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Sighting an approaching vessel against components of the ship’s structure may give a rough indication of whether there is risk of collision and may provide sufficient basis for deciding whether to make a bold alteration to pass astern of a vessel being overtaken or crossing from the starboard side. From: A Guide to the Collision Avoidance Rules (Seventh Edition), 2012
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The Collision Regulations govern marine traffic behaviour and patterns to reduce the risk of collisions at sea. These regulations are the "rules of road." They set out the rules between vessels underway and for vessels meeting head-on, crossing and overtaking when in sight of one another and when visibility is restricted.
The Collision Regulations apply to all vessels, from small boats up to large freighters, on all navigable waters in Canada and, with some modifications, are the same as international requirements.
This guide covers general rules of navigation for common situations in good visibility that all small vessel operators must know and remember22. To learn what to do in other situations, such as when you cannot see other vessels because of rain or fog, refer directly to the Collision Regulations, Schedule 1, Part B.
Constant LookoutOperators must maintain a constant all-around lookout by sight and hearing. You must use every available means, including radar and radio (if equipped), to determine whether there is any risk of collision with another vessel. NavigationSafe SpeedYou must always operate your vessel at a safe speed so that you can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and stop within a proper distance for the circumstances and conditions. In the Canadian waters of a roadstead (a partly sheltered anchorage), harbour, river, lake or inland waterway, every vessel passing another vessel or work that includes a dredge, tow, grounded vessel or wreck must proceed with caution at a speed that will not adversely affect the vessel or work being passed and comply with relevant content of any Notice to Mariners or Notice to Shipping. A general speed limit of 10 km/h within 30 metres of shore is in force23 for all power-driven vessels on:
unless the river is less than 100 metres wide, or the vessel is travelling in canals or buoyed channels, or another speed limit is in effect. Power-Driven VesselsA power-driven vessel is any vessel propelled by machinery. Crossing Situation in Sight of One AnotherFigure 12-1 Crossing Situation  Figure 12-2 Head-on Approach If a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel from your port side and poses a risk of collision, you are the "stand-on" vessel. Maintain your course and speed unless you see that the "give-way"vessel is not taking appropriate action. The other vessel is the "give-way" vessel and is required to keep out of your way (see Figure 12-1). If a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel from your starboard side and poses a risk of collision, you are the “give-way” vessel. You must keep out of the way and avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel. The other vessel is the "stand-on" vessel and will maintain its course and speed. Meeting or Head-On Situation in Sight of One AnotherIf a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel head-on or nearly head-on, where there is a possible risk of collision, you should alter your course to starboard so that the other vessel will pass on your port side. The other vessel must take the same action, so that you will pass on its port side (see Figure 12-2). Figure 12-3 Sectors of a Vessel Passing or OvertakingIf you are approaching another vessel to pass, you must keep out of its way. A vessel is considered to be overtaking another vessel if it approaches from a direction within the stern sector (see Figure 12-3). Keeping out of the WayPower-driven vessels must keep out of the way of sailing vessels, vessels engaged in fishing, vessels that are not able to manoeuvre, as well as rowing boats and other craft with restricted handling.You must take early action to keep clear of these vessels unless being overtaken by one of them. Vessels less than 20 metres long and fishing vessels must not get in the way of larger vessels within a narrow channel. When changing course or speed to keep out of the way of another vessel, make it clearly visible to the stand-on vessel that you have taken appropriate action. If you are not sure what another vessel is going to do, give 5 short blasts on your whistle. If the vessel doesn't make a clear change in course, change your course to get out of its way. Take it with you: You can order a free, waterproof quick reference card that explains the basic rules of the road from the Transport Canada website. Search shop.tc.gc.ca for Rules of the Road ( TP 14352). More InformationTo consult your local Transport Canada Centre, see Appendix 2. Previous page | Next page
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. The Collision Regulations stipulate that in all pleasure craft and vessels, someone must maintain a proper lookout, at all times, for other vessels or pleasure crafts in order to reduce the chance of a collision between two or more pleasure crafts. At all times the pleasure craft’s operator must have a clear view of the waterways that he/she is navigating on. It is up to the operator of a pleasure craft to know and apply the International Regulations for preventing collisions at sea, and the Canadian modifications upon the high seas, and in all waterways connected therein, which are navigable by vessels. Collision regulationsFollowing a collision between two boats, make certain everyone is accounted for and check for injuries. Ensure that passengers and crew members are wearing a PFD. The Small Vessel Regulations require that certain vessels carry an emergency kit. Keep the proper equipment and supplies onboard to stop hull leaks and make minor on-water repairs. If you are involved in an accident:
Overtaking another vesselA vessel overtaking an other vessel shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly. Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision must be important (noticable) enough to be easily seen by another vessel observing by sight or radar; a succession of small changes of course and/or speed, should be avoided. Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be to result in passing at a safe distance. This action will be taken in such a manner to be effective and safe, until the time that the other vessel is finally past and clear. If necessary, a vessel shall reduce her speed to avoid collision with an other vessel. Power-driven vessels crossingWhen two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if such are the circumstances, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel. The operator of a powerboat should maintain his course when being approached on his port side by another powerboat.
Meeting SituationIn a meeting situation neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. It is generally accepted that you should alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port. What should is a give-way vessel do?Every give-way vessel should keep out of the way of a stand-on vessel, so far as is possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear. What should a stand-on vessel do?The Stand-on vessel should maintain its course and speed. The give-away vessel, may however take action to avoid collision if it is clear that the vessel which should be keeping out of the way is not taking appropriate action. A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
A sailboat underway shall keep out of the way of:
A fishing boat when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
Meeting situations sound signals (short blasts)One short blast - I intend to alter my course to starboard.
Two short blasts - I intend to alter my course to port.
Three short blasts - I am operating astern propulsion (backing up).
Five or more short and rapid blasts - Danger or doubt signal (I don’t understand your intent).
Risk of Collision, states that every vessel shall use all available means to determine if risk of collision exists; if there is any doubt, assume that it does exist. Risk of collision shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing from your vessel to an approaching vessel does not change. Constant bearing decreasing range (CBDR) is the term we use to describe this situation. Collision risk may sometimes exist even when appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a vessel towing or when approaching a vessel at very close ranges Back to the safe boating course review |
What should you do if you are operating power-driven vessel A and power-driven vessel B begins to cross on your starboard side?
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