When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger of collision?

Refer to CASR Part 91.D.4.4

The basic rule is as follows: “A flight crew member must, during a flight, maintain vigilance, so far as weather conditions permit, to see and avoid other aircraft.” The regulations construct a table of scenarios that must be followed in the given circumstances.

Converging Aircraft

When two aircraft are on converging headings at approximately the same height, the aircraft that has the other on its right must give way, except, an aircraft mentioned in the following list must give way to an aircraft listed above it in the list:

• a balloon;
• a person descending by parachute;
• an unpowered glider;
• an airship;
• an aircraft that is towing something (including another aircraft);
• a power‑driven aircraft.

For example, if a balloon is converging with a power-driven aircraft, then the balloon has right of way.

When two aircraft are approaching head-on and there is danger of collision, both aircraft shall alter its heading to the right.

On Approach

When two heavier‑than‑air aircraft are conducting an approach to land at an aerodrome, the higher aircraft must give way to the lower aircraft.

However, if the higher aircraft is in the final stages of an approach to land, the lower aircraft must not take advantage of the higher aircraft’s need to comply with the above regulation to cut in front of the higher aircraft. Note that a power‑driven heavier‑than‑air aircraft must give way to an unpowered glider.

Emergency Situations

Any other aircraft must give way to the aircraft that is compelled to land, i.e., during an emergency (such as an engine failure).

Landing Aircraft

Any other aircraft (whether in flight or operating on the ground or water) must give way to the aircraft that is landing.

“When two aircraft are approaching head-on, or approximately so, in the air and there is a danger of collision, each shall alter its course to the right.” (CAA)

When two aeroplanes are flying on crossing tracks the aircraft which flies from right to left has the right of priority.

When two or more aircraft are on final approach the lower aircraft has the right of way unless ATC has already specified a landing order.

Air Navigation order – Schedule 1 Rules of the Air - Section 4 – 10

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(1) A jet airliner has the right of way over all other aircraft

(2) An aircraft towing objects has the right of way over all power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft.

(3) An aeroplane has the right of way over all other aircraft which are converging from the left.

(4) Aeroplanes towing gliders must give way to helicopters.

(1) both aircraft shall alter heading to the left.

(2) the aircraft on the right shall avoid the other by descending.

(4) the aircraft that has the other on its left shall give way.

(1) Gliders shall give way to helicopters.

(2) Aeroplanes shall give way to power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft.

(3) Gliders shall give way to aeroplanes.

1.04 When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, which statement applies?

(1) Gliders shall give way to helicopters.

(2) Aeroplanes shall give way to helicopters.

(3) Helicopters shall give way to aeroplanes.

1.05 When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, which statement applies?

(1) Gliders shall give way to helicopters.

(2) Aeroplanes shall give way to helicopters.

(3) Helicopters shall give way to aeroplanes.

1.06 When converging at approximately the same altitude

(1) balloons shall give way to hang gliders.

(3) balloons shall give way to gliders.

(4) balloons shall give way to airships.

1.07 When two power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude,

(1) the one on the left has the right of way.

(2) both shall alter heading to the left.

(4) the one on the right shall give way by descending.

1.08 When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger of collision, each pilot shall

(1) decrease airspeed.

(2) increase airspeed.

(4) alter heading to the left.

1.09 When overtaking an aircraft at your 12 o'clock position, at your altitude, you should

(1) climb.

(2) descend.

(4) alter heading to the left.

1.10 Two aircraft are on approach to land, the aircraft at the higher altitude shall

(1) have the right of way.

(2) overtake the lower aircraft on the left.

(4) complete a 360° turn to the right.

Page 2

PSTAR Question Sections

1.0 COLLISION AVOIDANCE

2.0 VISUAL SIGNALS

3.0 COMMUNICATIONS

4.0 AERODROMES

5.0 EQUIPMENT

6.0 PILOT RESPONSIBILITIES

7.0 WAKE TURBULENCE

8.0 AEROMEDICAL

9.0 FLIGHT PLANS AND FLIGHT ITINERARIES

10.0 CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONS

11.0 AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

12.0 REGULATIONS - GENERAL AIRSPACE

13.0 CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

14.0 AVIATION OCCURRENCES

15.0 PIE CHOICES

Page 3

3.01 When making initial contact with a Canadian ATC unit, the pilot of aircraft C-GFLU should transmit the registration as

(1) Lima - Uniform over.

(2) Foxtrot - Lima - Uniform over.

(4) Charlie - Golf - Foxtrot - Lima - Uniform over.

3.02 When making initial contact with a Canadian ATC unit, the pilot of aircraft C-FBSQ should transmit the registration as

(1) FBSQ.

(2) Fox, Baker, Sugar, Queen.

(4) Bravo, Sierra, Quebec.

3.03 After a Canadian privately registered aircraft has made initial contact with an ATS unit, which items may be omitted from subsequent transmissions? The aircraft type and

(1) any registration letters omitted by ATS in the last communication.

(2) the first two letters of the registration, if initiated by ATS.

(3) the first three letters of the registration.

(4) the phonetic equivalents.

3.04 On initial radio contact with an ATS unit the pilot shall transmit the

(2) last three letters of the registration in phonetics.

(3) whole registration in phonetics.

(4) type of aircraft and the last three letters of the registration in phonetics.

3.05 ATIS is normally provided

(1) to replace the FSS.

(3) for the rapid updating of weather forecasts.

(4) only when VFR conditions exist at airports.

3.06 Where ATIS is available the information which should be included on first contact with ATC is the

(1) phrase "with the numbers".

(2) phrase "ATIS received".

(3) phrase "with the information".

3.07 Whenever practicable, pilots operating VFR en route in uncontrolled airspace should continuously monitor

(2) 123.2 MHz.

(3) 122.8 MHz.

(4) 122.2 MHz.

3.08 En route aircraft should, whenever possible, maintain a listening watch for aircraft in distress on

(1) the receiver mode of the ELT.

(3) 121.5 during the first 5 minutes of each hour.

(4) the voice frequency of the navigation aid in use.

3.09 The specific frequency, distance and altitude within which MF procedures are to be followed are given in the

(2) Designated Airspace Handbook.

(3) A.I.P. Canada.

(4) Flight Training Manual.

3.10 Pilots broadcasting on a MF where no ground station is in operation should direct their transmission to the

(1) aerodrome UNICOM.

(2) closest ATC unit.

(4) first aircraft heard on the frequency.

3.11 Pilots operating in VMC and intending to land at aerodromes where no UNICOM exists, should broadcast their intentions on the ATF of

(1) 121.5 MHz.

(2) 122.2 MHz.

(4) 126.7 MHz.

3.12 If a MF is in use, pilots departing VFR shall monitor that frequency until

(2) established en route.

(3) established at cruise altitude.

(4) clear of the aerodrome circuit pattern.

3.13 A pilot is cleared to taxi to the runway in use without a hold short clearance. To get there, the aircraft must cross two taxiways and one runway. This authorizes the pilot to taxi to

(1) the runway in use, but must hold short.

(2) the runway in use, but further clearance is required to cross each taxiway and runway en route.

(3) position on the runway without further clearance.

(4) the runway in use, but further clearance is required to cross the other runway.

3.14 Ground control authorizes " GOLF ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE TAXI RUNWAY 29 HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY 04". The pilot should acknowledge this by replying "GOLF ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE TO

(1) RUNWAY 04".

(2) RUNWAY 29".

(3) HOLD SHORT OF 29".

3.15 When a clearance for an "immediate take-off" is accepted, the pilot shall

(1) back-track on the runway to use the maximum available length for take-off.

(2) taxi to a full stop in position on the runway and take off without further clearance.

(4) complete the pre-take-off check before taxiing onto the runway and taking off.

3.16 A pilot flying a heading of 270°, receives the following message from ATC, "Traffic 2 o'clock, 5 miles, eastbound". This information indicates the traffic is

(1) 60° to the left, altitude unknown.

(3) 90° to the right, at same altitude.

(4) 90° to the left, at same altitude.

3.17 A pilot receives the following ATC clearance "CLEARED TO LAND, TURN RIGHT AT THE FIRST INTERSECTION". The pilot should

(1) land and attempt to turn off even though the speed is considered too high to safely accomplish the turn.

(2) complete a touch-and-go if it is not possible to safely accomplish the turn.

(4) land and do a 180° turn and taxi back to clear the runway at the required intersection.

3.18 The radiotelephone distress signal to indicate grave and/or imminent danger requiring immediate assistance is

(2) PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN.

(3) SECURITY, SECURITY, SECURITY.

(4) EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY.

3.19 The radiotelephone urgency signal to indicate a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft, vehicle or of some person on board which does not require immediate assistance is

(1) MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY.

(3) EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY.

(4) URGENCY,URGENCY, URGENCY.

3.20 What should be included along with the call sign of the aircraft and time, to indicate cancellation of a distress message?

(1) MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY, ALL STATIONS, DISTRESS TRAFFIC ENDED, OUT.

(3) MAYDAY CANCELLED, MAYDAY CANCELLED, MAYDAY CANCELLED.

(4) ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS, EMERGENCY OVER.

3.21 A departing flight will normally remain on tower frequency until

(1) the flight is 2,000 feet AGL.

(2) 25 NM from the airport.

(3) 15 NM from the Control Zone.

3.22 You advise ATC that you are on the downwind leg. If there is other traffic in the circuit, ATC will then

(2) inform you of the runway in use, wind and altimeter.

(3) advise you of all other circuit traffic.

(4) clear you to land.

3.23 A radio equipped aircraft has been cleared to land at a controlled airport. The pilot should acknowledge the clearance by

(1) replying "Roger".

(2) replying "Wilco".

(3) clicking the microphone button.

3.24 An initial call to Timmins FSS should be "Timmins

(2) Flight Service Station this is..."

(3) UNICOM this is..."

(4) this is..."

3.25 A responsibility of a flight service specialist is to provide

(1) air traffic control.

(3) air traffic service in uncontrolled airspace only.

(4) terminal radar service.

3.26 NOTAM are

(2) mailed to all pilots.

(3) issued for airport facility closures only.

(4) valid for 24 hours.

3.27 A new or replacing NOTAM without the term "APRX" is valid

(1) for 48 hours only.

(2) for the day it was issued.

(4) until a cancelling NOTAM is issued.

3.28 The term "APRX" when contained in a new or replacing NOTAM means the NOTAM is valid

(1) for approximately 24 hours.

(2) for approximately 48 hours.

(3) until the time quoted in the NOTAM.

3.29 Your radio transmissions are reported READABILITY THREE. This means that your transmissions are

(1) readable now and then.

(3) readable.

(4) perfectly readable.

Page 4

13.01 "Controlled Airspace" means all airspace of defined dimensions within which

(1) Control Zone regulations are in force.

(2) security regulations are in force.

(3) Special VFR flight only is permitted.

13.02 When in VFR flight within controlled airspace, a pilot must remain clear of cloud by at least

(2) 500 feet vertically and 2,000 feet horizontally.

(3) 1,000 feet vertically and 1 mile horizontally.

(4) 1,000 feet vertically and 3 miles horizontally.

13.03 The minimum flight visibility for VFR flight within a low level airway is

(1) 1 mile.

(2) 1½ miles.

(3) 2 miles.

13.04 When in VFR flight within a Control Zone, a pilot must remain clear of cloud by at least

(1) 500 feet vertically and 2,000 feet horizontally.

(3) 1,000 feet vertically and 1 mile horizontally.

(4) 1,000 feet vertically and 3 miles horizontally.

13.05 VFR cross-country pilots wishing to cross through any part of a Class C Control Zone should

(1) advise the associated FSS.

(2) monitor the Approach Control frequency.

(4) conform with circuit direction at that airport.

13.06 ATC may authorize an aeroplane equipped with a functioning two-way radio to transit a Control Zone under day Special VFR provided the flight visibility and, when reported, ground visibility, are each not less than ....

(1) 1/2 mile.

(3) 2 miles.

(4) 3 miles.

13.07 ATC may authorize a helicopter equipped with a functioning two-way radio to transit a Control Zone under day Special VFR where the flight visibility and, when reported, ground visibility are each not less than ....

(1) 1 mile and operated at not less than 500 feet AGL.

(3) 1 mile.

(4) 1/2 mile and operated at not less than 500 feet AGL.

13.08 An aircraft flying in accordance with Special VFR would be flying within

(2) an Aerodrome Traffic Zone.

(3) a Terminal Control Area.

(4) an airway.

13.09 An arriving VFR flight shall make initial radio contact with the control tower

(1) upon entering an Aerodrome Traffic Zone.

(3) immediately prior to joining the circuit.

(4) immediately after entering a Control Zone.

13.10 VFR flight within Class B airspace is permitted

(1) only when the flight visibility is 5 miles or better.

(2) for all aircraft except gliders and balloons.

(3) if the pilot holds a Class B Airspace Endorsement.

13.11 The pilot of an arriving VFR flight shall make initial radio contact with a control tower in Class C airspace

(1) immediately after entering the Control Zone.

(2) 10 NM outside the Control Zone.

(4) immediately prior to joining the circuit.

13.12 Unless otherwise authorized, a pilot on a VFR flight operating within a Class C Terminal Control Area must

(1) exit the airspace whenever the weather deteriorates below VFR limits.

(2) establish radio contact with the appropriate ATC unit only when transiting the associated Control Zone.

(4) contact Radar Service only when taking off or landing at the major airport concerned.

Page 5

11.01 In an emergency requiring the use of an ELT, it should be turned on

(2) at the ETA in the flight plan.

(3) for the first five minutes of each hour UTC.

(4) during daylight hours only to conserve the battery.

11.02 An aircraft's ELT may be switched to transmit for test purposes anytime

(1) following a hard landing.

(3) following a component or battery change.

(4) prior to flight and listening on 121.5 MHz.

11.03 Before shutting down you can verify that the aircraft's ELT is not transmitting by

(1) checking that the ELT switch is in the off position.

(3) ensuring that the master switch is off.

(4) checking the ELT visual warning light.

11.04 All accidental ELT activations should be reported to the

(1) airport manager.

(2) R.C.M.P.

(3) Minister.

11.05 When an aircraft engine is left running on the ground and no person remains onboard, the aircraft's movement must be restricted and

(1) it must remain in sight of the pilot at all times.

(3) its gross weight must be below 4,409 LB (2,000 kg).

(4) its control locks must be installed.

11.06 When confronted with an approaching thunderstorm, a take-off or landing

(2) is safe if you can see under the thunderstorm through to the other side.

(3) should be avoided unless the take-off can be made away from the thunderstorm.

(4) is safe of the thunderstorm is regarded as "light".

11.07 An isolated thunderstorm is in close proximity to your aerodrome of intended landing. You should

(1) land giving due consideration to wind shear on final approach.

(3) land as quickly as possible.

(4) add one-half the wind gust factor to the recommended landing speed and land.

11.08 The take-off thrust blast danger area includes at least that area extending back from the tail of a medium size jet transport aeroplane for

(2) 900 feet.

(3) 500 feet.

(4) 450 feet.

11.09 The ground idle blast danger area extends back from the tail of a jumbo jet aeroplane for at least

(1) 200 feet.

(2) 450 feet.

(4) 750 feet.

11.10 The ground idle blast danger area extends back from the tail of a medium size jet aeroplane for at least

(1) 200 feet.

(3) 600 feet.

(4) 750 feet.

11.11 The ground idle blast danger area extends back from the tail of an executive jet aeroplane for

(2) 450 feet.

(3) 600 feet.

(4) 750 feet.

11.12 A 45 KT blast area can be expected ..... behind the propellers of a large turbo-prop aeroplane during taxi.

(2) 80 feet.

(3) 100 feet.

(4) 120 feet.

11.13 At the request of the pilot, VHF direction finding stations normally provide a homing service

(1) only in Class B airspace.

(2) only after declaration of an emergency on 121.5 MHz.

(3) on the approach control frequency.

11.14 VDF steers are intended to provide directional assistance to VFR flights

(2) on routine navigational trips.

(3) cleared for Special VFR.

(4) in uncontrolled airspace.

11.15 You are uncertain of your position and have requested a VDF steer to an airport. You should be aware that

(1) avoiding other traffic is your responsibility but terrain clearance will be provided.

(3) traffic avoidance and terrain clearance will be provided.

(4) traffic avoidance will be provided but terrain clearance is your responsibility.

11.16 ATC advises that simultaneous operations (SIRO) are in progress at an airport. Pilots could expect a clearance to

(1) take off over top of an aircraft on an intersecting runway.

(2) take off on a specified parallel runway.

(4) land on a specified parallel runway.

11.17 When issued a clearance to land and hold short of an intersecting runway, pilots

(1) shall comply regardless of the circumstances.

(2) may taxi across the intersection after the departing or arriving aircraft has cleared their path.

(3) who inadvertently go through the intersection should immediately do a 180° turn and backtrack to the hold position.

Page 6

PSTAR Question Sections

1.0 COLLISION AVOIDANCE

2.0 VISUAL SIGNALS

3.0 COMMUNICATIONS

4.0 AERODROMES

5.0 EQUIPMENT

6.0 PILOT RESPONSIBILITIES

7.0 WAKE TURBULENCE

8.0 AEROMEDICAL

9.0 FLIGHT PLANS AND FLIGHT ITINERARIES

10.0 CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONS

11.0 AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

12.0 REGULATIONS - GENERAL AIRSPACE

13.0 CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

14.0 AVIATION OCCURRENCES

15.0 PIE CHOICES