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Our Maths A to Z glossary provides straightforward explanations and illustrated examples of maths terms used in the classroom.
All measurements are approximations. The accuracy of the measurement depends on the quality of the instrument being used and the person measuring. Acute angleAn angle less than 90 degrees. ExampleThe red lines illustrate some angles that are acute (less than 90 degrees). Acute angled triangleA triangle with all interior angles less than 90 degrees. ExampleAdd
ExampleCombining a collection of things together: AdditionThe process of combining collections of objects into a larger collection. This is the opposite of subtraction. Add, addition, plus and sum are related terms. Adjacent sides
ExampleAlgebraA strand of mathematics that substitutes symbols or letters for unknown numbers. ExampleA simple algebraic equation could be: 2x + 3 = 15 2x = 12 x = 6 AlgorithmA step-by-step method for solving problems in mathematics. Alternate anglesWhen two lines are cut by a third line (transversal) alternate angles are between the pair of lines on the outside of the transversal. If the two lines are parallel, the alternate angles are equal. ExamplesAnalog clockA clock with a face and two rotating hands – the minute hand (long) and the hour hand (short) – also sometimes another hand for seconds. ExampleAngleThe measure of turn between two straight lines that meet. A protractor is used to measure an angle. Angles are measured in degrees. ExampleApexThe highest point or vertex in a plane shape, polyhedron or geometric solid. ExampleArc (of a circle)Part of the circumference of a circle. ExampleAreaThe amount of surface inside a closed flat (2D) shape. ExampleThe area of this rectangle is 2 × 4 = 8 square units. Arms of an angleThe two lines that form the angle. ExampleArrayA rectangular diagram divided into rows (horizontal) and columns (vertical). ExampleThis array has 3 rows and 4 columns. Ascending orderIncreasing from smallest to largest. ExampleThese numbers are in ascending order. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6... AttributeThe attributes of a 2D shape are its size or shape. A 2D shape can have more than one attribute. Average
For the scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, and 10: BBar chartA graph in which the information is summarised into columns for easy comparison. Bar chart and column graph are interchangeable terms. ExampleBaseThe side of a 2D shape or face of a 3D object that is considered on the bottom of that shape. ExampleBase ten blocksBlocks used to help children visualise the value of numbers. Except for the individual unit blocks, all other blocks are based on tens, hence the reason why they are often referred to as 'base ten blocks'. Multi-attribute blocks and base ten blocks are interchangeable terms. ExampleBisectTo cut in half. ExampleBox-and-whisker plotA diagram that indicates the middle 50% of the scores, with a box with lines (whiskers) drawn to the extremes (end scores). ExampleCCalendarA system of organising time into days, weeks, months and years. CapacityThe amount a container can hold. ExampleThis container holds 2 litres – its capacity is 2 litres. Cardinal numberA number expressing how many of something exist. Examples
Categorical dataInformation that can be put into different non-numerical groups. Example
CensusA survey of the entire population. CentreThe point inside the circle which is the same distance from all points on the circumference. ExampleChance
ChordA line that joins two points on a curve. ExampleCircumferenceThe boundary line or perimeter of a circle. ExampleClockAn instrument used to keep and display the time. There are many different kinds of clocks, but the two most common are analog with 'hands' for hours, minutes and seconds, and digital, which displays only digits (numbers). ExampleClusterWhere most of the scores are grouped in a set of scores. ExampleThe scores are clustered around the scores 3 and 4. Co-interiorWhen two lines are cut by a third line (transversal) co-interior angles are between the pair of lines on the same side of the transversal. If the lines are parallel the co-interior angles are supplementary (add up to 180 degrees). ExampleCo-interior ColumnA vertical arrangement of items. ExampleA column of numbers: 2345 679264 83 Column graphA graph in which the information is summarised into columns for easy comparison. Bar chart and column graph are interchangeable terms. ExampleCommon fractionFraction shown with one number over another with a dividing line, e.g. ½. Commutative law
Compass directionsThe directions shown on a compass. Some examples include: North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W). Also North East (NE), South East (SE), South West (SW) and North West (NW). ExampleCompensation strategyOne number is rounded to simplify the calculation then the answer is adjusted to compensate for the original change. ExampleFor addition: 52 + 39... Think 52 + 40 = 92, then subtract the extra 1 added to 39 at the start. So, 52 + 40 − 1 = 91 Complementary anglesAngles that add to 90 degrees. ExampleComplementary event
Examples
Composite numberHas more than two factors. Examples
Compound interestInterest is calculated on the sum invested (principal) as well as on any interest earned. If an event is represented as 'E', the complimentary event is ExampleA = P(1+R)n and I = A-P where:
Concave quadrilateral
ExampleConeA 3D (three-dimensional) object with a circular base and an apex. ExampleCongruentThe same size and the same shape. ExampleContinuous dataQuantitative (numerical) data that is obtained by measuring. Examples:
Conversion graphsUsed to convert from one unit to another. ExampleConvex quadrilateralsConvex quadrilaterals have the diagonals inside the figure. ExampleCoordinatesA set of numbers and/or letters that shows the position of a point or space on a map or grid. The horizontal direction is always read first. Examples
Corresponding anglesWhen two lines are cut by a third line (transversal) corresponding angles are in corresponding positions (i.e. on the same side of the transversal and both above or both below the pair of lines). If the lines are parallel, the corresponding angles are equal. ExampleCross-sectionThe shape you get when a solid is cut through parallel to the base. The cross-sections of prisms are uniform, which means they are the same size and shape as the base. ExamplesThe cross-sections of pyramids and cones have the same shape CubeA cube is a square prism, which is a particular type of prism with faces that are all congruent squares. It has 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 corners (or vertices). ExampleCube root
Example∛125 = 5 since 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 Cubed
Example53, pronounced 'cubed', gives 5 × 5 × 5 = 125. Cumulative frequency histogram and polygon
CylinderA three-dimensional (3D) object with two circular bases that are opposite each other in position and are the same size and same shape. ExampleDDecagonA polygon with 10 straight sides and 10 interior angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular decagon. If not, it is called an irregular decagon ExampleDecimalA fraction that is made by dividing a whole into tenths (10 equal parts), hundredths (100 equal parts) or thousandths (1000 equal parts). A fraction uses a decimal point when written. Decimal and decimal fraction are interchangeable terms. Examples
Decrease
Degree (angles)A measurement used for angles shown by the degrees symbol °. Degrees is the plural of degree. ExampleDegrees (Celsius)A unit of measurement used for temperature. The symbol is °C. Examples
DenominatorThe number below the line in a fraction that shows the number of parts a whole has been divided into. ExampleThe 8 in the fraction 7⁄8. DepreciationDepreciation occurs when an item loses value over time. ExampleD = P(1 − r)n Where:
Descending orderNumbers getting smaller. Decreasing from largest to smallest. ExampleThese numbers are in descending order: DiagonalA line that joins any two vertices (corners) of a polygon or polyhedron, where the vertices are not next to each other. ExampleDiameterAn chord across a circle through the centre (twice the radius). ExampleDifferenceThe result of subtraction. ExampleThe difference between 10 and 16 is 6 (i.e. 16 – 10 = 6) DigitA symbol used to write a numeral. The digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are used to write all the numbers in our number system. Example
DigitalWhat is it?Digital means the binary format of 1s and 0s (on or off). Digital can also refer to electronic products, such as a digital camera, MP3 player or eBook reader. How does it work?A digital product such as a camera transforms an analog image into data (a series of 1s and 0s) which is then transferred into a storage device and reassembled so that you see the original image. Analog cameras store the image onto film, which is then processed into prints. You can make a huge variety of changes to digital imagery which you cannot make to photo prints. An eBook is a digital representation of a book and can only be displayed on a computer, or an e-reader device, such as a Kindle. Why is it useful?The invention of digital and the development of electronic products and services have led to a revolution that, in general, has made products more widely available and easier to use. What do you need to keep in mind about your children and digital?Digital development will continue to create many new and amazing new careers for your child to consider in the future. Want to know more?To learn more about digital as a topic, you can search the internet for specific digital products and services to find websites that explain its benefits and how it works. Digital clockDisplays the time in digits. ExampleDirected numberA positive or negative number. A number showing both sign and size. Examples-7.5, + 61⁄2, -3 Directed number lineThe directed number line extends indefinitely in two directions to show both positive and negative numbers. ExampleDiscrete data
ExampleAn example of discrete data is the number of goals scored in a netball game. DivideTo share into equal groups or parts ExampleDivide 6 chocolates between 3 children and they get 2 each Divided bar graphA rectangle cut into pieces representing the parts of a whole. ExampleFavourite colours Divisibility testsA quick test to see if a number can be divided by another without remainder. Examples
DivisionPartitioning into equal groups. Represented by the symbol ÷ DodecahedronA three-dimensional (3D) object with 12 faces. ExampleDot plotA number line with dots drawn above the numbers to represent the scores. ExampleEEuler’s formulaA relationship between the number of vertices (V), edges (E) and faces (F) of polyhedra. The relationship is V + F – E = 2. ExampleIn a rectangular prism, 8 vertices + 6 faces – 12 edges = 2. EdgeThe line where two flat surfaces meet. ExampleEmpty number lineAn unmarked number line that shows mental calculations. ExamplesAn unmarked number line Using an empty number line (below) to show a jump strategy for addition and subtraction Equal groupsPutting objects together in equal groups helps to understand multiplication and division. Equal groups contain the same number of items or objects Example12 is divided into 3 equal groups giving 4 in each group OR 3 equal groups with 4 in each gives 12 altogether. EqualsHas the same value as. Often shown by using the equals = sign (symbol). ExampleEqual sign (=)Symbol used to show that two or more amounts have the same value. eg. 5 + 6 = 12 – 1 EquationA mathematical statement using the equal sign to show one side has the same value as the other side. eg. 20 = 5 × 4 Equilateral triangleA triangle with all sides equal in length and all angles equal (60°). ExampleEquivalentHas the same value. ExampleEquivalent fractionsFractions that are equal in value but have different names. ExampleEstimateA type of measure which uses non-standard units such as hand spans, footsteps or pattern blocks to measure length, area, etc. Estimate and informal measurement are interchangeable terms. ExampleEven numberAny whole number ending in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 is even. Any number that can be divided by 2 and give no remainder. Examplethe numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12... Expanded notationShows the amount each digit is worth because of its place in a number. ExampleExpanded notation for 287 is 2 hundreds, 8 tens and 7 ones or 200 + 80 + 7. FFaceOne of the flat surfaces of a 3D (three dimensional) object. ExampleFact familyGroups of related facts in addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division. Helps students understand the relationship between operations. ExampleAddition and Subtraction 3 + 7 = 10 7 + 3 = 10 10 − 3 = 7 10 − 7 = 3 Multiplication and Division 3 × 4 = 12 4 × 3 = 12 12 ÷ 3 = 4 12 ÷ 4 = 3 FactorA factor of a given number is a whole number that divides into it exactly. ExampleThe factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 ...1 × 12, 2 × 6 and 3 × 4 all equal 12. Factor treeA factor tree can be used to express a number as a product of its prime factors. ExampleFibonacci sequenceNumbers following a sequence in which each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two numbers. ExampleThis sequence starts with 1: The numbers 1,1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ... 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 5 = 8, 5 + 8 = 13 FlipTurn over to give the mirror image – a reflection. ExampleFormal measurementUsing a standardised measure such as metres, litres or kilograms. ExamplesFractionA fraction is one or more parts of a whole that has been broken into equal parts. A fraction is shown by putting one number over another with a dividing line between them. ExampleThis shape has been broken into 4 parts and 3 of them have been coloured. The coloured fraction is 3-quarters or 3⁄4 . Fraction notationA number in the form a⁄b where a and b are numbers and b is not equal to zero. Frequency histogram
ExampleFrequency polygon
ExampleGGlobeA perfectly round 3D object. Globe and sphere are interchangeable terms. ExampleGraphA visual way of showing a collection of information. ExampleBar (column) graphSector (pie) graphPicture graphLine graph*The line graph should only be used for continuous data. Greater than signThe sign > is used to show that the first number is greater than (more than) the second number. The open (bigger) part is beside the bigger number, the small pointed end points to the smaller number. Example85 is greater than 37 is written: 85 > 37. 'Is 85 greater than 37?' is written: is 85 > 37? GroupingPutting objects together in groups helps to understand multiplication and division. Groups contain the same number of items or objects Example12 is divided into 3 groups giving 4 in each group OR 3 groups with 4 in each gives 12 altogether. HHindu-Arabic number system
HeftingHolding objects to judge weight. ExampleHeptagonA polygon with 7 edges and 7 angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular heptagon. If not, it is called an irregular heptagon. ExampleHexagonA polygon with 6 edges and 6 angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular hexagon. If not, it is called an irregular hexagon. ExampleHexagonal prismA solid with 2 parallel ends that are hexagons of the same size and shape (ie are congruent). ExampleHexagonal pyramidA solid with a hexagon as its base. Its other faces are triangles that meet at a common point (vertex). ExampleHexahedronA 3D (three-dimensional) object with 6 faces. ExampleHighest common factorThe highest common factor (HCF) of two or more whole numbers is the largest number that will divide exactly into each of them. Examples
HorizontalParallel to the line or surface. ExampleHundreds chartAn organised grid of the numbers 0-99 or 1-100 to see and understand patterns in numbers to 100. ExampleHundredthOne part of a whole divided into 100 equal parts. HypotenuseThe longest side of a right-angle triangle that is also opposite to the right angle. ExampleIIcosahedronA 3D (three-dimensional) object with 20 faces. ExampleImproper fractionA fraction where the numerator is equal to, or larger than, the denominator. ExampleIndexAn index is more commonly called a power. It is the small number written to the top right of a number in mathematics. Shows the number of times to multiply a number by itself. Indices is the plural of index. Example
Index notationA number written with a power. ExampleInformal measurementA type of measure which uses non-standard units such as hand spans, footsteps or pattern blocks to measure length, area, etc. Estimate and informal measurement are interchangeable terms. ExampleIntegerAny whole number. An integer can be positive or negative. ExampleInterquartile range
ExampleInterquartile range = upper quartile − lower quartile IntersectionThe point where lines meet or the line where two or more planes meet. Exampleintersection IntervalPart of a line that has a definite start and end point. ExampleInverse operationThe function that reverses another one. This is a way of checking if answers are correct. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations. Multiplication and division are inverse operations. Examples
Isometric grid paperGrid paper used to draw 3D figures. The grid is a series of dots or lines which form equilateral triangles and allow for the drawing of a solid showing 3 or more faces. Exampleisometric grid paper Isosceles triangleA triangle with two sides equal in length and two angles that are equal. ExampleJJump strategyMental calculation method jumping from one number (usually the largest number) either forwards (addition) or backwards (subtraction) to the answer. Examplecan have any number of digits 23 + 35; 23 + 30 = 53, 53 + 5 = 58 KKiteA quadrilateral with two pairs of equal adjacent sides, symmetrical only about one diagonal. ExampleLLengthThe longest dimension of an object. Less than signThe sign < is used to show that the first number is smaller than the second number. The pointed end points to the smaller number. Example
LineA line is a collection of points. A line does not have a start or end point, it go on forever. ExampleLine graph
ExampleLine of symmetryA line that divides a shape in half so that one half is the mirror image of the other. There can be more than one line of symmetry. ExampleLong divisionAny written method used to divide by a number with two or more digits. ExampleAn example of long division may look like this: Lowest common multiple (LCM)The lowest common multiple or least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of all of them. ExampleThe LCM of 10 and 12 is 60 as 60 is the smallest number that divides both 10 and 12 with no remainder. MMassThe amount of matter in something. ExampleMean
ExampleFor the scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, and 10:
MeasurementUsing a standardised measure such as metres, litres or kilograms. Measuring anglesAn angle is the measure of turn between two straight lines which meet at a common point. A protractor is used to measure angles. Angles are measured in degrees °. ExampleMedianThe middle score of an ordered data set. Example
Mental strategyCalculating in your head. Mixed numeralA number made up of a whole number and a proper fraction. ExampleModeThe score that occurs the most in a data set. ExampleFor the scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9,10 Mode = 5 Multi-attribute blocks (MAB)Blocks used to help children visualise the value of numbers. Except for the individual unit blocks, all other blocks are based on tens, hence the reason why they are often referred to as 'base ten blocks'. Multi-attribute blocks and base ten blocks are interchangeable terms. ExampleMultipleThe product of any quantity and a whole number. ExampleThe multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24... MultiplicationThe process of repeatedly adding the same number a given amount of times (this only relates to whole numbers). ExampleMultiplication, times, products of, lots of, product, square, of (i.e. 1/4 of 8, 3 groups of 6) Multiplication tables
The 5 times tables are: 1 × 5 = 5 2 × 5 = 10 3 × 5 = 15 4 × 5 = 20 5 × 5 = 25 6 × 5 = 30 7 × 5 = 35 8 × 5 = 40 9 × 5 = 45 10 × 5 = 50 NNegative indexA number raised to a negative power is the reciprocal of that number raised to the positive power. ExampleNetA flat shape that can be folded up into a solid. ExampleNonagonA polygon with 9 straight sides and 9 angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular nonagon. If not, it is called an irregular nonagon. ExampleNumber lineThe line can start and end on any number. A line is used to visualise number sequences or aid in computation. ExamplesThe position of 43 on the numberline: Adding 257 + 220: Numberlines can represent fractions: Number sentenceUsing numbers and symbols in an equation. ExampleNumber sentence for 3 birds which have 6 eggs each: 3 × 6 = 18 or 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 NumeratorThe number above the line in a fraction which shows how many parts are being considered. ExampleThe 7 in 7/9. OObjectAn object has 3 dimensions – length, width and depth. ExampleOblique solidsSolids drawn or shown on a slant. The sides are not perpendicular to the base. ExampleObtuse angleAn angle measuring between 90° and 180°. ExampleAngles D and C are obtuse. Angles A and B are acute. Obtuse angled trianglesA triangle with one angle that is obtuse (greater that 90 degrees). ExampleOctagonA polygon with 8 straight sides and 8 angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular octagon. If not, it is called an irregular octagon. ExampleOctagonal prismA solid with 2 parallel bases that are octagons of the size and same shape. ExampleOctagonal pyramidA solid with an octagon as its base. Its other faces are triangles that meet at a common point (vertex). ExampleOctahedronA three-dimensional (3D) object with 8 faces. ExampleOdd numberAny number ending in 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 is odd. ExamplesThe numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, ... One-dimensionalHaving one dimension ie length. ExampleA line has only one dimension (i.e. length) Order of symmetryThis is the number of times a shape matches the original in one full rotation. ExampleAn equilateral triangle can be turned 3 times and match its original shape exactly. It also has a rotational symmetry order of 3. Ordinal numberTells the position of something in a sequence. Example1st, 2nd, 15th, 100th OutlierA value that 'lies outside' (is much smaller or larger than) most of the other values in a set of data. ExampleIn this data set: 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, 10, 25 25 is an outlier PPascal’s triangleA triangular array of numbers in which each number in the triangle is the sum of the two directly above it. ExamplePalindromic numbersNumbers that are the same if read forwards or backwards. ExamplesParallelLines on the same plane that are the same distance apart and never meet. ExampleParallelogramA polygon with 4 straight sides. The opposite sides are parallel and equal. The opposite angles are equal. ExamplePatternA pattern is made up of a number of elements that repeat. ExampleThis is a pattern – 2 elements repeat PentagonA polygon with 5 straight sides and 5 angles. If all sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular pentagon. If not, it is called an irregular pentagon. ExamplePentagonal prismA solid with 2 parallel ends that are pentagons of the same size and shape (ie are congruent). All its other faces are rectangular. ExamplePentagonal pyramidA 3D (three-dimensional) object with a pentagon as its base. Its other faces are triangles that meet at a common point (vertex). ExamplePer annumFor each year (ie the interest rate on the mortgage was 7% per annum). Also referred to as p.a. Per centMeans parts per 100 and is shown by the symbol %. A grid of 100 is used to show per cent. Per cent can also be expressed as percent, percentage or simply with the symbol %. Example30 out of the 100 squares have been shaded, so 30% is shaded PercentageMeans parts per 100 and is shown by the symbol %. A grid of 100 is used to show per cent. Per cent can also be expressed as percent, percentage or simply with the symbol %. PerimeterThe distance around the boundary of a 2D (two-dimensional) shape. Calculating the perimeter of a shape is equal to the sum of the length of all sides. ExamplePerimeter of this trapezium is 6cm + 4cm + 3cm + 4cm = 17cm PerpendicularAt 90° to the given line. ExamplePerpendicular heightThe height measured at 90° from the base to the vertex at the top. ExamplePlace valueThe amount a digit is worth due to its position in a number, ie, ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. Examples
A tool for showing the value of each digit in a whole number. Can be used to help with addition and subtraction. ExampleThe whole number 521 can be shown on a chart as: 521 + 47 can be shown on chart as:
Place value chart – decimal fractionsA tool for showing the value of each digit in decimal fractions. Can be used to help with addition and subtraction of decimal fractions. ExampleThe decimal fraction 0.34 can be shown on the chart as:
PlaneAny flat two-dimensional (2D) surface. Also known as face. ExamplePlatonic solidsA set of five regular polyhedra. All the faces are congruent regular polygons and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. The platonic solids are: the cube (hexahedron), dodecahedron, icosahedron, octahedron, and tetrahedron. ExamplesPlus
ExampleCombining a collection of things together: PointA point is a position in space. It has no length, width or height. Where two lines intersect. A point is named using a capital letter. ExamplePolygonA two-dimensional (2D) shape having three or more straight sides. It can be a regular polygon – where all sides are the same length and all angles are the same size – or an irregular polygon. ExamplePolyhedron
ExamplePopulationAll the items under consideration. ExampleIf data on the opinions of Year 8 is required, then the population is all of Year 8. PositionThe location of an object in relation to oneself or another object. ExampleThe tree is to my left, the station is south-west of the school. Prime factorA factor that is a prime number cannot be divided again by a number other than itself or one. ExamplePrime factors of 12 are 3 × 2 × 2 or 3 × 22 Prime numberA number that has only 2 factors. (Note that 1 is not a prime number as it only has one factor – the number 1.) Example7 has only 2 factors: 1 and 7 PrincipalThe original amount of money borrowed or invested. Prism
ExampleProbability
ExamplesIt may rain today but raining money is impossible. P(red marble) = 1⁄5. The probability of randomly selecting a red marble from the bag is 1 in 5. ProductThe answer when 2 or more numbers are multiplied together. Example15 is the product of 3 and 5 Proper fractionThe numerator (top number) is smaller than the denominator (bottom number) in a fraction. ProtractorA tool used to measure angles. ExamplePyramid
Pythagoras' theoremA famous result named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras. The theorem says that in any right angled triangle, the square of the length of the longest side is the same as the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides: a2+b2 = c2. ExamplePythagorean triadA set of three integers (whole numbers) that obey Pythagoras' theorem. That is the sum of the squares of the two smaller numbers is the square of the largest number. ExampleQQuadrantA quarter of a circle or quarter of its circumference. ExampleQuadrilateral
ExamplesQuantitative data
Example
QuotientThe answer when one number is divided by another. ExampleThe quotient when 18 is divided by 6 is 3. RRoman numeralsAn ancient number system represented by characters such as I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500) and M(1000). Examples
RadiusThe distance from the centre of the circle to the circumference of the circle. Radii is the plural of radius. ExampleRange
ExampleFor the scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, 10. The range is 10 – 1 = 9. RateA rate is used to compare quantities that are measured in different types of units. ExampleA typist might type at a rate of 45 words per minute. This is written as 45 words/min. Ratioratio is a comparison of two or more quantities. ExampleThe ratio of stars to hearts is 4:3 Reciprocal of a fractionThe reciprocal of a fraction (not equal to 0) can be made by interchanging the numerator and the denominator. ExampleThe reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2. Rectangle
ExampleRectangular prism
ExampleRectangular pyramid
ExampleReflectTo flip over or appear as a figure would look if shown in a mirror. ExampleReflex angleAn angle between 180° and 360°. ExampleRemainderThe amount left over after a quantity has been divided onto another. Example12 / 5 = 2 with remainder 2 RevolutionAn angle measuring 360°. A complete turn. ExampleRhombusA quadrilateral with all sides equal, opposite angles equal and opposite sides parallel. ExampleRhythmic countingCounting with emphasis on rhythm or counting to a beat. Example1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (all numbers are spoken, but the bold numbers are said more loudly). Right angleAn angle that measures 90°. ExampleRight angles are shown like this: Right angled triangleA triangle with one right angle (90°). ExampleRotate
Rotational symmetryA shape has rotational symmetry if an outline of the figure can be rotated or turned about its centre to match its original shape. ExampleA regular hexagon comes to rest in 6 identical positions to it original shape Rounding
Examples
RowItems arranged horizontally. ExampleSSampleA part of the population that has been selected in order to find information about the whole population. Sample spaceThe set of all possible outcomes of a situation or experiment. ExampleThe possible outcomes when tossing a die are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The set would be {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Scale drawingA drawing, which maintains proportions, shown bigger or smaller than real life. Common examples include maps or house plans. ExampleScale factorA measurement of how much a diagram has been enlarged or reduced in a scale diagram. ExampleScalene triangleA triangle which has sides of different lengths and where all angles are different. ExampleScientific notation
Examples
SecantA straight line that passes through two points on a circle or curve. ExampleSectionThe flat surface you see after cutting through a solid in any direction. ExampleSectorPart of a circle between 2 radii (plural of radius). ExampleSector graph
ExampleSports played: SegmentThe part of a circle that is between a chord and the circumference. ExampleSemicircleHalf a circle. ExampleSharingTo divide into equal or unequal groups. ExampleSharing 10 apples between 5 children gives 2 apples each. Significant figuresThe digits considered to be significant in reporting a measurement, irrespective of the location of the decimal place. Similar figuresTwo figures that look the same but one is an enlargement of the other. All proportions are maintained. ExampleSimple interest
ExampleI = PRN where: I = the simple interest P = the principal R = the interest rate per period, expressed as a decimal or fraction N = the number of time periods. Skew linesSkew lines never touch each other but are not parallel. Skew lines only exist in 3D space. ExampleSkewed distributionMost of the data is clustered at one end. ExampleSkip countingCounting forwards or backwards in groups or multiples of a particular number. Example4, 8, 12, .... Slant heightSlant height is the height from the base to the apex along a surface. This is at an angle to the base, not perpendicular. ExampleSlideTo move the position without rotating it or turning it over. This is also called a translation. ExampleSolidIs any 3D (three-dimensional) object. The three dimensions are length, width and depth. ExampleSphereA perfectly round 3D object. Globe and sphere are interchangeable terms. ExampleSplit strategyMental computation method where numbers are 'split' according to their place value to make it easier to add them. ExampleFor 46 + 33 the numbers are split to become: (40 + 30) + (6 + 3) = 70 + 9 = 79 SquareA polygon with 4 straight sides where all sides are equal in length and all angles are equal (90°). ExampleSquare numberThe result of multiplying a number by itself. Example16 is a square number. It has 4 rows of 4, so 4 × 4 = 16 Square prism
ExampleSquare pyramid
ExampleSquare root
Example√25 = 5 since 5 × 5 = 25 Standard deviationA standard measure of the average spread of the scores about the mean. Stem and leaf plot
ExampleStep graphs
ExampleStraight angleAn angle measuring 180°. StrategyA way of working something out using known relationships, patterns and operations. SubitisingImmediately recognising the number of objects in a small collection without having to count them. ExampleSeeing 5 immediately, without counting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Subtract
ExampleSubtraction
ExampleSum
ExampleCombining a collection of things together: Supplementary anglesSupplementary angles add up to 180 degrees. ExampleSurd
Example√3 is a surd SymmetricalAn object or shape has symmetry or is symmetrical when one half is the mirror image of the other half. ExampleSymmetrical distributionThe spread of scores or results is symmetrical. ExampleSymmetryAn object or shape has symmetry or is symmetrical when one half is the mirror image of the other half. ExampleTTableA way of presenting information in rows and columns for easy interpretation. ExampleWhat pets do you own? Take away
ExampleTangentA straight line that touches a circle or curve at only one point. ExampleTen frameAn empty chart that has 2 rows of 5. This frame helps children to visualise the numbers 1 to 10. ExampleTessellatingFits together without any spaces or overlaps. ExampleTetrahedronA 3D (three-dimensional) object with 4 faces. ExampleThree-dimensional
ExampleA solid has 3 dimensions Three-dimensional object (3D)Has 3 dimensions – length, width and breadth – and has surfaces that are curved, flat or a combination of both. Flat surfaces that meet at the edges are called faces. ExampleA solid has 3 dimensions Times tablesThe products of numbers 0 to 10 multiplied by each other. Students are encouraged to learn and appreciate a range of mental strategies to work out the answers. Multiplications may be shown in an organised way (such as the examples below) to assist in memorising the answers. Multiplication tables and times tables are interchangeable terms ExamplesThe 5 times tables: 1 × 5 = 5 2 × 5 = 10 3 × 5 = 15 4 × 5 = 20 5 × 5 = 25 6 × 5 = 30 7 × 5 = 35 8 × 5 = 40 9 × 5 = 45 10 × 5 = 50 TradingChanging a quantity into smaller or bigger parts without changing its value. This method is used to make calculations easier. Example541 minus 127 involves trading: TranslationThe result of sliding a figure without turning or flipping it, while maintaining its size. ExampleTransversalA straight line that crosses two or more other lines. ExampleTrapeziumA quadrilateral with at least one set of parallel lines. ExampleTravel graphs
ExampleDan's walking track Tree diagramA branching diagram used to list all the outcomes in a sequence of events. TriangleA polygon with 3 straight sides and 3 angles. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. ExampleTriangular numbersNumber that can be represented by a triangular pattern of dots. ExampleThe first three triangular numbers 1, 3 and 6 can be represented by: Triangular prism
ExampleTriangular pyramidA pyramid with a triangle as its base. Its other faces are triangles that meet at a common point (vertex). ExampleTurn
ExampleTurn around facts
Twenty-four hour time
Example7:30 in the morning is 07:30, but 7:30 at night is 19:30 (midday 12:00 plus 7 1/2 hours). Two-dimensional (2D)Two-dimensional defines a space as having length and width. Two-dimensional and 2D are interchangeable terms ExampleA flat shape has 2 dimensions UUniform cross-sectionA cross section that is the same size and shape throughout a solid. ExampleThis solid has a uniform cross-section: This solid does not have a uniform cross-section: Unit fractionA fraction that has a numerator of 1. ExampleUnits of areaStandard area units include:
Examples
Units of lengthStandard length units include:
ExampleUnits of timeTime is measured in units such as seconds, minutes, and hours:
ExampleUnits of volumeStandard volume units include:
Examples
VVertex
ExampleA cube has 8 vertices VerticalA line that is at right angles to a horizontal plane. ExampleVertical algorithmA step-by-step method of addition, subtraction, multiplication or division. ExampleVertically opposite anglesVertically opposite angles are created when two lines cross. These angles are equal in size. ExampleAngles a and b are vertically opposite angles ViewSolid shapes look different depending on where they are seen from, eg front view, side view, top view. ExampleDifferent views of this solid VolumeThe amount of space taken up by an object or substance, measured in cubic units. ExampleThis shape has a volume of 6 cubic units WWeightMass and weight are interchangeable in everyday usage but weight is a force which changes with gravity, while mass remains constant. ExampleWWhole numberAny number that is not or does not include a fraction or a decimal. Example2 or 84 or 6000 ZZero indexAny non-zero number to the power of zero is equal to one. Example20 = 1, 50 = 1, 230 = 1
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