form of back-to-back floods and droughts played a key role in the 13th century exodus of Cahokia’s Mississippian inhabitants. But while many studies have focused on the reasons for Cahokia’s decline, few have looked at the region following the exodus of Mississippians, whose culture is estimated to have spread through the Midwestern, Southeastern and Eastern United States from 700 A.D. to the 1500s. White’s latest study sought to fill those gaps in the Cahokia area’s history. “There’s very little archaeological evidence for an indigenous population past Cahokia, but we were able to fill in the gaps through historical, climatic and ecological data, and the linchpin was the fecal stanol evidence,” White said. Overall, the results suggest that the Mississippian decline did not mark the end of a Native American presence in the Cahokia region, but rather reveal a complex series of migrations, warfare and ecological changes in the 1500s and 1600s, before Europeans arrived on the scene, White said. “The story of Cahokia was a lot more complex than, ‘Goodbye, Native Americans. Hello, Europeans,’ and our study uses innovative and unusual evidence to show that,” White said. Co-authors of the study are Samuel Munoz at Northeastern University, Sissel Schroeder at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Lora Stevens at California State University, Long Beach. |
Which one of the following in not true of the community of cahokia on the mississippi?
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