This section of the article describes the procedures, or methods, that were used to carry out the research study. The methodology the authors follow will vary according to the discipline, or field of study, the research relates to. Types of methodology include case studies, scientific experiments, field studies, focus groups, and surveys. Show
Use these tips for your academic article's Research Results section and organize your findings in line with academic writing requirements This article is part of an ongoing series on academic writing help of scholarly articles. Previous parts explored how to write an introduction for a research paper, literature review outline and format, and how to write a research methodology. Academics and researchers publish their scholarly articles to show the results they have obtained using gathered or collected data. Research papers present the process of testing hypotheses or models and how their findings help shape or advance a particular research topic. Thus, the ‘Results’ section is essential in expressing the significance of an academic article. The findings of your research should be included in a separate section of your academic article, as it is the only section that contains data and results. Aspects to Consider in Writing the Results Section of a Research PaperA good place to start for your results section, it’s to restate the aim and objective of your research paper, so that your readers can refocus on the core of your academic article. So far in your research paper, your readers covered the introduction, literature review, research methodology and now it’s the time and place to bring their attention back to the purpose. A short paragraph is sufficient to restate your paper’s purpose. Then, it’s key to consider that this is main section of your research paper where you present and explain the data you have collected or gathered and the findings of your data analysis and interpretation. The academic writing should be clear, impartial, and objective. Each result, which confirms or refutes your assumptions, should be noted in an unbiased manner to increase the credibility of your study. The results section gives you the opportunity to:
For an organized Research Results section, it’s best to use sub-sections. These sub-sections or divisions can be based on:
How to Clearly Report Your Research FindingsIf you have used statistical analyses in your academic article, and found answers to your research questions, report those facts in relation to your question. A clear, coherent presentation of your research paper’s results should exhibit logical explanations without bias. Confirming or Rejecting Hypotheses in Your Research ResultsWhile defining the section of your research’s outcomes area, it’s important to keep in mind that the research results do not prove or demonstrate anything. Your research findings can only affirm/ confirm or reject the hypotheses and assumptions elaborated upon in your academic article.
Summarizing Key Findings in Your Results SectionIn a coherent results presentation, you should:
For example, in your empirical analysis you notice an uncommon correlation between two variables. In the Results section, it is okay to bring up this outcome, however, posing new hypotheses for this uncommon result should be presented in the Discussion section. Using Tables and Figures to Highlight Research ResultsAny valuable academic article should focus on using tables, figures and/or graphs to:
Instead of using only descriptive text for your scholarly article, consider other visual ways and representations that improve the academic writing of your research paper. Figures, tables and graphs are useful methods for gathering a great deal of information into one place that can then be mentioned in the content of your article. If any research question or hypothesis is confirmed by your data and analysis, you can point to a table or figure that illustrates your finding. When you present tables or figures in your results section, make sure to describe at least some of the data included in these visual representations so that readers can clearly understand how the table works and what interpretations can be concluded from them. You can also use appendices if you have many other helpful figures or tables that cannot be fully included in the text of your academic article. By using a helpful combination of text, figures, and tables, you, as Authors and Academics, can use this section to effectively share your studies’ findings with the scientific community. Presenting Research Findings and Statistical SignificanceA systematic description of your research results and a correct data analysis and interpretation are related to statistical significance, as they help avoid speculations or misinterpretations by readers of your academic article. In a valuable research paper:
Tests of statistical significance should always be presented with your results to show that your research findings objectively confirm or disprove your hypotheses. Even if not all of your research results are confirmed, you should not ignore them. These negative results that do not support a particular hypothesis should be noted in the results section, and then explained in the Discussion section. Writing a Research Results section that do not address the negative results, invalidates the research paper and does not reflect appropriate academic writing. Research Results Comparison with Similar Academic ArticlesThe largest part of interpreting and discussing your research findings should be reserved for the Discussion / Conclusion section. However, there are instances when it is appropriate to compare or contrast your results with findings from previous and similar studies. For example:
Key Aspects for Your Research Results SectionFor a good structure and organization of your research, keep in mind these aspects:
Which aspects do you focus on when writing your research results section?This blog series focuses on useful academic writing tips. Next, we examine the Discussion and Conclusion section.
The function of this section is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation. The results of statistical tests applied to your data are reported in this section although conclusions about your original hypotheses are saved for the Discussion section. Tables and figures should be used when they are a more efficient way to convey information than verbal description. They must be independent units, accompanied by explanatory captions that allow them to be understood by someone who has not read the text. Do not repeat in the text the information in tables and figures, but do cite them, with a summary statement when that is appropriate. Example: Incorrect: The results are given in Figure 1. Correct: Temperature was directly proportional to metabolic rate (Fig. 1). Please note that the entire word "Figure" is almost never written in an article. It is nearly always abbreviated as "Fig." and capitalized. Tables are cited in the same way, although Table is not abbreviated. Whenever possible, use a figure instead of a table. Relationships between numbers are more readily grasped when they are presented graphically rather than as columns in a table. Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings. The text should be understandable by someone who has not seen your figures and tables. 1. All results should be presented, including those that do not support the hypothesis. 2. Statements made in the text must be supported by the results contained in figures and tables. 3. The results of statistical tests can be presented in parentheses following a verbal description. Example: Fruit size was significantly greater in trees growing alone (t = 3.65, df = 2, p < 0.05). Simple results of statistical tests may be reported in the text as shown in the preceding example. The results of multiple tests may be reported in a table if that increases clarity. (See Section 11 of the Statistics Manual for more details about reporting the results of statistical tests.) It is not necessary to provide a citation for a simple t-test of means, paired t-test, or linear regression. If you use other tests, you should cite the text or reference you followed to do the test. In your materials and methods section, you should report how you did the test (e.g. using the statistical analysis package of Excel). It is NEVER appropriate to simply paste the results from statistical software into the results section of your paper. The output generally reports more information than is required and it is not in an appropriate format for a paper. |