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39-
ENLARGED EDITION
MOREAY'S ABRIDGED
ENGLISH GKAMMAH;
NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
OH ALL BRANCHES OF THE 3UBJEC11
BY THE KEY. DR. GILES,
LONDON: [''
PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DiRlftrtt^
LONQHAN, ORME, BROWN, OREEN, AND l*?S<iffig
AND a. B. WHITTAKER AND cn -iQ
Price £igUeen PeiMx.
~7 ''i- ^
lomov:
Printed by X.SwrmswooDi,
PREFACE.
Of all the writers on English Grammar,
Lindley Murray has enjoyed by far the
greatest share of popularity; and the fact
that his little Abridgment of his own work,
having gone through one hundred and twenty-
three editions, is at present sold most exten*
sively in stereotype, must be a convincing
proof that the author and his work have not
yet begun to experience any change of popu-
lar opinion.
It has been thought that a new edition of
this Abridgment, augmented and adapted to
the use of the intermediate classes of learners,
may be a useful volume in the hands of the
English teacher. Besides those, to whom
the smaller Abridgment is serviceable, there
are others to whom the tutor would gladly
convey a little more extended inSoTiSksaX^a^ ^^
the subject of their grammaticaX. ^Voi^^ \ ^^^^cA^
1
I
IV PREFACE-
3t might be considered highly useful for those
who have gone through tlie small volume, to
retrace their steps and take an enlarged view
of the ground which they have traversed.
Moreover, as example is always better than
precept, the utility of analysing the whole
subject of English Grammar by means oi
copious exercises, must be evident to all.
With these views, the present volume is
sent forth, being, as it were, an enlarged
Abridgment of Lindley Murray, and contain-
ing examples and exercises so numerous that
a pupil, who has gone through them all, may
be fairly supposed to possess a very compe-
tent and satisfactory knowledge of the subject.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
English Grammar is the art of speaking and
writing the English language with propriety.
It is divided into four parts^ viz. Orthogra-
phy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
LETTERS.
Orthography teaches the nature and powers of
letters, and the just method of spelling words.
A letter is the first principle, or least part, of a
word.
The letters of the English language, called the
English Alphabet, are twenty-six in number.
These letters are the representatives of certain
urticulate sounds, which are the elements of the
inguage. An articulate sound is the sound of
\e human voice, formed by the organs of speedi*
B
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The following is a list of the Roman and ]
Characters: —
Roman. Italic. Name.
Cq>.
SmalL
Cap.
Small.
A
a
A
a
ai
B
b
B
b
bee
e
c
C
c
see
D
d
D
d
dee
£
e
E
e
ee
F
G
H
f
g
h
F
G
H
f
jee
aitch
I
J
K
L
•
1
•
J
k
1
I
J
K
L
•
t
•
i or eye
j^y
kay
el
M
m
M
m
em
N
n
N
n
en
O
o
P
Q
P
q
P
Q
P
9
pee
cite
R
r
R
r
ar
S
s
S
s
ess
T
t
T
t
tee
U
V
u
▼
U
V
u
V
u or you
vee
w
• W
w
w
double u
X
X
X
X
eks
Y
Z
J
z
Y
Z
y
z
wy
zed
ORTHOGRAPHY. 3
Letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
A vowel is an articulate sound, that can be
perfectly uttered by itself: as, a, e, o; which are
formed without the help of any other sound.
A consonant is an articulate sound, which can-
not be perfectly uttered without the help of a
vowel; as, h^d^fyl; which require vowels to
express them fully.
The vowels are, a, «, t, o, Uy and sometimes w
andy.
W and y are consonants when they begin a
word or syllable; but in every other situation
they are vowels.
Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-
vowels.
The mutes cannot be sounded at all without
the aid of a vowel. They are 6, /?, ^, dL, k, and c
and g hard.
The semi-vowels have an imperfect sound of
themselves. They are^ /, m, n, r, «, v, x, z, and
e and g soft.*
Four of the semi. vowels, namely Z, my w, r, are
also distinguished by the name of liquids, from
* For the distinction between the nature and the name
of a consonant, see 12mo. Grammar, jFt/TeenM, or any sub-
sequent edition, p. 19.
B 2
4 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
their readily uniting with other consonants, and
flowing as it were into their sounds.
A diphthong is the union of two Towels, pro-
nounced by a single impulse of the Toice ; as ea
in beat, ou in sound, ai in faith, oy in boy, eu in
feud^ 00 in foot, oa in boat.
A triphthong is the union of three vowels, pro-
nounced in like manner ; as eau in beau, iew in
view.
A proper diphthong is that in which both the
Toweld are sounded; as oi in voice, ou in ounce.
An improper diphthong has but one of the
vowels sounded ; as ea in eagle, oa in boat.
SYLLABLES.
A syllable is a sound either simple or com-
pound, pronounced by a single impulse of the
voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word ;
as, a, an, ant, ajid fa in father.
Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words
into their syllables ; or of expressing a word by
its proper letters.* ■
* Dr. Johnson's Dictionary is the best standard of Eng-
lish orthography.
ETYMOLOGY.
WORDS.
Words are articulate sounds, used, by common
consent, as signs of our ideas.
A word of one syllable is termed a mono-
syllable ; as, boy, good : a word of two syllables^
a dissyllable ; as, woman : a word of three sylla-
bles, a trisyllabic ; as, grandfather : and a word
of four or more syllables, a polysyllable ; as, pre-
ferable, indubitable.
All words are either primitive or derivative.
A primitive word is that which cannot be re-
duced to any simpler word in the language ; as,
man, good, content.
Simple words are variously divided by different
writers; as, pol-ish orpo-lish, cov-etor co-vet,&c.
A derivative word is that which may be re-
duced to another word in English of greater
simplicity; as, manful, goodness, contentment,
Yorkshire*
ETYMOLOGY.
The second part of Grammar is Etymology;
which treats of the different sorts of words, their
various modifications, and their detvv«Xvsii%%
B 3
6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
There are in English nine sorts of words, or^
as they are commonly called, parts of speech ;
namely, the article, the substantive or noun,
the adjective, the pronoun, the verb, the
adverb, the preposition, the conjunction,
and the interjection.
1. An Article is a word prefixed to substan-
tives, to point them out, and to show how far
their signification extends; as, a garden, an
eagle, the woman.
2. A Substantive or noun is the name of any
thing that exists, or of which we have any no-
tion ; as, Londony man^ virtue.
A substantive may, in general, be distinguished by its
taking an article before it, or by its making sense of itself;
as, a hook, the sun^ an apple ; temperance, industry, chutity.
3. An Adjective is a word added to a substan-
tive, to express its quality; as, an industrious
man, a virtuous woman.
An adjective may be known by its making sense with
the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thing, a had
thing : or with the addition of any substantive whatever ;
as, a iweet apple, a pleasant prospect.
4. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun,
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same
word; as, The man is happy ; ftc la benevolent ;
^ is useful.
ETYMOLOGY. 7
5. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to
DO, or to SUFFER ; as, "I am^ I rw/g, I am
ruledr
A Verb may generally be distinguished by its making
sense with any of the personal pronouns, or the word to, be-
fore it; as, I wdOif he plays, they write j or, to walk, to play,
to write,
6. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a
verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another
adverb, to express some quality, or circumstance
respecting it; as, he reads well; a trul^ good
man ; he writes veiy correctly.
An adverb may be generally known by its answering to
the question. How ? How much ? When ? or Where ? as,
in the phrase, " He reads correcUy, " the answer to the ques-
tion, How does he read ? is, correctly,
7. Prepositions serve to connect words with
one another, and to show the relation betweefl
them ; as, " He went from London to York ;"
" she is above disguise ;" " they are supported by
industry."
A preposition may be known by its admittmg after it a
personal pronoun in the objective case ; as, with, for, to, &c.
which will allow the objective case after them ; as, with Aim,
for her, to them, &c.
8» A Conjunction is a part of speech that is
chieflj used to connect senteucea^ *^ ^&> ^'^ ^
two or wore sentences^ to make\»3A.Wkft\V^^^'^^^*
8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
times connects only words ; as, " Thou and he
are happy, because you are good." " Two and
three are five."
9. An Inteijection is a word used to express
some passion or emotion of the mind ; as, " Oh !
I have alienated my friend ; alas I I fear for
Ufe."
ARTICLE.
An Article is a word prefixed to substantives,
to point them out, and to show how far their
signification extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the
woman.
In English there are but two articles, a and the;
a becomes an before a vowel, and before a silent
A; as, an acorn, an hour. But if the h be
sounded, the a only is to be used ; as, a hand, a
heait, a highway.
To this rule there are some exceptions ; thus
we say. An heroic act, an historical composition.
27 long at the beginning of a word is made up
of the sound of initial y and o in move : it there-
fore requires the article a before it and npt an ;
as, a unit, a union, but an uninterrupted business.
A or an is styled the indefinite article : it is
ETYMOLOGY. 9
used in a vague sense, to point out one single
thing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate;
as, " Give me a book ;" " Bring me an apple."
TTie is called the definite article, because it
ascertains what particular thing or things are
meant ; as, " Give me the book ;" " Bring me
the apples ;" meaning some particular book, or
apples, referred to.
A substantive, without any article to limit it, is
generally taken in its widest sense ; as, '< A can*
did temper is proper for man ;* that is, for all
mankind.
A or an is in general used before nouns of the
singular number only; as^ a tall man, a fine
horse. It is however used before certain nouns
of the plural number; as, a few apples, a great
many pears.
The is in general *used before nouns, whether
of the singular or of the plural number ; as, the
good many the good men. It is also used before
certain adverbs of the comparative and superla-
tive degrees ; as, " the more I read this book, the
better I like it ;" " He did his lesson the best"
No article is used before nouns, when the whole
class is signified ; as, Man possesses reasoning
powers ; beasts do not.
10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The article the is sometimes prefixed to a noun
of general signification in the singular number, to
denote the whole class ; as, '^ The lion is more
generous than the tiger ^ i. e. lions are more
generous than tigers.
SUBSTANTIVE.*
A substantive or noun is the name of any
thing which exists, or of which we have any notion;
as, LondoTiy many virtue.
Substantives are either proper or common.
Proper substantives are the names appropriated
to individuals ; as, George^ London, Thames.
Common substantives stand for kinds contain,
ing many sorts, or for sorts containing many
individuals under them ; as animal, man, tree, &c.
* As soon as the learner has committed to memory the
definitions of the article and substantive, he should be em-
ployed in parsing these parts of speech, as they are arranged
in the corresponding Exercises, in the Appendix. The
learner should proceed in this manner, through all the de-
finitions and rules, regularly turning to, and parsing, the
exercises of one definition or rule, before he proceeds to
another. In the same order, he should be taught to correct
the erroneous examples in the Exercises. For further
directions respecting the mode of using the Exercises, see
^' JEnglisb Exercises,** Tenths or any subsequent Edition,
I>p. 9—12.
ETYMOLOGY. ]1 .
Substantives, denoting qualities of either per-
sons or things, are called abstract; as, virtucy
rice, misery.
To substantives belong gender^ number, and
case ; and they are all of the third person, when
spoken ofy and of the second, when spoken to ;
as, ^^ Blessings attend us on every side : Be grate-
ful, children of men I " that is, " ye children of
men."
GENDER.
Gender is the distinction of nouns, with regard
to sex. There are three genders, the Masculine,
tlie Feminine, and the Neuter.
The masculine gender denotes animals of the
male kind ; as, a man, a horse, a bull.
The feminine gender signifies animals of the
female kind ; as, a woman^ a duck, a hen.
The neuter gender denotes objects which are
neither males nor females ; as, a field, a house, a
garden.
Some nouns are conmion; t.e. either masculine
or feminine ; as, parent, child, infant, servant,
writer.
^ome substantives natuTaWy neviXjet ^x^^ \s^ ^
^gure offipeech, converted into i\ve xft3Mtfsv5&sva ^^
12
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
feminine gender ; as, when we say of the sun,
is setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c.
The English language has three methods
distinguishing the sex, viz.
1. By different words : as.
* Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.-
Bachelor.
f Maid or
\ Spinster.
Husband.
King.
Wife.
Queen.
Boar.
Sow.
Lad.
Lass.
Boy.
Girl.
Lord.
Lady.
Brother.
Sister.
Man.
Woman.
Buck.
Doe.
Master,
Mistress.
Bull.
Cow.
Milter.
Spawner.
BuUock,ox,")
o^ 5- Heifer.
or Steer. J
Nephew.
Ram.
Niece.
Ewe.
Cock.
Dog.
Hen.
Bitch.
Singer.
f Songstress or
\ Singer.
Drake.
Duck.
Sloven.
r Slut or
\ Sloven.
Earl. .
Countess.
Father.
Mother.
Son.
Daughter.
Friar.
Nun.
Stag.
Hind.
Gander.
Goose.
Uncle.
Aunt.
Hart
Roe.
Wizard.
Witch.
Horse.
Mare.
2. By a difference of termination ; as,
Abbot. Abbess. Baron. Baroness.
Actor. Actress. Bridegroom. Bride.
Administrator. Administratrix. Benefactor. Benefactres:
Adulterer. Adultress. Caterer. Cateress.
Ambassador. Ambassadress. Chanter. Chantress.
Arbiter, Arbitress. Conductor. Conductress
•
ETYMOLOGY.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Count.
Countess.
Patron.
Patroness.
Deacon.
Deaconess.
Peer.
Peeress.
Duke.
Duchess.
Poet.
Poetess.
Elector.
Electress.
Priest.
Priestess.
Emperor.
Empress.
Prince.
Princess.
Enchanter.
Enchantress.
Prior.
Prioress.
Executor.
Executrix.
Prophet.
Prophetess.
Governor.
Groverness.
Protector.
Protectress.
Heir.
Heiress.
Shepherd.
Shepherdess.
Hero.
Heroine.
Songster.
Songstress.
Hunter.
Huntress.
Sorcerer.
Sorceress.
Host.
Jew.
Hostess.
Jewess.
Sultan.
f Sultaness or
\ Sultana.
Landgrave.
Landgravine. '
Tiger.
Tigress.
Lion.
Lioness.
Traitor.
Traitress.
Margrave.
Margravine. .
Tutor.
Tutoress.
Marquis.
Marchioness.
Viscount.
• Viscountess.
Master.
Mistress.
Votary.
Votaress.
Mayor.
Mayoress.
Widower.
Widow.
13
3. By a noun, pronouU) or adjective, being pre-
fioced to the substantive ; as,
A cock-sparrow.
A man-servant.
A he-goat.
A he-bear.
A male child.
Male descendants.
A hen-sparrow.
A maid-servant.
A she-goat.
A she-bear.
A female child.
Female descendants.
14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
NUMBER.
Number is the consideration of an object,
one or more.
Substantives are of two numbers, the singul
and the plural.
The singular number expresses but one objec
as, a chair, a table.
The plural number signifies more objects th£
one ; as, chairs, tables.
Some nouns^ from the nature of the thin{
which they express, are used only in the singula
others only in the plural ; as, wheat, bread, pitcl
gold, sloth, pride, drunkenness, &c, which ai
of the singular; and bellows, scissors, ashe
riches, minutiae, &c.^ which are of the plur
number.
Nouns of the singular number, containin
many individuals, are called nouns of multitude
as, the people, the nobility.
Some words are the same in both numbers
as, deer, sheep, swine, apparatus, brace, dozei
species,,&c.
The plural number of nouns is generally forme
by adding s to the singular ; as, dove, doves; fac*
faces; thought, thoughts. But when the sul
ETYMOLOGY. 15
stantive singular ends in x^ ch, sh^ o, ss, or s, we
add es in the plural ; as, box, boxes ; churchy
churches; genius, geniuses; hero, heroes; kiss,
kisses; lash^ lashes; rebus, rebuses.
But nouns ending in ch hard, and many tech-
nical names ending in Op are exceptions to this
rule, and form their plural regularly; as, stomach,
stomachs; epoch, epochs ; folio, folios; trio, trios;
canto, cantos ; junto, juntos ; tyro, tyros ; solo,
solos ; quarto, quartos.
Nouns ending in / or fe, are sometimes ren-
dered plural by the change of those terminations
into ves ; as, loaf, loayes ; wife, wives. A large
number, however, form their plurals regularly by
adding s only ; as, dwarf, dwarfs ; chief, chiefs ;
gulf, gulfs ; hoof, hoofs ; and all those which end
ynff: as, mufiP, mu£Ps ; ruflP, ruflPs.
Such as have y in the singular, with no other
vowel in the same syllable, change it into ies in
the plural ; as, beauty, beauties ; fly, flies ; but
the y is not changed, when a vowel comes before
it ; as, key, keys ; delay, delays.
Nouns in um or on have a in the plural ; as,
stratum, strata ; memorandum, memoranda ; &c.
Nouns in is have es ; as, axis, axes ; basis^ bases.
A large number of other words, detivs^^S.^'CPccL
c ^
16 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
the Latin and other foreign languages, retain the
plurals, which they have in those languages ; as,
apex, apices; appendix, appendices or appen-
dexes ; calx, calces ; cherub, cherubim or che-
rubs; focus, foci or focuses ; genus, genera; in-
dex, indices or indexes ; lamina, laminae ; magus,
magi ; stamen, stamina ; seraph, seraphim or se-
raphs ; stimulus, stimuli ; virtuoso, virtuosi.
In general, common nouns only have a plural :
proper names, however, are also made plural
when several persons of the same name or family
are signified ; as, the Scotts, the Williams, the
Henries.
The old ending of plural substantives was €n,
which is still retained in some words ; as, ox, oxen ;
brother, brethren ; child, children.
CASE.
English substantives have three cases, the
Nominative, Possessive, and Objective.*
The nominative case simply expresses the name
of a thing, or the subject of the verb ; as, '* The
hoy plays ;" *' The girU learn."
-^^
* On the propriety of this objectiye case, see the Dao-
declmo grammar, Twdfthy or any subsequent edition, pp. 54^
ETYMOLOGY. 17
•
The possessive case denotes property or pos-
session ; and is formed by adding an apostrophe
with 8 to the nominative ; as, '* The scholar's
duty ; " " My father's house."
When the plural nominative ends in s, the pos-
sessive is formed by adding the apostrophe only ;
as, " On eagles' wings ;" " The drapers' com-
pany."
Sometimes, also, when the singular ends in ss,
the apostrophic s is not added ; as, '< For good-
ness' sake ;" '^ For righteousness' sake."
If two or more possessive cases are coupled to-
gether by a conjunction, the apostrophe and s are
added only to the last ; as, '< John and Richard*s
father is come."
If any word or words immediately follow the
possessive, describing more accurately the person
or thing intended, the apostrophic s is placed
ifter them ; as, " The King of England's crown ;"
e, the crown of the King of England.
In many cases, where the addition of the apo-
rophic s would cause the noun to have an un-
^iisant sound, it is better to change the posses-
e into the objective case governed by of; as,
Tie sake of conscience ;" " TVie \ws>\ar& ^1 Kxn»«-
r"
18
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
In some instances we use both the possess
termination and the preposition of likewise ;
" He is a friend of Richard's ;" u e. one
Richard's friends. In other cases we use
preposition of only, and never the possessive ;
'* The command of the army," not, " The arnc
command/'
The ancient ending of the possessive case i
is: thus we find in old authors, " The birdis son
** The knightis sword."
The objective case is in form the same as
nominative ; it expresses the object of an acti
or of a relation ; and generally follows a v
active, or a preposition ; as, <^ John ass
Charles ;*' " They live in London."
English substantives are declined in the folic
ing manner :
Nominative Case,
Possessive Case.
Objective Case*
SINQULA*.
A mother.
A mother's.
A mother.
TLURAL.
Mothers.
Mothers'.
Mothers.
Nominative Case,
Possessive Case*
Objective Case,
SINOULAS.
The man.
The man's.
The man.
TLUBAL.
The men.
The men
The men.
I
ETYMOLOGY. 19
ADJECTIVES.
An Adjective is a word added to a substantive^
to express quality, quantity, number^ or distinc-
tion ; as, '^ An industrious man ;" ** little com-
fort ;" « ten shillings ;" " this soldier."
In English the adjective is not varied on ac-
count of gender, number^ or case. Thus we say,
" A careless boy ; careless girls."
The only variation which it admits, is that of
the degrees of comparison.
There are commonly reckoned three degrees
of comparison ; the positive, comparative, and
superlative.
The positive state expresses the quality of an
object, without any increase or diminution ; as,
good, wise, great
The comparative degree increases or lessens the
positive in signification; as, wiser, greater^ less
wise.
The superlative degree increases or lessens the
positive to the highest or lowest degree; as,
wisest, greatest, least wise.
The simple word, or positive, becomes the
comparative, by adding r or er; and the super-
lative, by adding st or est to the end of it : as,
wise, wiser, wisest ; great, greater, greatest. The
itilREMM
adverbs mofe and dmi, placed before the adjec-
tire, haw the same effect ; oa, wise, «wre wise,
nuMf wise.
Monpfyllables, for the most part, form their
compantives and superlatives by adding er and
tit to the positive; as, mild, milder, mildest; rich,
richer, richest.
Dissyllables form their degrees of comparisoD,
some in er and t»t, others in more and most: bb,
happy, happier, happiest; wretched, more wretch-
ed, most wretched.
Words of three or more syllables almost always
form their degrees of comparison in more and
most ; as, sorrowful, more sorrowful, most sor-
rowful.
Ai^ectives, ending in y, change y into t before
er and esti as, happy, happier, happiest ; heavy,
heavier, heaviest. If a vowel precede, y is not
changed; as, gay, gayer, gayest; gray, grayer,
grayest.
Adjectives, ending in e, add r and H only ; an,
polite, politer, politest.
An adjective, ending with a single consonant,
doubles that consonant before er and est; as,
big, bigger, biggest j wet, wetter, wettest ; red,
redder, reddest.
ETYMOLOGY. 21
Some adjectives fonn their superlatives by-
adding most to the end of the word ; as, upper,
uppermost; nether, nethermost.
Some adjectives ase defective in some of the
degrees of comparison ; as^ comp, exterior, sup.
extreme ; comp. upper, sup. uppermost
Some adjectives, denoting positive qualities^
which cannot be varied, do not admit of com-
parison ; as, green, black, chief, universaL
Some words of very common use are irregu-
larly formed; as, good, better, best; bad,
worse, worst ; little, less, least ; much or many,
more, most ; and a few others.
PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun,
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same
word ; as, '^ The man is happy," '' he is benevo-
lent," " he is useful."
There are three kinds of pronouns, viz. the
Personal, the Relative, and the Adjective Pro-
noun.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS*
There are five personal pronouns ; viz. /, thou,
he, shey it; with their plurals, wey ye OTyou% they%
^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Personal pronouns admit of person, number,
gender^ and case.
The persons of pronouns are three in each of
the numbers, viz.
/, is the first person "J
Thouy is the second person I Singular.
He, shcy or it, is the third person J
We, is the first person 1
Ye or you, is the second person j- Plural.
They, is the third person. J
The numbers of pronouns^ like those of sub-
stantives, are two^ the singular and the plural ;
as, /, thou, he ; we, ye or you, they.
Gender has respect only to the third person
singular of the pronouns, he, she, it. He is mas-
culine ; she b feminine ; it is neuter.
Pronouns 'have three cases ; the nominative^
the * possessive, and the objective.
. * It is a general error with English Grammarians to
consider mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs, as
cases of the personal pronouns. The truth is, that they are
independent adjectives, and may be used in any case what-
ever, according to the substantive with which they are in
connection. It has not, however, been thought expedient
in this edition to deviate from the received opinion*
ETYMOLOGY.
2S
The objective case of a pronoun has^ in gene-
ral, a form different from that of the nominative
or the possessive case.
The personal pronouns are thus declined:-—
Person.
Case.
Singular.
Plural..
First.
Nom.
I.
We.
Possess.
Mine.
Ours.
Okf.
Me.
Us.
Second.
Nom.
Thou.
Ye or you.
Possess.
Thine.
Yours.
Obj.
Thee.
You.
Third.
Nom.
He.
They.
Mas.
Possess.
His.
Theirs.
Obi.
Him.
Them.'
Third.
Nom.
She.
They.
jP(em.
Possess.
Hers.
Theirs.
Obj.
Her.
Them.
Third.
Nom*
It.
They.
Neuter.
Possess.
Its.
Theirs.
Obf.
It
Them.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Relative Pronoims are such as relate^ in gene-
ral^ to some word or phrase going before, which
i» thence called the antecedent: they are whOf
24« ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
which, and that; as, *' The man is happy who
lives virtuously." •
TVhat is a kind of compound relative^ includ-
ing both the antecedent and the relative^ and is
mostly equivalent to that which; as, ^^This is
what I wanted ;" that is to say^ << the thing which
I wanted."
Who is applied to persons, which to animals
irrational and things inanimate; as, ''He is a
friend who is faithful in adversity ;" " The bird,
which sung so sweetly, is flown ;" ''This is the
tree, which produces no fruit."
Which also is sometimes applied to persons, in
order to distinguish one individual from another ;
as " Our Father which art in heaven," as dis-
tinguished from our earthly Father*
Who and that are also sometimes used as com-
pound relatives and are equivalent to he who,
that which ; as " Wfio steals my purse steals
trash," t. e. he who steals : " We speak that we
do know," %, e, we speak thcU which we do know.
The relative which sometimes has a whole
clause, or member of a sentence, for its ante-
■ « •
* See Grammar, Fovrteenth, or any subsequent edition,
p. 62, the note.
ETYMOLOGY. 25
cedent ; as ^^ The fruit is npe^ which gives me
much pleasure ;" u e. which thing gives me much
pleasure.
The relatives who and which are sometimes
entirely omitted ; as '< The man I saw yesterday ;"
** The thing you have done to-day."
Which has no possessive case of its own : whose
is sometimes used to supply its place ; as << The
field, whose verdure is pleasing."
l^at, as a relative, is often used to prevent the
too frequent repetition of who and which. It is
applied to both persons and things ; as << ffe that
acts wisely deserves praise;" "Modesty is a
quality/ that highly adorns a woman."
Who and which are of both numbers, and are
thus declined :
SINOULXK AND TLURXL.
Nominative. Who, which.
Possessive. Whose.
Directive. Whom, which.
The adverbs ever^ so, soever, are added to who^
which, and what, to extend their signification ;
as whoever, whoso, whatever, whichsoever.
Who, whichy what, are called Interrogatives,
when they are used in asking question&x ^&^
26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
« f^o is he?" « Which is the book?" " Whai
are you doing ? "
When the antecedent consists of two nouns,
the one a person, the other a thing, that should
be used, in preference to who and which; as
<^ The man and the dog that are in the court."
In some other cases, also, as after superlative
adjectives, and after the interrogative who ? &c.,
that is used rather than who or which ; as '' Who
^at has once seen him can forget him ? He is
the tallest man that I have ever known."
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
Adjective pronouns are of a mixed nature, and
partake of the properties both of pronouns and
adjectives.
The adjective pronouns may be subdivided
into four sorts ; namely, the possessive, the dis^
trUnttivcy the demonstrative, and the indefinite*
1. The possessive are those which relate to
possession or property.
They are eight in number ; viz. my, thy^ his,
her, its, our, your^ their.
These posaesaive pronouns, "wVien "vised mthout
Bubstantivea, are changed into 'nnne>^\nfc,\ft&>
ETYMOLOGY. 27
hers, its, ours, yours, theirs ; as " Whose book is
this ? it is mine"
Mine and thine were formerly used for mt/ and
thi/; generally before a substantive or adjective
beginning with a vowel or a silent A ;. as, " Blot
out all mine iniquities ;* ^* Give me thine heart."
2. The distributive are those which denote
the persons or things that make up a number, as
taken separately and singly. They are each, evert/,
either, neither; as, <' Each of his brothers is in a
favourable situation ;" <' Every man must account
for himself;" " I have not seen eiiher of them,"
or, " I have seen neither of them."
3. The demonstrative are those which precisely
point out the subjects to which they relate : this
and that, these and those, are of this class ; as^
** This is true charity ; that is only its image."
This refers to the nearest person or thing, and
that to the more distant : as, << This man is more
intelligent than that,^ This indicates the latter,
or last mentioned ; that, the former, or first men-
tioned : as, " Wealth and'poverty are both tempt-
ations ; that tends to excite pride, dtis, discontent"
4. The indefinite are those which express their
subjects in an indefinite or generoX xckaxvu^t* *\?ql^
28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
following are of this kind : some, bothy others
another^ any) one, none, all, stick, &c.
Other is declined in the following manner:
SINOULAK.
PLURAL.
Nom.
Other
Others.
Poss,
other's
oihers\
Obj.
other
others.
Here, there and where, joined with certain pre-
positionsy have the signification of relative pro-
nouns ; as hereof^ therein, whereby, whereupon ;
which mean, of this, in that, by which^ upon
which.
The words «e^and own are often added to the
pronominal adjectives, to mark the person more
emphatically ; as << I did it myself in my own
house.'' Himself, itself, themselves, are corrupted
from his self> its self, their selves.
VERBS.
A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do,
or to SUFFER ; as, '' I am, I rule, I am ruled."
Verbs are of three kinds; active, passive,
and NEUTER. They are also divided into regu-
lar, IRREGULAR, and defective.
A Verb Active expresses an action, and ne-
ETYMOLOGY. 29
cessarily implies an agent, and an object acted
upon ; as, to love ; " I love Penelope."
A Verb Passive expresses a passion or suffering,
or the receiving of an action ; and necessarily im-
plies an object acted upon, and an agent by which
it is acted upon ; as, to be loved ; ** Penelope is
loved by me."
A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor
passion ; but being, or a state of being ; as, " I
anxy I sleep, I sit."
English verbs have properly but two tenses, the
Present and the Past or Imperfect ; as, "I love,
I loved." The Imperfect is formed by adding
d or ed to the Present. Other tenses are formed
by the aid of other verbs, which are therefore
called Auxiliary or Helping Verbs.
Auxiliary Verbs are those by which the Eng-
lish verbs are principally conjugated ; they are,
do, be, have, shaU, laill, may, can, with their vari-
ations ; and let and must, which have no variation.
Do, be, and have, when not followed by other
verbs, are principals, and not auxiliaries ; as, *< I
say unto my servant. Do this, and he doeth xiT
** Be not deceived." " He has not courage suf-
ficient for doing good."
D 3
30 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
To verbs belong number, person^ mood, and
TENSE.
number and person*
Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the
Plural ; as, " I love, we love.*'
In each number there are three persons ; as^
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
First Person. I love. We love.
Second Person. Thou lovest Ye love.
Third Person. He loves. They love.
The termination varies only in the second and
third persons singular ; the second person always
ends in st or est ; the third person ends in s or
eth in the present tense, and in the imperfect it
does not vary at all, but is the same as the first
person.
MOODS.
Mood is a particular state or form of the verb,
showing the manner in which the being, action^
or passion, is- represented.
There are five moods of verbs, the indica^
tive, the imperative, the potential, the stTB-
JUNCTIVE, and the infinitive.
ETYMOLOGY. 31
The Indicative Mood simply indicates or de-
clares a thing ; as^ "He loves; he is loved :" or
it asks a question; as, "Does he love? Is he
loved?"
The Imperative Mood is used for commanding^
exhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, " De-
part thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace."
The Potential Mood implies possibility or
liberty, power, will, or obligation ; as, << It may
rain ; he may go or stay ; I can ride ; he would
walk ; they should learn."
The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing as
contingent or uncertain, as under a condition,
motive, wish, supposition^ &c. ; and is preceded
by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and
attended by another verb ; as, "I will respect
him, though he chide me ;" " Were he good, he
would be happy ;" that is, " (f he were good."
Among the conjunctions and other words which
are found prefixed to the Subjunctive Mood, are
the following : if, though, ere, before, till, until,
whether, except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever,
and words of wishing ; as, Oh that I Would
that! &c
The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a
general and unlimited manner, without any dis^
S2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
tinction of number or person ; as, *' to act, to
speak, to be feared.**
The Participle is a certain form of the verb,
and derives its name from its having not only the
properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective;
as, '< I am desirous of knowing him ; " ** Admired
and applaudedy he became vain ;*' << Having
finished his work, he submitted it;'* &c
There are three Participles, the Present or
Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the com-
pound Perfect ; as, " loving, loved, having loved.**
TENSES.
Tense, being the distinction of time, might
seem to admit only of the present, past, and fu-
ture ; but to mark it more accurately, it is made
to consist of six variations, viz. the present, the
IMPERFECT, the PERFECT, the PLUPERFECT, and
the FIRST and second future tenses.
The Present Tense represents an action or
event, as passing at the time in which it is men*
tioned ; as, << I rule ; I am ruled ; I think ; I fear.*'
The Imperfect Tense represents the action or
event, either as past and finished, or as remain-
ing unfinished at a certain time past ; as, <* I loved
ETYMOLOGY, 3S
her for her modesty and virtue;*' " They were
travelling post when he met them."
The Perfect Tense refers to what is past, but
only just finished at the present moment ; as> << I
have done that which you commanded;" *<I
have finished' my letter ;" "I have seen the per-
son that was recommended to me."
Many verbs more frequently form their Per-
fect Tenses from the verb to be, instead of have ;
asy '^ I am risen," «. e. I have risen ; '^ He was
gone," u e. He had gone.
The Present is frequently used by historians
instead of the Imperfect and Perfect Tenses ; as,
"Cromwell enters and dissolves the Parliament;'*
t. e, entered and dissolved.
The Imperfect conveys an idea of some time
at which the action took place ; the Perfect is
without respect to time ; as (imp,), Caesar crossed
the Rubicon yesterday ; but (jperf,) Caesar has
crossed the Rubicon.
The Present Tense is also sometimes used for
the Future, after when and certain other con-
junctions ; as, " When he comes, I shall behold
him ;" i. e. When be shall come.
The sign of the First Future Tense is shall
or wiU: the former properly denotes what will
34* ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
happen in the ordinary course of events ; the
latter denotes a decided resolution of the mind ;
as, ^' I shall see him to-morrow ; I will therefore
wait."
The Pluperfect Tense represents - a thing not
only as past, but also as prior to some other point
of time specified in the sentence; as, *'I had
finished my letter before he arrived."
The First Future Tense represents the action
as yet to come, either with or without respect to
the precise time when ; as, << The Sun will rise
to-morrow ;** ''I shall see them again."
The Second Future intimates that the action
will be fully accomplished, at or before the time
of another future action or event ; as, " I shall
have dined at one o'clock." '' The two houses
will have finished their business, when the king
comes to prorogue them."
The Conjugation of a verb is the regular com-
bination and arrangement of its several numbers^
persons, moods, and tenses.
The conjugation of an active verb is styled
the ACTIVE VOICE ; and that of a passive verb,
the PASSIVE VOICE.
The ausdliary and active verb To have, is con-
jugated in the following manner :
£TTMOLOGY. 55
TO HA VE.
Indicative Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.'
SINGH LAR. PLURAL.
1. Terz, I have. I. We have.
2. Fen, Thou hast 2. Ye or you have.
S. jRer«. He, she, err it,
hath w has. S. They have.
IMPERFECT T^NSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I had. 1. We had.
2. Thou hadst 2. .Ye or you had.
a He, ^. had. S.*They had.*
* The verbs, though conjugated at large through all
their tenses, that the learners may, by a full and regular
display of them, more completely understand their nature
and use, need not be wholly committed to memory, by
young persons who are beginning the study of grammar.
If the ttmpfe tenses, namely the present and the imperfect^
together with ihe first future tense, should, in the first in-
stance, be committed to memory, and the rest carefully
perused and explained, the business will not be tedious to
the scholars, and their progress will be rendered more ob-
nous and pleasing. The general view of the subject, thus
acquired and impressed, may be afterwards extended with
and advantage.
36 ENGLISH ORAMMAR.
PERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I have had. 1. We have had.
2. Thou hast had. 2. Ye or you have had.
3. He has had. 3. They have had.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
8IK6ULAR. PLURAIm
1. I had had. 1. We had had.
2. Thou hadst had. 2. Ye or you had had.
3. He had had. 3. They had had.
FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I shall or will have. I. We shall or will have.
2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 2. Ye or you shall or will
have.
3. He shall or will have. S. They shall or will have.
SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I shall have had. 1. We shall have had.
2« Thou wilt have had. 2. Ye or you will have had.
S. He will have had. 3. They will have had.
Imperative Mood.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. Jjet me have. 1. Let us have.
2. Have thou, or do thou 2. Have ye, or do ye or yon
have. have.
3. Let him have. 3.' Let them have.
ETYMOLOGY. 37
Potential Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. FLU&AL.
1. I may or can have. 1. We may or can have.
2. Thou mayst or canst have. 2. Te or you may or can
have.
S. He may or can have. S. They may or can have.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would,
should have. or should have.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could,
wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have,
have.
S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would,
or should have. or should have.
PERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may or can have had. 1. We may or can have had.
2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can
had. have had.
S. He may or can have had. 3. They may w can have
had.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would^
should have had. or should have had.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could,
wouldst, or shouldst have would, or should have
had. had.
3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could,would,
or should have had. or should have had.
E
38 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Subjunctive Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I have. 1. If we have.
2. If thou have. 2. If ye or you have.
S. If he have. S. If they have.*
Infinitive Mood.
TRKSKNT. To have. PERFXCT. To have had.
Participles.
PRSsiNT. Having. perfect. Had.
COMPOUND perfect. Having had.
The auxiliary and neuter verb To be^ is conju
gated as follows: —
TO BE.
Indicative Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I am. 1. We are.
2. Thou art. 2. Ye or you are.
S. He, she, or it is. S. They are.
* The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mood are, ii
genera], similar to the corresponding tenses of the iiktica
ETYMOLOGY. S9
IMPERFBCT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
rLUEAL.
as.
1.
We were.
ou wast.
2.
Ye cft you were.
was.
S.
They were.
PERFECT TENSE*
8INGULAK* TLUBAL.
ave been. 1. We have been.
>u hast been. 2. Ye cr you have been,
hath or has been. S. They have been.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINaULAR. PLURAL*
id been. 1. We had been.
>u hadst been. 2. Ye or you had been.
had been., 3. They had been.
•od ; with the addition of a conjunction, expressed or
I, denoting a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c.
injunctions which are generally prefixed to the
^ive mood are the following ; if, though, aUhot^hy
hit, except, and some few others. It will be proper
;t the learner to repeat all the tenses of this mood,
conjunction prefixed to each of them. For the
ty of conjugating the subjunctive mood in this
', see the larger grammar, fourteenth, or any subse-
idition, pp. 90. 102, 103. and the notes on the nine-
rule of Syntax.
E 2
40 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
8IK0ULAK. PLURAL.
1. I shall or will be. 1. We shall or will 1
2. Thou shalt or will' be. 2. Ye or you shall or
S. He shall or will be. 3. They shall or wil
SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I shall have been. 1. We shall have be<
2. Thou wilt have been. 2. Ye or you will ha^
3. He will have been. 3. They will have b
Imperative Mood.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. Let me be. 1. Let us be.
2. Be thou, or do thou be. 2. Be ye or you, or d
S. Let him be. 3. Let them be.
Potential Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may or can be. 1. We may or can be
2. Thou mayst or canst be. 2. Ye or you may or
3. He may or can be. 3. They may or can
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could,
should be. or should be.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might,
wouldst, or shouldst be. would, or should
S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could
or should be. or should be.
ETYMOLOGY. 4?1
PERFECT TENSE.
8INGULAB. PLURAL.
1. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been.
2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have
been. been.
3. He may or can have been. 3. They may or can have
been.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would,
should have been. or should have been.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could,
wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have
have been. been.
3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would,
or should have been. or should have been.
Subjunctive Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I be. 1. If we be.
2. If thou be 2. If ye or you be.
3. Ifhebe. 3. If they be.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I were. 1. If we were.
2. Ifthouwert. 2. If ye or you were.
3. If he were. 3. If they were. •
* The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general,
nmilar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood»
See the note at pages 38, 39.
E 3
42 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Infinitive Mood.
pRXSKifT TXN8S. To be. rERFKCT. To haTC been.
Participles.
PRKSXNT. Being. perfect. Been.
COMPOUND PERFECT. Having been.
The verb to be, when conjugated with the
active infinitive of any other verb, gives the idea
of duty ; as, I am to learn^ we were to be taught.
OF THE CONJUGATION OF REGULAR
VERBS.
ACTIVE.
Verbs active are called regular, wh6n they
form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood»
and their perfect participle^ by adding to the
verb ed, or d only when the verb ends in e; as,
PRESENT. IMPERF. PERF. PARTICIP4
I favour. I favoured. Favoured.
I love. I loved. Loved.
A Regular Active Verb is conjugated in the
following manner: —
ETYMOLOGY. 43
TO LOVE.
Indicative Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLUKAL.
1. I love. I. We love.
2. Thou lovest. 2. Ye or you love.
3. He, she, or it loveth or 3. They love.
loves.
A compound form of the verb is used for the
sake of emphasis ; consisting of the auxiliary
verb do and the infinitive mood ; as, I £^ love,
thou dost love, he does love, we do love, you do
love, they do love.
This compound form is always used when the
negative adverb is used with the verb j as^ I cfo
710^ see him; he did not hurt her. It is also
generally used in asking a question ; as, Do I
live ? Did he not strike you ? Did they rebel ?
Another form, consbting of the auxiliary verb
am and the participle, denotes the occupation in
which a person is engaged ; as << I am reading ;"
*< he ta€U singing, when I entered.'
»»
44 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLUEAL.
1. I loved. I. We loved.
2. Thou lovedst» 2. Ye or you loved.
8. He loved. S. They loved.
PERFECT TENSE.
SIMOtTLAR. PLURAL.
1. I have loved. 1. We have loved.
2. Thou hast loved. 2. Ye or you have loved.
3. He hath or has loved. 3. They have loved.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I had loved. I. We had loved.
2. Thou hadst loved. 2. Ye or you had loved.
3. He had loved. 3. They had loved.
FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I diall or will love. 1. We shall or will love.
2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will
love.
3. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love.
SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Iw I shall have loved. 1. We shall have loved.
& Thou wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you will have loved*
3. He will have loved. 3. They will have loved%
ETYMOLOGY. 45
Imperative Mood.
SIKOULAR. PLURAL.
1. Let me love. 1. Let us love.
2. Love thou or do thoulove. 2. Love ye or you, or do ye
love.
3. Let him love. S. Let them love.
Potential Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may or can love. 1. We may or can love.
2. Thou mayst or canst love. 2. Te or you may or can \oye,
S. He may or can love. S. They may w can love.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would,
should love. or should love.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could,
wouldst, or shouldst love. would, or should love.
S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would,
or should love. or should love.
PERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. 1 may or can have loved. 1 . We may or can have loved.
2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can
loved. have loved.
S. He may or can have loved 3. They may or can have
loved.
46 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, w(
should have loved. or should have love
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, c(
wouldst,orshouldsthave would, or should
loved. loved.
S. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, w(
or should have loved. or should have love
Subjunctive Moo A
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I love. 1. If we love.
2. If thou love. 2, If ye or you love.
3. If he love. 3. If they love.*
Infinitive Mood«
PRESENT. To love. PERFECT. To havc 10V(
Participles.
PRESENT. Loving. PERFECT. Loved.
COMPOUND PERFECT. Haviug lovcd.
The remaining tenses of this mood are, in gei
nmilar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative u
See the note at pages 38, 3 P.
ETYMOLOGY. 47
PASSIVE.
Verbs passive are called regular, ^hen they
form their perfect participle by the addition of d
or ed to the verb ; as, from the verb, " To love,"
is formed the passive, " I am loved, I was loved,
I shall be loved," &c.
Some verbs, formed by the combination of the
active participle with the verb to be, have a pas-
sive signification ; as. The book is printing, the
house is burning.
A passive verb is conjugated by adding the
perfect participle to the auxiliary to be, through
all its changes of number, person, mood, and
tense, in the following manner.
TO BE LOVED.
Indicative Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SIKOULAR. PLURAL.
1. I am loved. 1. We are loved.
2. Thou art loved. 2. Te or you are loved*
3« He is loved. S They are loved.
48
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
1. I was loved.
2. Thou wast loved.
S. He was loved.
FLU&AL.
1. We were loved.
2. Ye or you were loved.
3. They were loved.
PERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
1. I have been loved.
2. Thou hast been loved.
PLURAL.
1. We have been loved.
2. Ye or you have bee
loved.
3. He hath or has been 3. They have been loved,
loved.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
1. I had been loved.
2. Thou hadst been loved.
3. He had been loved.
PLURAL.
1. We had been loved.
2. Ye or you had beei
loved.
3. They had been loved.
FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I shall or will be loved. 1. We shall or will be loveo
2. Thou shalt or wilt be 2. Ye or you shall or will b<
Icved. loved.
3. He shall or wiU be loved, a They shall or will bi
loved.
STYMOLOGY. 49
SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1 . I shall have been lored. 1. We shall have been loved.
2. Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been
loved. loved.
3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved.
Imperative Mood.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. Let me be loved. 1. Let us be loved.
2. Be ihou loved, or do thou 2. Be ye or you loved, or do
be loved. ye be loved.
3. Let him be loved. 3. Let them be loved.
Potential. Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may or can be loved. 1. We may or can be loved.
2. Thou mayst or canst be 2. Ye or you may or can be
loved. loved.
3. He may or can be loved. 3. They may or can be loved.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would,
sliould be loved. or should be loved.
2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could,
wouldst, or shouldst be would, or should be
loved. loved.
3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could,would,
or should be loved. or should be loved.
F
50
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PERFECT TENSE.
SIKOULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may or can have been 1. We may or can have been
loved. loved.
2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can
been loved. have been loved.
S. He may or can have been 3. They may or can have
loved. been loved.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
1. I might, could, would, or
should have been loved.
2. Thou mightst, couldst,
wouldst, or shouldst
have been loved.
S. He might, could, would,
or should have been
loved.
PLURAL.
1. We might, could, would,
or should have been
loved.
2. Te or you might, could,
would, or should have
been loved.
S. They might, could,would,
or should have been
loved.
Subjunctive Mood.
PRESENT TENSE.
SIKOULAR.
1. If I be loved.
2. If thou be loved.
S. Ifhe be loved.
PLURAL.
1. If we be loved.
2. If ye or you be loved.
3. Iftheybeloved.*
* The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general,
nmilar to the corresponding tenses of the indicativo mood.
See the note at page 38.
ETYMOLOGY. 51
IMPERFECT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I were loved. 1. If we were loved.
2. If thou wert loved. 2. If ye or you were loved.
3. If he were loved. S. If they were loved.
Infinitive Mood.
^RKSEirC TENSE. PERFECT.
To be loved. To have been loved.
Participles.
PRESENT. Beiug loved.
PERFECT. Loved.
coKPouND PERFECT. Having been loved.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Irregular Verbs are those which do not form
their imperfect tense, and their perfect participle,
by the addition of d or ed to the verb ; as,
PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PBRF. W PASS. PART.
I begin, I began, begun.
I know, I knew, known.
Many Irregular Verbs have their passive parti-
ciples ending in nov en; as^
grave graved w graven,
hew hewed or hewn.
F 2
52
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
lade
mow
rive
shape
shave
show-
sow
strew
wax
laded or laden,
mowed or mown,
rived or riven,
shaped or shapen.
shaved or shaven,
showed or shown,
sowed or sown,
strewed or strown.
waxed or waxen.
IRREGULAR VERBS ARE OF VARIOUS KIN]
1. Such as have the present and imperi
tenses, and perfect participle^ the same ; as,
Present.
Imperfect.
Pertect Part
Cost,
cost,
cost.
Put,
put.
put.
2. Such as have the imperfect tense, and \
feet participle, the same ; as.
Present
Abide,
SeU,
Imperfect
abode,
sold.
Perfect Part
abode.
sold.
3. Such as have the imperfect tense, and j
feet participle, different ; as,
Present
Arise,
Blow,
Imperfect
arose*
blew.
Perfect Part
arisen.
blown.
ETYMOLOGY.
53
The following list of the irregular verbs^ with
their principal tenses^ will, it is presumed^ be
found both comprehensive and accurate.
The verbs which are conjugated regularly, as well as ir-
regularly, are marked with an n. Those preterites and par-
ticiples, which are first mentioned in the list, seem to be the
most eligible.
Present.
Imperfect
Fer£ or Pass. Fart.
Abide,
abode.
abode.
Am,
was,
been.
Arise,
arose.
arisen.
Awake,
awoke, a.
awaked.
Bear, to bring forth, bare or bore.
bom.
Bear, to carry.
bore or bare,
borne.
Beat,
beat.
beaten or beat.
Begin,
began,
begun.
Bend,
bent,
bent.
Bereave,
bereft, a.
bereft, a.
Beseech,
besought,
besought.
Bid,
bade or bid,
bidden or bid.
Bind,
bound.
bound.
Bite,
bit.
bitten or bit
Ble^
bled.
bled.
Blow,
blew.
blown.
Break,
broke.
broken.
Breed,
bred.
bred.
Bring,
brought,
brought.
BuUd,
built.
built.
Burst,
burst,
burst.
Buy,
bought,
bought.
Cast,
cast,
cast.
Catch,
caught, a.
caught, R,
Chide^
chid,
F 3
chidden or chid.
54t
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Present
'*
Imperfect
PerCorPau. I
Choose,
chose,
chosen.
Cleave, to adhere,
clave, R.
cleaved.
Cleave, to
sjait,
cleft or clove,
cleft or cloven
Cling,
clung.
clung.
Clothe,
clothed.
clad, R.
Come,
came.
come.
Cost,
cost,
cost.
Crow,
crew, a.
crowed.
Creep,
crept.
crept.
Cut,
cut.
cut.
Dare, to venture.
durst, R.
dared.
Dare, a. to
ichailenge, dared.
dared.
Deal,
dealt, R.
dealt, R.
Dig,
dug, R.
. dug, R.
Do,
did,
done.
Draw,
drew.
drawn.
Drink,
drank.
drunk.
Drive,
drove,
driven.
Dwell,
dwelt, R.
dwelt, R.
Eat,
ate.
eaten.
FaU,
fell.
fallen.
Feed,
fed,
fed.
Feel,
felt,
felt.
Fight,
fought.
fought.
Find,
found,
found.
Flee(/romatt ene»iy),fled.
fled.
Fling,
flung.
flung.
Fly (cm a i
^rd),
flew.
flown.
Forget,
forgot.
forgotten or foi
Forsake,
forsook.
forsaken.
Freeze,
froze.
frozen.
Get,
got or gat,
gotten or got.
Gild,
•
gilt, R.
gilt,R.
ETYMOLOGY.
5,
Froeent.
Imperfect
Pert or Tut, Part.
Gird,
girt, R.
girt, R.
Give,
gave,
given.
G<»,
went.
gone.
Ghrave,
graved.
graven, r.
Grind,
ground.
ground.
Grrow,
grew.
grown.
Hang,
hung, R.
hung, R.
Have,
had.
had.
Hear,
heard,
heard.
Hew,
hewed.
hewn, R.
Hide,
hid.
hidden or hid.
Hit,
hit,
hit.
Hold,
held.
held or holden.
Hurt,
hurt,
hurt.
Keep,
kept,
kept.
Knit,
knit, R.
knit, R.
Know,
knew.
known.
Lade^
laded,
laden.
Lay,
laid,
laid.
Lead,
led.
led.
Leave,
left.
left.
Lend,
lent.
lent.
Let,
let.
let.
Lie, to lie down.
lay.
lain or lien.
Load,
loaded.
laden, r.
Lose,
lost,
lost.
Make,
made.
made.
Mean,
meant.
meant
Meet,
met.
met.
Mow,
mowed.
mown, r<
* The regular form of this verb, hanged, is applied only
to the case of death by hanging ; as, ** The man was
hanged, but the clothes are hung up"
56
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Present
Imperfect.
.Perf.orPM
Pay,
paid.
paid.
Put,
put^
put.
Quit,
quit, &•
quit,R.
Read,
read.
read.
Rend,
rent.
rent
Rid,
rid.
rid.
Ride,
rode,
ridden or re
Ring,
rang or rung,
rung.
Rise,
rose.
risen.
Rive,
rived,
riven.
Run,
ran.
run.
Saw,
sawed.
sawn, R.
Say,
said.
said.
See,
saw,
seen.
Seek,
sought,
sought.
Seethe, to boil.
sod, R.
sodden, r.
Sell,
sold,
sold.
Send,
sent,
sent.
Set,
set.
set.
Shake,
shook.
shaken.
Shape,
shaped.
shapen, r.
Shave,
shaved.
shaven, r.
Shear,
shore, r.
shorn.
Shed,
shed,
shed.
Shine,
shone, r.
shone, r.
Shoe,
shod,
shod.
Shoot,
shot.
shot.
Show or shew,
showed.
shown.
Shrink,
shrank or shrunk.
*
r shrunk or
* \ shrunken.
Shred,
shred,
shred.
Shut,
shut,
shut.
Sing,
sang or sung,
sung.
Sink,
sank or sunk.
sunk or sun]
ETYMOLOGY.
Freient
Imperfect
Sit,
sat,
Slay,
slew.
Sleep,
slept.
Slide,
did.
Sling,
slang or slung,
SHnk,
slank or slunk.
SUt,
slit, K,
Smite,
smote.
Sow,
sowed.
Speak,
spoke or spake.
Speed,
sped.
Spend,
spent.
Spill,
spilt, K.
Spin,
span or spun.
Spit,
spit or spat,
SpUt,
split.
Spread,
spread.
Spring,
sprang or sprung.
Stand,
stood.
Steal,
stole.
Stick,
stuck.
Sting,
stung.
Stink,
stank or stunk.
Stride,
strode or strid.
Strike^
struck.
String,
strung.
Strive,
strove.
Strow or strew.
r strowed or
\ strewed,
Swear,
sware or swore.
Sweat,
swet, R. '
Sweep,
swept.
Swell,
swelled.
Swim,
swam or swum.
57
Per£ or FaM Fart,
sat or sitten.
slain,
slept,
slidden.
slung,
slunk,
slit, K.
snutten.
sown, R.
spoken,
sped,
spent,
spilt, R.
spun.
spit or spitten.
split,
qiread.
sprung,
stood,
stolen,
stuck,
stung,
stunk,
stridden.
struck or stricken,
strung,
striven.
{strown, strowed or
strewed,
sworn,
swet, R.
swept,
swollen, R
swum.
58
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Present
Imperfect
Pert or Pass. Pan
Swing,
swung,
swung.
Tflke,
taken.
took.
Teach,
taught.
taught
Tear,
tore.
torn.
Tell,
told,
told.
Think,
thought.
thought
Thrive,
throve, r.
thriven.
Throw,
threw,
thrown.
Thrust,
thrust.
thrust.
Tread,
trod.
trodden.
Wax,
waxed.
waxen, r.
Wear,'
wore,
worn.
Weave,
wove^
woven.
Weep,
wept,
wept.
Win,
won,
won.
Wind,
wound,
wound.
Work,
wrought,
wrought, R.
Wring,
wrung.
wrung.
Write,
wrote.
written.
Verbs, compounded of any of the foregoii
are declined in the same manner ; as,
Forbid,
Undo,
Beget,
Unload or unlade,
Repay,
forbade,
forbidden.
undid.
undone.
begat or begot,
begotten.
unloaded or
unloaded or
unladen.
luiladed.
repaid.
rep^d.
ETYMOLOGY. 59
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Defective Verbs are those which are used only
in some of their moods and tenses ; as, can^ could;
mayy might; shaUy should; unll, would; let;
must; ought ; unst ; to wit or to wot, &c.
ADVERB.
An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a
verb^ an adjective^ and sometimes to another
adverb, to express some quality or circumstance
respecting it ; as, ^^ He reads well; " " A tndy
good man;" *' He writes very correctly r
Adverbs denote either the time^ place, man-
ner, or degree; as, " I will go now;'* " He is
here; " « It will be done well; " '' She is the
leeut amiable of them alL**
Some adverbs are compared, thus ; << Soon,
sooner, soonest ; often, oftener, oftenest.*' Those
ending in ly, are compared hj more and most;
as, " Wisely, more wisely, most wisely."
Others are compared by a total change of the
word, like their corresponding adjectives; as,
" Well, better, best; much, more, most"
The following are a few of the Adverbs.
60 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Once
lastly
presently
quickly
not
now
before
often
perhaps
how
here
lately
much
indeed
more.
The adjectives much^ more^ most^ &c. become
adverbs^ when prefixed to other adjectives, or to
adverbs ; as^ *^ He is much richer and more
learned than I, and the most esteemed of us all."
" She sang mx)st delightfully."
Prepositions are often used adverbially; as^
*' He rode on before."
The adverbs yea^ or yes^ no^ not, nay, are used
in affirming or denying.
Besides the above, there are numerous com-
pounded adverbs; as, at present, evermore, dUh
gether, oflaJbe.
Some adverbs are used in composition with
other words ; z&^ ot^er-come, ot^run, i£;t^hold,
uu'fit, meVplaced. Of these, un and mis are
used only in composition ; the former means noiy
the latter ilL
Many conjunctions are used adverbially ; as^
^^ I know hut this/' t, e. I know only this.
PREPOSITION.
Prepositions serve to connect words with one
another^ and to show the relation between them.
ETYMOLOGY.
61
They are^ for the most part, set before nouns and
pronouns ; as, ^' He went ^rom London to York;**
'^ She is above disguise ;** *^ They are supported
by industry.**
Nearly all the prepositions are used after verbs
without any noun or pronoun governed by them^
in which case they are properly adverbs ; as^
" He put on his armour;** " He took off his
clothes ;** " The general set up his standard.*'
The following is a list of the principal prepo-
sitions: —
Of
at
within
across
beyond
to
near
without
along
before
for
up
over
amid *
behind
by
down
under
around
among
with
off
through
below
after
in
on or upon
above
between
against.
from
into
about
beneath
CONJUNCTION.
A Conjunction is a part of speech that is
chiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of
two or more sentences, to make but one. It
sometimes connects only words.
Conjunctions are principally divided into two
sorts, the copulative and disjunctive.
The Copulative Conjunction serves to connect
62 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
or to continue a sentence, by expressing an ad-
dition, a supposition, a cause, &c.: as, *^ He and
his brother reside in London;*' ^' I will go, if he *
will accompany me;" " You are happy, because
you are good."
The Disjunctive Conjunction serves, not only
to connect and continue the sentence, but also to
express opposition of meaning in different de-
grees ; as, " Thotigh he was frequently reproved,
yet he did not reform;" " They came with her,
but went away without her."
The following is a list of the principal con-
junctions : —
Copulative, And, that, both, for, therefore, if,
then, since, because, wherefore.
Disfunciive. But, than, though, either, or, as,
unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding.
INTERJECTION.
An Interjection is a word used to express some
passion or emotion of the mind; as, <'0h! I
have alienated my friend;" " Alas I I fear for j
Hfe."
The following are some of the Inteijections :
01 pish I height lol behold I ah I tush! fie! hush!
haU!
ETYMOLOGY. 63
OP DERIVATION.
Words are derived from one another in various
ways, viz.
1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as,
from *^ to love " comes " lover."
2. Verbs are derived from substantives, ad-
jectives, and sometimes from adverbs ; as, from
" salt " comes " to salt ;*' from ^^ warm " comes
"to warm;" from "forward" comes "to for-
ward."
3> Adjectives are derived from substantives ;
as, from " health " comes " healthy."
4«. Substantives are derived from adjectives;
as, from " white " comes " whiteness."
5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as,
from " base " comes " basely.**
64 ENGLISH GRAMMiMU
SYNTAX.
The third part of Grammar is Syntax, which
is derived from a Greek word signifying to mar"
shal an army^ and treats of the construction of
words in a sentence.
A sentence is an assemblage of words forming
a complete sense.
Sentences are of two kinds, simple and com-
pound.
A simple sentence has in it but one subject
and one finite verb ; as, " Life is short." ,
A compound sentence consists of two or more
simple sentences connected together ; as^ '' Life
is short, and art is long;" " Idleness produces -
want, vice, and misery."
A phrase is two or more words rightly put
together^ making sometimes part of a sentence,
and sometimes a whole sentence ; as, ^^ In short,
to be plain with you."
The principal parts of a simple sentence are,
the subject, the attribute, and the object.
The subject is the thing spoken of; the attri-
SYNTAX. 65
bute is the thing or action affirmed, or denied of
it ; and the object is the thing affected by such
action.
The nominative denotes the subject^ and
usually goes before the verb or attribute*; and
the word or phrase^ denoting the object, follows
the verb ; as^ ^' A wise man governs his passions."
Here^ a toise 9nan is the subject; govems, the
attribute^ or thing affirmed; and his passions,
the object
Syntax principally consists of two parts, Con-
cord and Government
Concord is the agreement which one word
has with another, in gender, number, case, or
person.
Government is that power which one part of
speech has over another, in directing its mood^
tense, or case.
RULE I.
A verb must agree with its nominative case^ in
number and person ; as, " I learn ;" " Thou art
improved;" " The birds sing."
The nominative is generally placed before the
verb ; but in the following cases it is commonly
placed after it.
66 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1. When the verb is interrogative, imperative,
or expresses a wish ; as, " Believest ikou the
Prophets ?" " Go and do thou likewise." " May
he be happy I "
2. When a supposition is made without using
the conjunction if; as, '* Were /in your place."
3. When the verb is connected to a preceding
sentence by the conjunctions neither and nor;
as, " Neither shall they learn war any more."
4. When the verb is preceded by one of the
following adverbs, here, there, then, thence,
hence, thus, &c. ; as, '* Here am /." ** Thus
terminated this bloody war."
Many verbs are used impersonally, and have
the pronoun it for their nominative ; as, " It was
raining;" '' It freezes;" ^« It will thunder."
Verbs of the imperative mood have no nomi-
native expressed ; as, '' Retire to rest early, and
arise betimes."
If the same word be the nominative to two
verbs, which come very near together, it will not
be expressed with both ; as " Henry is gone,
but will return again ;" L e. Henry will return.
In like manner, if the same verb belong to
two nomiDSitives in the same sentence, it will
not be expressed witli bolYi; «j&, ""^^sx wJS.^
SYNTAX. 67
Henry went, but his brother also;" i. e. his
brother went.
The infinitire mood being equivalent to a
noun^ and sometimes a whole sentence^ is the
nominative to a verb ; as, *^ To study is praise-
worthy;" " That children obey their parents is
a reasonable service."
It is more elegant to place the pronoun it be-
fore the verb, and the infinitive mood or the
sentence, as the case may be, after it ; as, <^ It
is praiseworthy to study ; " << It is a reasonable
service, that children should obey their parents."
Two or more infinitives, being nominatives to
the same verb, require the verb to be plural ; as,
'* To have mercy, and to do good, are the duties
of every Christian."
RULE II.
Two or more nouns, &c., in the singular num-
ber, joined together by a copulative conjunction,
expressed or understood, have verbs, nouns, and
pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural num-
ber ; as, " Socrates and Plato were wise : thei/
were the most eminent philosophers of Greece ;"
*' The sun that rolls over our be^A^^ xVi%. ^^^j^
that we receive, the rest tSial n?^ exiYs^^ ^sSc^
68 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
admonish us of a superior and superintending
power."
RULE III.
The disjunctive conjunction has an effect con-
trary to that of the copulative ; for as the verb,
noun^ or pronoun^ is referred to the preceding
terms taken separately, it must be in the singular
number ; as^ " Ignorance or negligence ha»
caused this mistake;" '^ John^ or James or
Joseph^ intends to accompany me ;" " There is,
in many minds^ neither knowledge nor under-
standing."
If a disjunctive conjunction unite two nouns,
one of which is singular and the other plural, the
verb must be plural; as, << Either John or his
parents are bound to pay me."
Two nominatives, connected by a conjunction,
if they denote the same person, will have a sin-
gular verb; as, "That illustrious orator and
statesman is dead."
Two or more nouns^ qualified by one of the
distributive conjunctions each, every, &c., will
have a singular verb; as, *^ Every soldier and
citizen was put to deatli; ccmjK eo^> ^^e^» wad
borae was sacrificed.'*
SYNTAX. 69
RULE IV.
A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may
have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either
of the singular or plural number; yet regard
must still be had to the import of the word, ac-
cording as it conveys an idea of one or many; as^
" The meeting was large ;'* *' The parliament is
dissolved;" "The nation is powerful;" "My
people do not consider: they have not known
me ; " " The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure,
as their chief good ;" " The council were divided
in their sentiments."
RULE v.
Pronouns must always agree with their ante-
cedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in
gender and number; as, "This is the friend
whom I love;" "That is the vice which 1 hate."
** The king and the queen had put on their robes;**
" The moon appears, and she shines, but the
light is not her own.**
The relative is of the same person as the ante-
cedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly ;
as, '' Thou who lovest wisdom;** "I, who sqeak
from experience."
70 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
When this and that are used to distinguish two
persons or things already mentioned: that de-
notes the former, this the latter; as, '^ The
Mricked man and the pious will be rewarded;
tiuU in the present world, this in the world which
is to come."
RULE VI.
The relative is the nominative case to the verb^
when no nominative comes between it and the
verb ; as, " The master who taught us ;" " The
trees which are planted.''
When a nominative comes between the rela-
tive and the verb, the relative is governed by
some word in its own member of the sentence ;
as, **He who preserves me, to whom I owe
my being whose I am^ and whom I serve, is
eternal."
RULE VII.
When the relative is preceded by two nomi-
natives of different persons, the relative and verb
may agree in person with either, according to
the sense : as, ^' I am tlie maa ^DfM) command
j^ou ; " or, ^^I am the man who comma-nd^ ^wx;
.%
SYNTAX.
RULE VIII.
71
Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun,
belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood;
as, "He is a goody as well as a wise man;**
'' Few dse happy ;*' that is, ^^ persons;** "This
is a pleasant walk ;" that is, " This walk is,** &c.
Adjective pronouns must agree, in number,
with their substantives; as, "This book, these
books ; that sort, those sorts ; another road,
other roads."
Adjectives are often placed after their substan-
tives,
1. In sublime and elevated composition; as,
** A soul pure and spotless ; courage undaunted,
a mind^rm and unflinching**
2. When something depends upon the adjec-
tive; as, "A country rich in mines."
3. When the verb to be comes between the
adjective and the substantive, the adjective may
come first ; as, " Clear wa^ the night ;" " Happy
are thy people."
Adjectives, whose signification passes on to
the noun following, require to be followed by
appropriate prepositions ; as, *' He is hostile to
me ;" " ire are dependent on \3t\eff^'
«»
72 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The following is a list of adjectives with th
prepositions.
Adapted to. Eager to, in, for, or after.
Agreeable to. Engaged in, to, or with.
Averse to or from. Expert in or at.
Conformable to. Free from.
Consonant to or toith. Full of
Conversant toith or in. Glad of, at, or to.
Dependent on or upon. Independent of.
Different /rom. True to.
Disappointed in or of. Worthy of.
RULE IX.
The article a or an agrees with nouns in t
singular number only, individually or collective!
as^ '* A Christian, an infidel, a score^ a tho
sand.'*
The definite article the may agree with nou
in the singular or plural number ; as^ ^^ tl
garden, the houses, the stars."
The articles are often properly omitted ; wh<
used they should be justly applied^ according
their distinct nature ; as, " Gold is corruptinj
The sea is green ; A lion is bold."
RULE X.
One substantive govexns another signifying
different things in the poaseaaWe ot %'e,m>aN^ ^"m
SYNTAX. 73
as, "My father's house;'* "Man's happiness;"
" Virtue's reward."
The possessive case is often used without the
substantive which governs it; as, "I called at
my brother's^'' (u e. house) ; ** he went to the
tailor^ Sy* («. e. shop).
RULE XI.
Active verbs govern the objective case; as,
"Truth ennobles her;" "She comforts me;'*
" They support us; ** " Virtue rewards her fol-
lowers."
Some active verbs have two objects; as, " I
will teach him obedienceS'
An active verb is sometimes used neuter,
having no object expressed ; as, " The boy
turned round and rolled down the hill,'' t. e. rolled
himself.
A neuter verb is sometimes used with an ob-
jective case following it; as, "He has run his
race; " " we have lived our allotted time"
The verb to be has after it the same case which
it has before it ; as, " /, who speak to you, am
he."
When the verb to be stands bet\ifee;\v.^.^\!wg!&2w.
and a plural noun^ it will agiee m^ 'Qa3b^^^^^^
74 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
seems more properly to be the subject of it ; as,
" Two hundred pounds is your salary," i, e. "Your
salary consists of two hundred pounds/*
The object often precedes the verb, especially
in poetry ; as, *< Arms and the man I sing.
RULE XII.
One verb governs another that follows it, or
depends upon it, in the infinitive mood; as,
"Cease to do evil; learn to do well;" "We
should be prepared to render an account of our
actions."
The preposition to, though generally used be-
fore the latter verb, is sometimes properiy
omitted ; as, "I heard him say it," instead of, "to
say it."
This is the case whenever the preceding verb
is one of the following : — behold, bid, dare, need,
make, see, hear, feel, let, perceive, observe, know,
and perhaps some others.
The infinitive mood and the active participle
are sometimes used independent of any other
word in the sentence ; as, " To speak the truth,
I was the cause of it;" "Assuming this to be
the case, you are in fault."
SYNTAX.'' 75
RULE XIII.
In the use of words and phrases which, in
point of time, relate to each other, a due regard
to that relation should be observed. Instead of
s&ying, ^* The Lord hath given, and the Lord
hath taken away ;" we should say, <' The Lord
gavcy and the Lord hath taken away." Instead
of, " I know the family more than twenty years ;"
it should be, ^*I have known the family more
than twenty years."
RULE XIV.
Participles have the same government as the
verbs from which they are derived ; as, " I am
weary with hearing him; " " She is instrvjcUng
US; " " The tutor is admonishing Charles"
Passive participles must invariably be used
after the auxiliary verbs have and he^ and not
the imperfect tense; as, <*I have written the
letter, and the letter was toritten" not, " I have
wrotCy and the letter was wrote"
Many passive participles, on the contrary, are
inelegantly and ungrammatically used instead of
the imperfect tense; as, '*He sung^ and he
drunky** it should be, << He sang^ and he drank."
H %
76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
RULE XV.
Adverbs, though they have no government of
case, tense^ &c., require an appropriate situation
in the sentence, viz. for the most part before ad-
jectives, after verbs active or neuter, and fre-
quent! j between the auxiliary and the verb ; as^
<* He made a very sensible discourse ; he spoke
unaffectedly and forcibly; and was attentive^
heard by the whole assembly."
RULE XVI.
Two negatives, in English, destroy one another,
and are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, '< Nor
did they not perceive him,** that is, " They did
perceive him ;" " His language, though inelegant,
is not ungrammatical ;** that is, "it is gram-
matical."
RULE XVII.
Prepositions govern the objective case : as, " I
have heard a good character of her;'* " From
him that is needy, turn not away ;** "A word to
the wise is sufficient for them ; ** '* We may be
ffood and happy withotU riches!*
Frepoaitions should be placed. \mTSit^va.\j^'^\3fe-
SYNTAX. 77
fore the relative which they govern ; as, " To
whom did you give this ?" not, "Whom did you
give this to l>"
If two prepositions govern the same noun, the
noun should be expressed after the first pre-
position, and its place be supplied by a pronoun
after the second ; as, << I went into the room and
sat down in it;" not, "I went into and sat down
in the room."
RULE XVIII.
Conjunctions connect the same moods and
tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns ;
as, *' Candour v&tohe approved a?id practised ;"
" If thou sincerely desire^ and earnestly pursue
virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and
prove a rich reward;" " The master taught Iier
and me to write;" " J?e and she were school-
fellows."
RULE XIX.
Some conjunctions require the indicative, some
the subjunctive mood, after them. It is a gene-
ral rule, that when something contingent or
doubtful is implied^ the sub^uivclVve ^^"^cX \s^ \)^
used: as, ^^'If I wwe, to -wTvle, \ifc ^wis.^ ^'^^
H S
78 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
regard it;" "He will not be pardoned, wj
he repent.*
Conjunctions that are of a positive and a
lute nature, require the indicative mood,
virtue advances so vice recedes" " He is hej
becatue he t^ temperate."
When two or more sentences have corresp
ing conjunctions connecting them, care mui
taken that the latter conjunctions be pro]
chosen to answer to the former ; as, " Neithei
nor I did it ;" ^^ Either he or she will go ;'
am not a^ wise a^ you ;" '< He was so foolis
not to learn his lesson.''
RULE XX.
When the qualities of different things are
pared, the latter noun or pronoun is not gove
by the conjunction than or as, but agrees
the verb, or is governed by the verb or the
position, expressed or understood : as, " '
art wiser than I ;" that is, « than I am." " '
loved him more than me ;" i. e, " more than
loved me;" "The sentiment is well expr
by Plato, but much better by Solomon
bim;" that is, "than by Mm,"
SYNTAX. 79
RULE xxr.
To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex-
press our ideas in few words, an ellipsis, or omis-
sion of some words, is frequently admitted. In-
stead of saying, ^< He was a learned man, he was
a wise man, and he was a good man;" we use
the ellipsis, and say, ^' He was a learned, wise,
and good man."
When the omission of words would obscure
the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended
with an impropriety, they must be expressed.
In the sentence, " We are apt to love who love
us," the word them should be supplied. " A
beautiful field and trees," is not proper language.
It should be, "Beautiful fields and trees;" or,
'< A beautiful field and fine trees."
RULE XXII.
All the parts of a sentence should correspond
to each other: a regular and dependent con-
struction, throughout, should be carefully pre-
served. The following sentence is therefore in-
accurate: ''He was more beloved, but not so
much admired, as Cinthio." It should be, " He
was more beloved than Cinthio, but uo^ %q \c^»f^
admired.*"
^Seethe 23d edit of the duodecimo Gxwnxaax, ^.^i^"^'
80 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PROSODY.
Prosody consists of two parts: the former
teaches the true pronunciation of words, com-
prising ACCENT, QUANTITY, EMPHASIS, PAUS^
and TONE ; and the latter, the laws of versifi-
cation,
ACCENT.
Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the
voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word,
that it may be better heard than the rest, or dis-
tinguished from them : as, in the word presume^
the stress of the voice must be on the letter tt,
and second syllable sumCf which takes the accent
QUANTITY.
The quantity of a syllable is that time which
is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered
as long or short.
A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent
is on the vowel : which occasions it to be slowly
PROSODY. 81
joined, in pronunciation, to the following letter :
as, ** Fall, bale, modd, house, feature."
A syllable is short, when the accent is on the
consonant, which occasions the vowel to be
quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as,
" an't, bon'net, hun^ger."
A long syllable requires double the time of a
short one in pronouncing it: thus, *'Mate" and
" Note " should be pronounced as slowly again
as " Mat" and " Not."
EMPHASIS.
By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller
sound of voice, by which we distinguish some
word or words on which we design to lay par-
ticular stress, and to show how it affects the rest
of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words
must be distinguished by a particular tone of
voice, as well as by a greater stress.
PAUSES.
Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are
a total cessation of the voice, during a per-
ceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable space
of time.
82 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
TONES*
Tones are different both from emphasis ai
pauses; consisting in the modulation of the voic
the notes or variations of sound which we ei
ploy, in the expression of our sentiments.
VERSIFICATION.
Versification is the arrangement of a certa
number of syllables in every line. This line
called a verse. The language of common coi
versation is called prose, to distinguish it fro
poetry.
There are two kinds of poetry, rhyme ai
blank verse. Rhyme is produced by making tl
last syllables to have the same sound. Blai
verse pays no regard to the sounds of the la
syllables.
Two or more syllables, one of which is a
cented, form a foot : as, begin, tinder, among.
A verse is a single line of poetry, consistii
of two or more feet ; as,
" Achil|les* wrath | to Greece | the dire|ful spring."
Two verses, rhyming togellieT, are called
couplet; as,
PROSODY. 83
" Fly then, inglorious ! but thy flight this day
Whole hecatombs of Trojan ghosts shall pay.
*»
Three verses rhyming together form a triplet ;
as,
" But tyranny has fixed her empire there
To check their tender hopes with chilling fear.
And blast the blooming promise of the year."
When verses are written in stanzas, they may
rhyme together in couplets, in triplets, alternately,
or in any other way, according to the fancy of
the poets.
A stanza seldom consists of less than four
verses : as,
« The curfew tolls the knell of parting day ;
The lowing herd winds slowly o*er the lea ;
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.*'
The most common kind -of verse used in En-
glish poetry, is that which, in imitation of the
Greeks and Romans, we called Iambic ; it has
many varieties, and contains from two to sixteen
feet : as in the following examples.
** He feels | an i|cy ddrt
Transfix | his cowjard he^
And di^s." |
84> ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
*« Trust not | in world |ly prinjces th^n
Though they | abound | in wealth
Nor in I the sons | of m6r|tal m6n
In whom | there is | no health."
** The prince I ly pSjlace 6f i the S6n | stood g6r|geous t6 1 beh61d.
On st&telly pilllars buildjed high | of yel|low bur|ni8h'd g6ld.*'
In all these examples the verses are composed
of measures of two syllables, of which the latter
is accented. This measure, or foot as it is termed,
is called an Iambus.
A Trochee is a foot of two syllables, of which
the former is accented. Verses consisting of
such feet, are called Trochaics : they are of dif-
ferent lengths, like Iambics: the following are
examples.
** H6II0W I groins
Silllen I moans."
** Ruin I seize thee | riithless | king ;
Hence a|way, thou | Siren | ledve me.*'
« O' ye I Th^bans | h^re be|h61d him,
This is I (£'di|p{is, you | se^ :
H6 that I sulv'd the | dire e|nlgma
Gr6at and | wise and | g6od was | h^"
Trochaic verses, as for instance several of the
preceding, have a single syllable over and above
the feet which are perfect.
Another kind of verse is called AnapaestiCi
PROSODY. 85
and consists of three syllables, of which the last
is accented ; as^
« At the close | of the d^y | when the h^|let is still."
Sometimes at the beginning of a verse a foot
is found consisting of two syllables, both of which
are accented ; as,
«* Thoiigh Fdte | had fast boiind | her
With Styx I nine times roiind | her.**
Dactylic verse is composed of feet of three
syllables, of which the first is accented ; as,
'< Sofind an ajldrm to the | slaves of a | tyranny,
L^t the de I fender of | freedom a | rise."
Poetry abounds in particular modes of speak-
ing, called Figures of Speech : the principal are
the following.
1. A simile, which describes the subject by
reference to some other, to which it is similar ; as,
*' At last these two stout earls did meet,
Like lions of great might.
Like lions moved, they laid on load,
And made a cruel fight. "
2. A metaphor is a simile without any word to
denote resemblance ; such as, likcy as, equal to,
&c.; as,
** O Lyre divine, what daring spirit
Wakes thee now ? "
Divine, i. e, excellent, equal to divine; wakes,
t. e, arouses thy notes.
I
86 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
3. Alliteration gives a pleasing similarity of
sound to words by means of the same letters
placed at the beginning or end ; as,
'* The Lord descended from aboYe
And bowed the Aeavens Aigh.*'
" A^t alliteration's artful aid.**
4. Hyperbole exaggerates a description, to
produce effect ; as,
** They were iwifter than eagles ; they were stronger than lions.**
5. Personification gives to a thing the pro-
perties of an animated being ; as,
** anting Time toil*d after him in vain.**
6. An allegory is a stor}-, which, besides its
literal signification, has a further meaning or ap-
plication which is kept up throughout ; as in the
parables of Jesus Christ.
PUNCTUATION
Is the art of dividing a written composition into
sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or
stops, for the purpose of marking the different
PUNCTUATION. 87
pauses, which the sense and an accurate pronun-
eiation require.
The Comma represents the shortest pause ;
the Semicolon a pause double that of the comma ;
the Colon double that of the semicolon ; and the
Period double that of the colon.
The points are marked in the following man-
ner :
The Comma , The Colon :
The Semicolon ; The Period •
COMMA.
The Conmia usually separates those parts of a
sentence, which, though very closely connected
in sense, require a pause between them, as^ '^ I
remember, with gratitude, his love and services.*'
<' Charles is beloved, esteemed, and respected. **
Two nouns, connected by a conjunction, have
no comma between them ; but if three or more
be so connected, the comma is necessary; as,
" John and Ann are gone •/' " Richard, Henry,
and Thomas are remaining.**
SEMICOLON.
The Semicolon is used for dividing a compound
sentence into two or more parts, not so closely
I 2
88 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
connected as those which are separated by a
comma, nor yet so little dependent on each other,
as those which are distinguished by a colon : as^
^' Straws swim on the surface ; but pearls lie at
the bottom."
COLON.
The Colon is used to divide a sentence into
two or more parts, less connected than those
which are separated by a semicolon ; but not so
independent as separate, distinct sentences : as,
" Do not flatter yourselves with the hope of per-
fect happiness: there is no such thing in the
world."
PERIOD.
When a sentence is complete and independent,
and not connected in construction with the fol-
lowing sentence, it is marked with a period : as,
" Fear God. Honour the King. Have charity
towards all men."
Besides the points which mark the. pauses in
discourse, there are others t\ia\. ^enoX.^ «. ^^«t^\i\.
PUNCTUATION. 89
modulation of voice, in correspondence to the
•ense. These are,
The Interrogative point, ?
The Exclamation point, I
The Parenthesis, ( )
as, " Are you sincere ? "
** How excellent is a grateful heart ! '*
** Know then this truth, (enough for man to know,)
** Virtue alone is happiness below.**
The following characters are also frequently
used in composition.
An Apostrophe, marked thus * : as, " tho',
j^dg'd." am
A Caret, marked thus a : as, *' I ^ diligent."
A Hyphen, which is thus marked-: as, "Lap-
dog, to-morrow."
The Acute Accent, marked thus': as, "Fan'cy."
The Grave Accent, thus ^ : as, " Favour."
The proper mark to distinguish a long syllable
is this ~ : as, " Rosy :" and a short one, this " :
as, " Folly." This last mark is called a Breve.
A Diaeresis, marked thus", shows that two
vowels form separate syllables ; as, " Creator."
A Section is marked thus §.
A Paragraph, thus ^
1 3
90 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
A Quotation has two inverted commas at the
beginning, and two direct ones at the end of a
phrase or passage : as,
'< The proper study of mankind is man.*'
Crotchets or Brackets serve to enclose a par-
ticular word or sentence. They are marked
thus [ ].
An Index or Hand f&- points out a remark-
able passage.
A Brace > unites three poetical lines ; or
connects a number of words, in prose, with one
common term.
An Ellipsis is thus marked ' : as
« K g," for King.
An Obelisk, which is marked thus f , an As-
terisk, thus *, Double Dagger, thus J, and Pa-
rallels thus II, together with the letters of the
alphabet, and figures, are used as references to
the margin.
The Dash ( — ) is used to denote a pause or
abruptness in the sentence.
91
CAPITALS.
The following words should begin with capitals: —
1st, The first word of every book, chapter,
letter, paragraph, &c.
2d, The first word after a period, and fre-
quently after the notes of interrogation and ex-
clamation.
3d, The names of the Deity : as God, Jehovah,
the Supreme Being, &c.
4th, Proper names of persons, places, ships, &c.
5th, Adjectives derived from the proper names
of places : as Grecian, Roman, English, &c.
6th, Common names when personified; as^
" Come, gentle Spring."
7th, The first word of an example, and of a
quotation in a direct form : as, " Always remem-
ber this ancient maxim : * Know thyself.' "
8th, The first word of every line in poetry.
9th, The pronoun /, and the inteijection O!
10th, Words of particular importance : as, the
Reformation, the Restoration, the Revolution.
APPENDIX:
COMTAINIMG
EXERCISES
IN ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, PROSODY,
ETC.
PART I.
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY.
1. What is English Grammar? Into how
many parts is it divided ? Name them. What
is the first part of grammar ? Of what does or-
thography treat ? What is a letter ? How many
letters are there ? What do letters represent ?
What is an articulate sound ?
2. How are letters divided ? What is a vowel ?
What is a consonant? Which of the letters are
vowels ? What are the rest of the letters called ?
When are w and y consonants ? When are w
y vowels ?
3. How are consonants divided ? Describe a
mute? Describe a semi-vowel? Which are
the liquids ? Why are the^ c«IX\fe^V\^vi'&?
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 93
4. What is a diphthong ? Give an example.
What is a triphthong ? What is a proper diph-
thong ? What is an improper diphthong ?
5. Distinguish the vowels from the consonants
in the following words, ambition, royalty, widow-
hood, ulterior, youthfulness.
6. Point out the diphthongs and triphthongs
in the following words : — earth, noun, poor,
low, view, east, beauty, creator, studious, poetry,
adieu, between, yourselves, certainly.
7. What is a syllable? What is spelling?
What are words ? What is a word of one syl-
lable called ? What a word of two syllables ?
Of three syllables? Of four or more sylla-
bles?
8. Into what classes are words divided ? What
is a primitive word? What is a derivative
word?
9. Divide and name the following words ac-
cording to the number of their syllables^ noun,
adverb, article, conjunction, land, water, nu-
merous, stately, body, mind, gloriously, France,
Italy, Constantinople, consubstantiation.
10. Is each of the following words primitive
or derivative 9 wood, woodman, ^\^.Ta\S!k»x^ ^j^sa.-
maticaJ, idle, laziness, spiTit> \>e,a»\^S^i^'» ^^^^''^^
94t
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
heedless, artful, sincere, hope, lovingly, English,
man.
1 1 . Correct the Errors of Spelling in thefollowing
Sentences,*
A sprigg of mirtle.
The lilly of the valley,
A border of daysies.
A bed of vilets.
The AfiHcan marygold.
The varigated jeranium.
Newington peeches.
Italien nectarins.
Turky apricocks.
The Orlean plumb.
The Portugal mellon.
Dutch currans.
Red and white rasberries.
The prickley coocumber.
Red and purpel red-
dishes.
Meally potatos.
Earley Dutch tumeps.
Late colliflowers.
Dwarf cabages.
A plate of sallet.
A dish of pees.
A bunch of sparagrass.
A mess of spinnage.
A pidgeon pye.
A plumb puddin.
A rich cheasecake.
A beefstake.
A mutten chop.
A sholder of lamb.
A fillett of veel.
A hanch of veneson.
* The erroneous spelling is to be rectified by Dr. John-
son's Dictionary. — For the propriety of exhibiting errone-
ous exercises in Orthography, see the Advertisement to the
^Igffenth or any subsequent Eiditioii oi tVv« '^tv^lish Exer-
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY.
95
A cup of choccolate.
A bason of soop.
Coalchester oisters.
Fhessants & pautriges.
A red herrin.
A large lobstor.
Sammon is a finer fish
than turbot, pertch,
or haddick.
Lisbon orranges.
Spanish chessnuts.
A beach tree.
A burch tree,
A hauthom hedge.
A fine spredding oak.
A weeping wilow.
The gras is green.
Safron is yello.
Vinigar is sowr.
Shugar is sweet.
A pair of scizzars.
A silver bodken.
A small pennknife.
Black led pensils.
Ravens' quils. ^
A box of waifera.
A stick of seeling wax.
The pint of a swords
The edge of a razer.
The tail of a plow.
The gras of the feilds.
A clean flore.
An arm chare.
The frunt dore.
The back kitchin.
The little parlor.
A flour gardin.
A feild of rie.
The wheat harvist.
A bleu sky.
A lovly day.
A beautifuU scene.
A splendid pallace.
A chearful countenance.
An antient castel.
A straight gate.
A strait line.
A disagreable journy.
A willful errour.
Blameable conduct.
Sincere Te^€u\«Mifc.
96
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Nauty behaveour.
A reguler vissit.
Artifitial flowers.
Chrystal streems.
Murmering winds.
A tranquill retreet
A noizy school.
A surprizing storey.
Spritely discourse.
Prophane tales.
A severe headake.
A freindly gift.
An affectionnate parent.
A dutifull child.
Oblidging behaivour.
A Wellcome messenger.
Improveing conversa-
' tion.
An importunate begger.
An occasional visitter.
An encourageing look.
A skillfull horsman.
A favorable recepsion.
Every season has its
peculier beautys.
A void extreama.
Never decieve.
Knowlege inlarges the
mind.
To acquire it is a great
priviledge.
The skool encreases.
We must be studeous.
Enquire before you re-
solve.
Be not affraid to do what
is right.
No man can stedily build
upon accidents.
Our manners should be
nether gros^ nor ex-
cessively refined.
A carr signifies a chariot
of war, or a small car-
riage of burden.
Neglect no oppurtunity
of doing good.
Jacob worshiped his
Creator^ leaning on
the top of his staf.
In the names of druggs
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 97
take in a word may When we act against
endainger life. conscience, we be-
We may place too little, come the destroiers
as well as too much of our own peace.
stres upon dreams. We all have many fail-
Many a trapp is laid to lings and lapses to la-
insnare the feet of ment and recover.
youth. The arrows of calumny
We should subject our fall harmlessly at the
fancys to the govern- feet of vertue.
ment of reason. The study of the english
Common calamities, and language is making
common blessings, daily advancment.
fall heavyly upon the W^e are made to be ser-
envious. vicable to others, as
The finn of a fish is the well as to ourselves.
limb, by which he bal- Labour and expense are
ances his body, and lost upon a droneish
moves in the water. spirit.
The truly good mind is Love worketh no ill to
not dismaied by pov- our naybour, and is
erty, afflictions, or the fullfilling of the
death. law.
By deferring our repen- A dullness or shivering
tence, we accumulate of live V^^^ ^w^esc^^
our sorrows* pTe^e^t*?^ ^ SfcN«t*
98 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
In all our reasonings, That which is some.
our minds should be times expedient, is
sinceerly employed in not all ways so.
the pursuit of truth. We may be hurtfull to
Kude behaviour, and in- others, by our ex.
decent language, are ample, as well as by
peculiarly disgracful personal injuries.
in youth. Gratitude is a forceible
The comely ness of youth and active principle
are modesty and in good and generous
frankness; of age, minds.
condescension and When we bring the law-
dignity. maker into contempt
The true worship of God we have in effect an-
is an important and nuled his laws.
aweful service. It is a great blessing to
Wisdom alone is truely have a sound mind,
fair : folly only ap- uninfluenced by fan.
pears so. cyful humours.
A judicious arrangment Neither time nor mis-
of studies facilitates fortunes should eraze
improvment. the remembrance of
Our natural aad invo- a friend.
luntary defects of Moderation should «pre-
bodjr ai*e not chaxg- side, both in the
able upon us. 'VL\\.c\axiu\i!^^<&'^«ftfst«
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 99
Shall we recieve good of our transgressions
at the divine hand, must precede the for-
and shall we not re- givness of them,
ceive eyil ? Judicious abridgments
All our comforts pro- often aid the studys
cede from the father of youth,
of goodness. Calicoe is a thin cloth
His father omited no- made of cotton ; some-
thing in his education times staned with
that might render him lively colors,
virtuous and usefull. They tempted their
The daw in the fable Creator, and limitted
was dressed in pilfer- the holy one of Izrael.
red ornaments. The precepts of a good
A favor confered with education have often
delicacy, doubles the recured in the time
obligation. of need.
The acknowledgement
ARISTOMENES,
The temper ov Aristomenes was to daring, and
his enturprises to hasardus, to be long ecsempt
from missfortun. His sene of acshun was not
extensiv; so that in time the L^^d&Tcvn<c^as^!^
lernt, by tber very loses, the Tsienea oi ^\iX.^fli%^
K 2
100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR*
Stop to them. He fell in Tinexpektedly with a
larg boddy of Lasedemonian trupes, heded by
both the kings. His retrete was intursepted;
and in making an obstinate diffence, being
stunned by a bio on the bed, he was taken pri-
sener with about fifty of his band. The Lase-
demonians considuring all as rebbels, condemd
them withoute distinkshun to be precipitated into
a cavvem calld Ceada, the commun capitle pun-
nishment at Sparta for the werst malefacters. All
are said to have bene killd by the fal except
Aristomenes ; whos servival was thout so wun-
derful that mirakels wer invented to accounte
for it An egle, it was reported, flutering under
him, so far suported him that he arived at the
botom unhurte. How far mirakelus assistence
was necesary to his prezervashun, we cannot ser-
tainly kno ; but the plane circumstances of the
story, thou extraomary, hav, as far as apperes,
nothing contrary to natur. Aristomenes at first
thout it no advantadge to find himself aliv in
that horid charnel^ surounded by his companians
ded and dying, among the skeUetons and putrid
carcases of former crimminals. He retreted to
the farthest corner he coud find, and, covering
his had with his cloke, lay dovru \x>^«Xj& W ^^^^
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 101
which semed unavvoidable. It was the third
day of this dredful imprizonment when he was
startled by a little rustling noise. Rising and
uncuvyering hiz ies, he saw by the glimering of
lite, which asisted him the more from his hawing
bene so long in perfect darknes, a focks nawing
the ded boddies. It prezently struk him that this
annimel must have found sum other wa into the
cawem than that by which himself had desended^
and woud redily find the same wa out agen.
Watching therfore his oppertunity, he was fortu-
nat enuf to seiz the focks with wun hand, while
with his cloke in the other he preevented it from
biting him ; and he mannaged to let it hav its
wa, without escaping, so as to conduct him to a
narro berry. Throu this he folowed, til it becam
to smal for his boddy to pas ; and here fortunatly
a glimse of dalite caut his eye. Seting therfor
his conducter at liberty, he workd with his bans
til he made a pasage larg enuf for himself to
crepe into da, and he escapd to Ira.
Grant, we beseeche thee, Almitie God, that
we, who for oure evill dedes do -wotVKA"^ ^^"ftRtx^
to be puDDishedy by the cum^ott o^ V5bl^ ^»a»
K 3
102 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
may mercefuUy be releeved ; through our Lord
and Savier Jesus Christ.
O Lord, who newer falest to help and guvvem
them whom thou dost bring up in thy stedfust
feare and love ; Keep us, we beseech thee, under
the protecshun of thy good providdence, and
make us to have a perpetual fear and love of thy
holy Name ; thru Jesus Christ our Lord.
O God, who nowest us to be set in the midst
of so manny and grate dangers, that by reason of
the frailty of our nateshure we cannot always
stand uprite ; Grant to us such strength and pro-
tection, as may support us in all dangers, and
carry us through all temptations ; thru Jesus
Christ our Lord.
Almity God, unto whom all harts be open, all
desires knone, and from whom no seecrets are
hid ; dense the thoughts of our hearts by the in*
spiration of thy holy spirit, that we may perfectly
luv thee, and worthily magnify thy holie name ;
thru Christ our Lord.
Almity and everlasting God, mersifuUy look
upon our infurmities, and in all dangers and ne-
cessitties stretch forth thy rite hand to help and
defend us, thru Jesus Christ our Lord.
Almity God, who s\\e^ea\. \Ai VJaam V5B»l\i%.\:cw
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, 103
error the light of thy truth, to the intent that
they may return into the way of riteousness ;
Grante unto all them that are admitted into the
felloship of Christ's religion, that they may
eschew those thinges that are contrairy to their
professhion, and folio all such things as are agre-^
able to the same, thru our Lord Jesus Christ*
The American Poets are Inglish in everry
thing but their senery. They have retaned all
the best caracteristics of Inglish litterature^'—
fredom of thought, daring enurgy, manly feling,
and pathos never degennerating into sicly senti-
mentallity. The memury of ther recent stmgle
for independance has made manny of them hos-
tile to the polittical power of England, but none
inimical to its litterary pre-eminnence. They kno
that they cannot hope to rivel the fame of Shak-
speare or Milton, and they have, therfore, made
the fame of theese poets part of their own ; re-
garding them, as indede they are, the common
propurty of all who speke the Inglish langwage*
10^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PART IL
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY.
What is the second part of grammar? C
what does etymology treat? How many sorts c
words are there ? Name the parts of speech.
§ ]. Article.
What is an article ? Which are the articles]
When does a become an 9 What form of th<
article a is used before a sounded h? What is^
or an called ? Why is it so called ? Which u
the definite article? Why is it called definite?
When a noun has no article in what sense b it tc
be taken ?
2. Correct the following errors: — An house, a
inch, a owl, an yard, a urn, an hill, a end, a army,
an hero, a hour, a adder, an wolf, an hole, an
heart, a honest man, a honour, a uncle» an useful
horse, an ewe, many an one, a unskilful workman^
an humourous story, a historical account, an horOj
an bed, a adder^ a honour, an horse, an housC]
an pen, a ox, a eel, a ant, a eye, a uninterrupted
afiair, an unit*
3. MVhen is a used before the vowel u and
when an ?
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 105
4. Which article is used before singular nouns ?
5. Before what nouns is the used ?
6. When a noun denotes a whole class of ani-
mals or things, has it an article before it or not ?
Give an example.
?• What is the meaning of the general expres-
sion " The horse is a noble animal.'' Does it
mean one horse or more ?
§ 2. Substantives.
1. What is a substantive ? How many kinds^
of substantires are there? Which are proper
substantives ? Which are common substantives ?
What have substantives belonging to them ? Of
what person are substantives when spoken of?
Of what person are substantives when spoken to?
2. Point out the nouns in the following sen-
tences : — The sun shines, buy me an orange. My
horse is dead. Where is John ? When will you,
go to France ? Which is the house ? Queea
Victoria reigns. The sea is green. Love your
neighbour. God's noblest work is man. Tem-
perance preserves health. Religion produces
happiness. London stands on the Thames. Ex-
cellent writing. A great multitude. ludiistt^ \&
the road to wealth.
106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
3- Are the following nouns proper or comnum f
— Horse, man, George, stag, paper, bottle, pen,
England, church, town, June, Europe, country,
apple, Jane, Ireland, prince, America^ window,
queen, Charlotte, market, brother, Joseph, Wed-
nesday, Mount Vesuvius, Neptune.
4. What is gender ? How many genders are
there ? What does the masculine gender'denote ?
What the feminine? What nouns are of the
common gender ? What are neuter ? Are in-
animate things ever spoken of as masculine or
feminine? Give an example. How are the
sexes distinguished ?
5. Of what gender is each of the following
nouns ? — Abbot, bachelor, actress, maid, bride,
steer, house, duchess, hart, hero, table, countess>
niece, friar, nun, parent, we, nephew, widow,
wizard, hind, emperor, marchioness, child, vis-
count, animal, stag, sultana, executrix, baron,
virtue, heroine, eagle, earl, deaconess, garden,
mouse.
6. What is number? How many numbers
have nouns ? What does the singular express ?
What the plural ? Have all nouns a singular and
a plural number ? Are any used in both num-
bers? How is the plural generally formed?
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. ]07
How do nouns form their plural when the singU'-
lar ends in x^ ch soft, sh, ssy or s9 How do
nouns infovfe form their plural? How those
ending inff? When the singular ends in y with
a consonant before it, how is the plural formed ?
7* Distinguish the number of the following
nouns: — Glass, garden, conquests, woods,
Thomas, arches, loaves, attorneys, wharfs, diffi-
culty, union, fifes, success, pence, ox, woman,
stuff, history, meekness, dependencies.
8. Write or spell the plural of the following
nouns: — Sea, toy, hat, loaf, wish, sex, kiss, inch,
woman, sky, bounty, duty, echo, knife, wife, story,
study, church, glory, potato, booby, sheaf, diffi-
culty, roof, tooth, dwarf, mouse, monarch, folio,
portico, ox, chimney, a sheep, journey, negro,
a vale, enemy, snuff, attorney, handkerchief, a
deer, arcanum, cherub, child, penny, alley, proof,
die, lily, manifesto, phenomenon.
9. How many cases have English substantives?
Mention them. How is the nominative case dis-
tinguished ? How the possessive ? How is the
possessive case generally formed ? Is the apos*
trophic 8 added in the possessive plural when the
nominative plural ends in ^ ^ Is the apostrophic s
108 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
-ever omitted in the possessive case singular when
the nominative terminates in ss9 How is the
objective case distinguished ?
10. Write the following nouns in the posses*
sive case singular: — Boy, girl^ man, woman, Iake>
sea, church, lass, beauty, sister, bee, branch.
11. Write the following in the possessive case
plural: — Brother, child, man, woman, foot, tooth,
ox, mouse, goose, penny.
12. Write the plurals of the following nouns:
— Apple, plum, orange, bush, tree, plant, con-
venience, disorder, novice, beginning, defeat,
protuberance,
13. Write the following substantives in the
nominative case plural : — Cry, fly, cherry, fancy,
glory, duty, boy, folly, play, lily, toy, con-
veniency.
14. Write the following in the nominative case
plural: — Loaf, sheaf, self, muff, knife, stuff, wife,
staff, wolf, half, calf, shelf, life.
15. Write the following in the genitive case
plural: — Brother, child, man, woman, foot, tooth,
ox, mouse, goose, penny.
16. Write the following nouns in the nomina*
Hve and possessive ca^es plural: — Wife, chiefs die,
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 109
staff, city, river, proof, archer, master, crutch^
tooth, mouth, baker, distaff.
17. Write the plurals of the following: mo-
narch, tyro^ grotto, nuncio, 'punctilio^ ruff, mufi^
reproof, portico, handkerchief, gulf, hoof, fife>
multitude, people, meeting, John, Lucy, meek-
ness, charity, folly, France, Matthew, James^
wisdom, reading.
18. Write the gender, number, and case of the
following : father, brothers, mother's, boys, book,
loaf, arms, wife, hats, sisters*, bride's, bottles,
brush, goose, eagles* wings, echo, ox's horn,
mouse, kings, queens, bread, child's, glass, tooth,
tongs, candle^ chair, Jane's boots, Robert's shoe,
horse.
19. Correct the following errors: a dice, the
well is ten foot deep, 1 have two penknifes, three
staffs, we saw fifty sheeps in the vallies, each of
the attomies had six wifes, a drove of oxes and
calfs, he gave eight pennies for two loafes, the
historys of England and Scotland, he kicked with
his foots against the postes, two mother in laws,
three spoonsful, my lives end, a heros* courage,
a mothers' tenderness, the mens' industry, the
six soldier's muskets, the young laxiy'a aeKooL.
(p/ur,)
I.
110
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
20- Write the plurals of the following :
adder,
criterion, •
glass.
loss.
ant.
day.
glory.
man.
army.
desideratum.
goose.
memorand
attorney.
difficulty.
grotto^
monarch.
automaton.
distress.
gulf.
mouse.
bed, .
drone.
gun-smith,
mu£^
booby,
dunce.
handkerchiefj
multitude,
book.
duty.
hat.
needle.
bounty,
echo.
hill,
nuncio.
boy.
ellipsis.
hoof.
ox.
branch.
emphasis.
hope.
peach.
calf.
end.
horse.
penny.
candle.
enemy.
inch.
reproof.
cargo.
eye.
jockey.
ruff.
charity.
fife,
journey.
sphinx.
child.
fish.
key,
stamen.
chinmey.
flower.
kiss,
tooth.
church.
folly.
knife.
vortex.
city.
foot,
leaf.
woe,
coach,
fox.
loaf.
woman.
21. Write the feminines of the following noi
actor.
enchanter.
mayor.
sultan.
ambassador.
governor.
peer.
tiger,
author.
heir.
poet.
traitor.
bridegroom,
hero.
prince.
tutor,
conductor.
hunter
prophet.
widower.
count.
jew,
shepherd,
duke.
lion,
songster.
Emperor,
marquis.
sorcerer,
22. Write the following in all their eases, b
singular and plural : fox, book, leaf, candle, 1
laaC wish, fish, sex, kiss, coa.c\i%me\i,^V.^,\i^>Qi
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. Ill
army, duty, knife, echo, loss, cargo, wife, story^
church, table, glass, study, calf, branch,^ street,
potato, peach, sheaf, booby, rock, stone, house,
glory, hope, flower, city, difficulty, distress, day,
boy, relay, chimney, journey, valley, needle^
enemy, army, vale, ant, sheep, hill, valley, sea*
key, toy.
§ 3. Adjectives.
1. What is an adjective? Are adjectives
varied on account of gender^ number, or case ?
Of what variation do they admit ? How many
degrees of comparison are there ? What does
the positive state express ? What the compara-
tive ? W^hat the superlative ? How is the com-*
parative formed ? How the superlative ? In what
other way are adjectives compared ? How are
monosyllables compared ? How dissyllables ?
2. Point out the adjectives in the following
exercise : a pretty bird, a lofty spire, a beautiful
flower, a swift horse, winding streams, the sea is
calm, a look serene, three cows, James is diligent,
an easy lesson, the lady was very kind, read this
curious story, he bears a heavy burden, the twen-
tieth chapter, Moses was remarkably vxveftk^ Vc^
prospects were very flattering^ «ii \>ea&\. wi %»&^
L 2
112 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
never saw, a brighter colour, the most industrious
servant.
3. Compare the following adjectives: fair^
grave, bright, amiable, long^ short, tall, studious,
deep, little, troublesome, much, perplexing, bad,
eloquent.
4. Write the following adjectives in the com-
parative degree : near, far, little, low, good, in-
different, gay, convenient, much, old, worthy.
5. Write the following in the superlative de*
gree : feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base^
curious, little, strong, better^ near, content
6. Write the following adjectives in their posi-
tive state : nobler, ablest, most active, more pru-
dent, less, worst, best, later, nearest, more, farthest^
elder.
7. Correct the following errors : a happyer
man, the lovelyest boy, a lesser house, John is a
worser scholar than James, this is a comfortabler
situation, the magnificentest palace.
8v Compare the following adjectives : fair,
grave, bright, long, short, tall^ white, deep, strongs
poor, rich, great.
9. Compare the following adjectives : amiable,
moderate, disinterested, favourable, grateful,
studious, attentive, negWgent, Vxi^vjAVTvwsa, \«t-
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 113
plexingy rich, merry, furious, covetous, large^
little, good, bad, near, wretched, rigorous, de-
lightful, sprightly, spacious, splendid, gay, impru^i
dent, pretty.
10. Write the following adjectives in the com-
parative degree i near, far, little, low, good, in*
different^ bad, worthy, convenient.
11. Write the following adjectives in the su-
perlative degree : feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold,
bad, base, little, strong, late, near, content.
§ 4. Pronouns.
1. What is a pronoun ? How many kinds of
pronouns are there? Mention them. How
many personal pronouns are there? Mention
them. Of what do they admit? How many
persons have pronouns? To what pronouns
has gender respect ? How many numbers have
pronouns ? How many cases ? Mention them.
Do the cases differ in form ?
2. Decline the pronouns I, we, thou, you, he,
Bne, it, they. Write the possessive of I, he, you,
they ; and the objective case of I, we, thou, she,
it, they.
3. What are the relative ptonoxxw^*^ "^^e^&iss^k.
them, Wha.t is the word caXYeidi \» ^\iv^ ^^
L 3
IH ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
relate ? What kind of pronoun is the word m
To what is who applied ? To what is which
plied ? For what purpose is that often uf
Decline who f What are who, which, and i
called when used in asking questions ?
4. Describe the nature of adjective prono
How many sorts of adjective pronouns are thi
Mention them. Repeat the possessive. The
tributive. The demonstrative. To what <
the demonstrative pronoun this refer ? To v
does that refer ? Repeat the indefinite prono
Decline other.
5. Correct the following errors : my fri
which came yesterday, the tree who grows in
garden^ this book is het% the lady which sp
firsts the elephant whom I saw, I dislike a
which is slothful, virtue and vice are opposit
their effects^ this exalts the mind^ that debase
6. Write the possessive singular and plura
the pronouns, I^ thou^ he, she, it, who, i
other.
7- Write the objective cases, singular
plural, of the pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it,
who.
exercises in etymology. 115
§ 5. Verbs.
!• What is a verb? How many kinds of
verbs are there? Mention them. Into what
other classes are verbs divided ? What is a verb
active? What does an active verb necessarily
imply ? What is a verb passive ? What does a
passive verb necessarily imply ? What is a neuter
verb? What are auxiliary verbs? Mention
them. Which of the auxiliary verbs have no va-
riation ?
2. When are doy be, and have principals and
not auxiliaries? How many tenses^ properly
speakings have English verbs ? How is the im*
perfect tense formed ?
3. How many numbers have verbs ? Mention
them. How many persons are there in each
number ? What is the first person singular of
the verb to love f Repeat the second person sin-
gular of the same verb. What is the third person
singular ? Repeat the third person plural.
4. What is a mood ? How many moods are
there ? Mention them. How is the indicative
mood distinguished? How the imperative?
How the potential? How tVie ^vs^s^Mtfdcw^'^
How the iniinitive? W\ial Ha %. ^^iJ^wJ^fc^
116 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
From what does the participle derive its name ?
How many participles are there ? Mention them.
What conjunctions are generally prefixed to the
subjunctive mood ?
5. In what persons does the termination of
verbs vary ? What does the third person always
end in ?
6. What other auxiliary verb, besides to have, is
sometimes used to form the perfect tense ? What
authors sometimes use the present tense instead
of the imperfect and perfect ?
7- How is the imperfect distinguished from
the present ? When is the present tense used for
the future?
8. What is the difference between sktUl and
fmll in the first future tense ?
9. What is tense? How many tenses are
there? Mention them. How is the present
tense distinguished ? How the imperfect ? How
the perfect ? How the pluperfect ? How is the
first future tense ? How the second future ?
10. Point out the verbs in the following exer-
cise : I write^ he reads, fire burns^ she eats bread,
John caught a hare, Ann forgot her book, Laura
feeds her bird, caicb tliat hocse^ Eliza dances
gracefully, she should hale eVv\, ^^ximv) ^^^^s;
EXEKCiSES IN ETYMOLOGY. 117
is rich^ is he at school? where was Thomas?
learn your lesson^ she has got a beautiful pigeon^
YOU have told them.
«*
11. The master is loved by Charles, remember
the poor, we shall sleep soundly, they are governed
by fear, Thomas muses on the past, George was
beaten yesterday, it was done before, do you im-
prove ? dost thou love learning ? he sits on a chair^
they are learning geography, arithmetic had been
taught, all men eagerly pursue happiness, Jane
looks like a queen, J seldom dream when I am in
health, you ought to strive to excel Thomas.
12. Distinguish theactivey neuter^ and passive
verbs in the foregoing exercise, and ivrite them in
separate columns,
13. Of what number are the verbs in the follow,
ing exercise ? we love, they write, he rides, she
sings, you laugh, it falls, the horse runs, the leaves
shake, I may stay, let us run, you shall see, he
might enjoy play, wisdom is excellent.
14. In what person is the verb ? you read, he
thinks, they took leave, we live happily, it will
fall, take care, the men sing, study delights us,
I heard a noise, they wrote well, did you speak,
come hither, the passions should b^ ^q>n^\\ss^
IS Conjugate the foWovrvn^ N^t\«» Ns^ ^^*^«te-
118 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
dicative mood^ present tense: beat, gain, readi
eat, walk, desire, interpose.
16. Conjugate the following verbs in the po*
tential mood, imperfect tense : fear, hope, dream,
fly, consent, improve, controvert.
17. Conjugate the following verbs in the sub
junctive mood, perfect tense : drive, prepare
starve, omit, indulge, demonstrate.
18. Conjugate the following verbs in the im«
perative mood: believe, depart, invent, give;
abolish, contrive.
19. Wiite the following verbs in the infinitive
mood, present and perfect tenses : grow, decrease,
live, prosper, separate, incommode.
20. Write the present, perfect, and compounc
participles of the following verbs : confess, dis-
turb, please, know, begin, sit, set, eat, lie, lay.
21. Conjugate the following verbs in the indi.
cative mood, present and perfect tenses of the
passive voice : honour, abase, amuse, slight, en-
lighten, displease, envelope, bereave.
22. Conjugate the following verbs in the indi-
cative mood, pluperfect and first future tenses:
Fly, contrive, know, devise, choose, come, see^
go, eat, grow, bring, forsake.
23. Write the foYLoyrVng \et\)% \n. VXi!^ Y^^saec
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 119
and imperfect tenses of the potential and subjunc-
tive moods : know^ shake^ heat, keep, give, blow,
bestow, beseech.
24. Write the following verbs in the indicative
mood, imperfect and second future tenses of the
passive voice : slay, draw, crown, throw, defeat^
grind, hear, divert.
25. Write the following verbs in the second
and third persons singular of all the tenses in the
indicative and subjunctive moods: approve,
condemn, mourn, freeze, know, arise, drive, blow,
investigate.
26. Form the following verbs in the infinitive
and imperative moods, with their participles, all
in the passive voice : embrace, draw, defeat^
smite.
27. Write the following verbs in the present,
imperfect, and passive participles : abide, am,
arise, begin, bereave, bring, buy, burst, can,
catch, crawl, creep, draw, drink, drive, fall, feel,
flee, fly, forsake, get, give, go, grow, have, hear,
hearken, hide, hold, keep, know, loiter, loose,
lose, may, must, pay, punish, race, ride, ring,
run, say, see, seek, sell, shake, shall, sit, slay, slap,
slaughter, slide, slip, will.
120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
28- When does the verb to be denote duty
Give an example.
29. What verbs active are called regular!
What verbs passive are called regular ? How i
a passive verb conjugated? What verbs ar
called irregular? How many kinds of irregula
verbs are there? Mention their peculiarities
I Are walky arisen and seek regular or irregulai
verbs ?
30. Name the imperfect tense and perfect parti
ciple of am, begin, creep, drive, buy, burst, pay
rise, ride, forsake, grow, fall, keep, feel, get, go.
lie, lay, see, swell, knit, swear.
31. Conjugate throughout the irregular verbs,
to shut, to teach, to go, to lay.
32. Correct the errors in the following sen-
tences : — They have chose their books, the bottle
was shook ; they have began their work ; the
cask is bursted ; 1 see him last week ; I have
awaken him ; he has gave me his book ; if I had
went to York ; the sheep were sheared ; it vext
her much ; I have strove to do it ; my stick is
broke ; 1 begun the work to-day ; he talkt and
stampt with much violence; James drawed a
bird; many were slew in this engagement; I
written to him yesteidaj \ l\vfe OoMx^el \ia.^e
/
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 121
wrote their copies; it is laying on the table; I
durst not do so now; the horse was stole; might
I leave the room? the enemy are flown; the
cloth had been wove; I seen him yesterday; lay
on the sofa; 1 have just laid down; did yon want
it now? he done the work well; he was hung
last week; I taken my sister with me; the first
stone was lain; they have ran the race; I have
eat and drank enough.
33. Name the moods, tenses, numbers, and
persons, of the verbs in the following sentences :
— ^Welove him; James loves me; it amuses him;
we shall conduct them; they will divide the spoil;
soldiers should defend their country; friends in-
vite friends; she can read her lesson; she may
play a tune; you might please her; thou mayst
ask him; he may have betrayed us; we might
have diverted the children; John can deliver the
message; 1 love; to love; love; reprove thou; has
loved; we tied the knot; if we love; if thou love;
they could have commanded armies; to love; to
baptize; to have loved; loved; loving; to survey;
having surveyed ; write a letter; read your lesson ;
thou hast obeyed my voice; honour thy father;
we may have been; thou mayst have beeci^
they can liave been; 1 mv^t \jaj<^ \i^^\v\ "V^"^
M
122
BNGLISH CRAMMAK.
Ehould hare been; we vould have been;
thou be; we be; he be; thou wert; we wer
be; be thou; be; to be; being; to have been;
be; be ye; been; be; having been; if we be
they be; to be.
S4. Write the moods, tenses, numbers,
persons, of the following: — Snow b white;
waaa good man; we Eiave been younger; she
been happy; it bad been late; we are old; you
be wise; it will be time; if they be thine ; be i
tious; be heedful, youth; we may be rich; t
should be virtuous; thou mightst be wiser; t
must have been excellent scholars; they mi
have been powerful; they are loved; we n
loved; thou art loved; it is loved; she was loi
be has been loved; you have been loved; I h
been loved; thou hadst been loved; we shall
loved; (hou wilt be loved; they will be loi
I shall have been loved; you will have h
loved; he can be loved; thou mayst be loved;
must be loved; they might be loved; ye would
loved; they should be loved; 1 could be lot
thou canst have been loved; it may have b
loved; you might have been loved; if 1 be lov
tboa wert loved; we be loved; they be loved;
tiou loved; be ye loved- -jon \ft VOT«ft.-, \i
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 123
loved, loved; having been loved; to have beea
loved; being loved.
35. Of what mood and tense is do or am the
sign ? Of what is did or was the sign ? Of what
have? Of what had? Of what shall or will?
Of what shall or will have ? Of what mai/, can,
or must? Of what mighty cotddy wouldy or
should f Of what ^noy, ean, or 97i2£«^ have f Of
what mighty could, should, or would have 9 What
is mostly the sign of the irtfinitive mood ?
36. Write the imperfect tense and passive par-
ticiple of the following verbs : — Take, drive,
creep, begin, abide^ buy, bring, arise, catch, be-
reave, am, burst, draw, drink, fly, flee, fall, get,
give, go, feel, forsake, grow, have, hear, hide,
keep, know, lose, pay, ride, ring, shake, run, seek,
sell, see, sit, slay, slide.
37. Name the moods, tenses, numbers, and
person, of the verbs in the following sentences :—•
Prosperity gains friends; thou conferrest a favour;
they commend her; Thomas disregards me; grief
contracts the heart; virtue ennobles the mind; she
surpasses you; we approve it; I obey my teacher;
we completed our journey; it destroys our plea-
sure; they have betrayed me; I do like this &itu.-
ation; they did condemn s\xc\i^Ta\^'eX&\\iaJ*^^^=^
M 2
124f ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
studied your lesson ? do you instruct him ? Jan
has finished his work; they will divide the spi
John will have delivered the message; prep
your exercises; thou didst act an unkind pa
they had lamented her fate; she may play a tu:
he had regaled himself; it would relieve th
can he repeat the lines ? their fears will det
them; to revere good men; soldiers should defc
their country; regard your reputation; addre
ing the king; to hate folly; let them pursue th
business; he might have attempted an esca]
protect yourselves; she could have assisted J
brother; surveying his estate; let us examine oi
selves; I am sincere; thou art extravagant; he
disinterested; thou dost improve; your expec
tion has failed; the accident had happened; 3^
shall submit; good humour wiU prevail; he Ir
respected; have they removed? we shall h{
agreed; I can conjecture; they might have t
veiled^ be willing to forgive; having assents
depart.
58. Conjugate the following verbs in the ]
dicoHve mood, present tense : — Laugh^ gain, de*
walk, desire^ interpose.
59. Conjugate the following through the p
sent, impetfecty and ^rst /uture tenses 0$ tihA vi
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 125
eative mood: — Fear^ hope, consent, depart, abo-
lish, contrive.
40. Conjugate the following through all the
moods and tenses of the active voice: — Call, grant,
esteem, improve, enjoy, believe.
41. Conjugate the verb to \o\e progressively ;
Bs, *' I am loving," &c., and the following, with
the addition of a noun^ adverb^ or infinitive: —
To confer a favour; to listen attentively; to stay
to dine.
42. For what purpose do we use the compound
form of verbs, consisting of the auxiliary verb do
and the infinitive mood ? Decline / do sing in
the present and imperfect tenses according to this
compound form.
43. How is an English verb made negative ?
Decline / did not run.
44. How do you denote the occupation in
which any person is engaged ? Decline / am
running.
45. What active verbs in English have a pas-
sive signification ?
46. How is a passive verb conjugated in Eng-
lish?
47. Give some examples of tbe^eawi^'^'wSk-
ciple ending in n or en.
M S
126 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
48. Give some examples of verbs of w
present and imperfect tenses and the
participle are the same.
49. Name some irregular verbs whi<
the imperfect tense and perfect partic
same*
50. Name some irregular verbs which
their tenses different.
51. What are the different meaning!
verb to bear? What is the difference
Jlee ^xoAflyf What are the different i
of the verb to lie? What are the diffei
of hanged and hung?
52. What are defective verbs? Nai
of them.
6. Adverbs.
1. What is an adverb?
2. What do adverbs denote ? Give i
amples.
S. Are adverbs ever compared? 1
adverbs in ly compared ?
4. Give some adverbs which are com
a total change of the word.
5. Name some adjectives "which are s<
■
used for adverbs^ and give some e^^xK
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 127
6. Give some examples of prepositions being
used adverbially.
7. What adverbs are used in afErming or
denying ?
8. Name some compound adverbs.
9. What adverbs are used only in composition,
and what meaning do they conmiunicate to the
words with which they are compounded ?
10. Name some conjunctions which are used
adverbially.
§ 7. Prepositions.
1. What is a preposition ? Before what parts
of speech are prepositions generally used ? Give
some examples.
2. Give some examples of prepositions being
used after verbs without any noun or pronoun
governed by them.
§ 8. Conjunctions.
What is a conjunction ? Into what classes are
conjunctions divided ? How is a copulative con-
junction distinguished? How a disjunctive con.
junction ?
§ 9. Interjections.
What 13 an interjection? Gvvft s>o«ye. ««wss^«a»^
and state what passions oi \\ie xxxoA^^^ ^-k^^^^^'
128 XKGLISH GltAMUAR.
§ 10. Derivation.
1. In how many various ways are words
rived from one another ?
2. Give an example of substantives dei
from verbs.
3- Give examples of verbs derived from :
stanlives, from adjectives, and from adverbs.
4. Give esamples of adjectives derived I
substantives.
5. Give examples of substantives derived I
adjectives.
6. Give examples of adverbs derived i
at^ectives.
7> Point out the derivative words in the
lowing sentences, and show from what they
derived :— Pitch upon that course of life w
is the most excellent ; and habit will rendi
the most delightful. Fashion is the plagu
wise men, and the idol of fools. Anger
glance into the breast of a wise man, but i
only in the bosom of fools. By taking reve
a man is but even with hb enemy ; but in j
ing it over, he is superior. No man hi
thorough taste of prosperity to whom adve
never happcDed. The worst of crosses is nevi
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY. 129
have had any. A good word is as soon said as
a bad one. We should take a prudent care for
the future, but so as to enjoy the present. It is
no part of wisdom to be miserable to-day, because
we may happen to be so to-morrow. No man
was ever cast down with the injuries of fortune,
unless he had before suffered himself to be de-
ceived by her favours. None more impatiently
suffer injuries than those that are most forward
in doing them. Though a man may become
learned by another's learning, he never can be
wise but by his own wisdom. The coin that is
most current among mankind is flattery; the
only benefit of which is, that by hearing what
we are not, we may be instructed what we ought
to be. The temperate man's pleasures are
durable, because they are regular; and all his
life is calm and serene, because it is innocent.
The love of gaming will corrupt the best prin-
ciples in the world. An angry man who sup-
presses his passions, thinks worse than he speaks ;
and an angry man that will chide^ speaks worse
than he thinks. A good word is an easy obliga-
tion ; but not to speak ill requires only our si-
lence, which costs us nothing.
130 ENGLISH GRAMMAIU
PART III.
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING*
SECT. I.
Etymological Parsing Table.
What part of speech ?
1. An article. What kind? Why?
2. A substantive. Common or proper? What
Gender? Number? Case? Why?
3. An adjective. What degree of comparison ?
To what does it belong ? Why an adjec-
tive?
4. A pronoun. What kind? Person? Gen-
der? Number? Case? Why?
5. A verb. What kind? Mood? Tense?
Number ? Person ? Why ? If a partici-
ple, Why ? Active or passive ?
6. An adverb. Why is it an adverb ?
7. A preposition. Why a preposition ?
80 A con^unctum. What kind ? Why ?
9* An interjection., Why?
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 131
SECT. 11.
Specimens of Etymological Parsing.
Hope animates us.
Hope is a common substantive, of the neuter
gender, the third person, in the singular number,
and the nominative case. (^Decline the svbstan^
tive.) Animates is a regular verb active, indi-
cative mood, present tense, third person singular.
(^Repeat the present tense, the imperfect tense, and
the perfect participle; and sometimes conjugate
the verb entirely^ Us ia a personal pronoun,
first person plural and in the objective case.
'(Decline the pronoun.)
A peaceful mind is virtue^s reward.
A is the indefinite article. Peaceful is an ad-
jective. (Repeat ^ degrees of comparison.)
Mind is a common substantive of the neuter
gender, the third person, in the singular number,
and the nominative case. (Decline the substan"
tive.) i^ is an irregular verb neuter, indicative
mood, present tense^ and the third person singu-
lar. (Repeat the present tense, the imperfect tense,
and the participle ; and occasionally conjugate
the verb entirely.) Ftrtue's is z. ^ifs^sississ^ ^>c2^
stantive, of the third pereoii, Vdl\Xi^ ^m^JiSssx^wass^-
132
ENGLISH GRAMMAR*
ber^ and the possessive case. (^Decline i
stantive.) Reward is a common substan
the third person, in the singular numb(
the nominative case.
SECT, in.
Article and Svhstantive,
The vices
Temperance
A variety
George
The Rhine
A prince
A rivulet
The Humber
Gregory
The pope
An abbess
An owl
A building
The Grocers' Coi
Europe
The sciences
Yorkshire
The planets
TYie axm.
A bush
A tree
A flower
An apple
An orange
An almond
A hood
A house
A hunter
An hour
An honour
An hostler
The garden
The fields
The rainbow
The clouds
The scholars' duty
The horizon
Virtue
EXERCTSES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 133
A volume
Parchment
The pens
A deposition
Benevolence
An oversight
A design
The governess
An ornament
The girls* school
A grammar
Mathematics
The elements
An earthquake
The King's prerogative
Africa
The continent
Koundness
A declivity
•Blackness
An inclination
The undertaking
Penelope
Constancy
An entertainment
A fever
The stars
A comet
A miracle
A prophecy
Depravity
The constitution
The laws
Beauty
A consumption
An elevation
The conqueror
An Alexander
Wisdom
America
The Caesars
The Thames
A river
The shadows
A vacancy
The hollow
An idea
A whim
Something
"N
134
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
SECT. IV.
Article^ Adjective^ and Substantive.
A good heart
A wise head
A strong body
An obedient son
A diligent scholar
A happy parent
Shady trees
A fragrant flower
The verdant fields
- A peaceful mind
Composed thoughts
A serene aspect
An affable deportment
The whistling winds
A boisterous sea
The howling tempest
A gloomy cavern
Rapid streams
Unwholesome dews
A severe winter
A useless drone
The industrious bees
Hannless doves
The careless ostrich
The dutiful stork
The spacious firma-
ment
Cooling breezes
A woman amiable
A dignified character
A pleasing address
An open countenance
The candid reasoner
Fair proposab
A mutual agreement
A plain narrative
An historical fiction
Relentless war
An obdurate heart
Tempestuous passions
A temper unhappy
A sensual mind
The babbling brook
A limpid stream
T\ie devious walk
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 135
The serpentine river A miserable end
A melancholy fact Gloomy regions
An interesting history An incomprehensible
A happier life subject
The woodbine's fra- A controverted point
grance The cool sequestered
A cheering prospect vale
An harmonious sound A garden enclosed
Fruit delicious
The sweetest incense
An odorous garden
The sensitive plant
A convenient mansion
Warm clothing
A temperate climate
Wholesome aliment
An affectionate parent
A free government
The diligent farmer
A fruitful field
The crowning harvest
A virtuous conflict
A final reward
Peaceful abodes
The noblest prospect
A profligate life
The iw-mantled tower
Virtue's fair form
A mahogany table
Sweet-scented myrtle
A resolution wise, no-
ble, disinterested
Consolation's lenient
hand
A better world
A cheerful, good old
man
A silver tea-urn
Tender-looking charity
My brother's wife's
mother
A book of my friend's
An animaJLm^^ 'sr^J^
136 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
SECT. V.
Pronoun and Verbf Sfc.
I am sincere. They will obey us.
Thou art industrious. Good humour shall pre-
He is disinterested. vail.
We honour them. He will have deter-
You encourage us. mined.
They commend her. We shall have agreed.
Thou dost improve. Let me depart.
He assisted me. Do you instruct him.
We completed our jour- .Prepare your lessons.
ney. Let him consider.
Our hopes did flatter Let us improve our-
us. selves.
They have deceived Know yourselves.
me. Let them advance.
Your expectation has They may offend.
failed. I can forgive.
The accident had hap- He might surpass them.
pened. We could overtake
He had resigned him- him.
self. I would be happy.
Their fears will detect Ye should repent
them. He may have deceived
You shall submit. me.
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 137
They may have forgot- The person will have
ten. been executed, when
Thou mightst have im- the pardon arrives*
proved. L^et him be animated.
We should have con- Be you entreated.
sidered. Let them be prepared.
To see the sun is plea- It can be enlarged.
sant. You may be discover-
To live well is honour- ed.
able. He might be convinced.
Tohave conquered him- It would be caressed.
self was his highest I may have been de-
praise, ceived.
Promoting others' wel- They might have been
fare^ they advanced honoured.
their own interest. To be trusted, we must
He lives respected. be virtuous.
Having resigned his To have been admired,
office, he retired. availed him little.
They are discouraged. Ridiculed, persecuted.
He was condemned. despised, he main.
We have been reward- tained his principles.
ed. Being reviled, we bless.
She had been admired. Having been deserted,
Virtue will be reward- he beoassv^ ^ssaks^s^^
138 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The sight being new. Every heart kno\v
he startled. own sorrows.
This uncouth figure Which was his ch(
startled him. It was neither.
I have searched, I have Hers is finished,
found it. is to do.
They searched those This is what I fear
rooms ; he was gone. That is the thing v
The book is his ; it I desired.
was mine. Who can preserve
These are yours, those self?
are ours* Whose books are tl
Our hearts are deceit Whom have we ser
ful. Some are neglij
Your conduct met their othefs industrioi
approbation. One may deceive
None met who could self.
avoid it. All have a talent t
His esteem is my ho- prove.
nour. Can any dispute it
Her work does her Such is our condit:
credit.
Each must answer the
question.
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 139
SECT. VI.
Adverb, Preposition, Confunction, and Inter-^
jection,
I have seen him once, diligent, and he will
perhaps twice. probably succeed.
Thirdly, and lastly, I How sweetly the birds
shall conclude. sing I
This plant is found Why art thou so heed-
here and elsewhere. less ?
Only to-day is properly He is little attentive,
ours. nay, absolutely stu-
The task is already per- pid.
formed. When will they arrive ?
We could not serve Where shall we stop ?
him then, but we Mentally and bodily,
will hereafter. we are curiously and
We often resolve, but wonderfully formed,
seldom perform. They travelled thro'
He is much more pro- France, in haste, to-
mising now than wards Italy,
formerly. From virtue to vice,
We are wisely and hap- the progress is gra-
pily directed. dual.
He has certainly been By diligence and (c^^
gality, 1
ENGLISH GRAMMAH.
i at The house vaa bc
We are often below our
wishes, and above our
Some things make for
him, others against
By thia imprudence, he
was plunged into new
difflcultiea.
Without the aid of
charity, he supported
himself with credit.
Of bis talents much
might be said; con-
cerning his integrity,
nothing.
On all occasions, she
behaved with pro-
priety.
We in vain look for a
path between virtue
and vice.
He lives within his in-
come.
a great price,
above its value.
She came down
slowly, but
briskly up agaii
His father and m
and uncle, resii
Rome.
We must be tei
ate, if we won!
healtliy.
He is as old ai
class-mate, buti
learned.
Charles is estee
because he is
dbcreet and bei
lent.
We will stay til
He retires to rest
that he majr
early.
We ought to be tl
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 141
ful, for we have re- She will transgress
ceived much. unless she be ad-
Though he is often ad- monished.
vised, yet he does If he were encouraged^
not reform. he would amend*
Eeproof either softens Though he condemn
or hardens its object me, I wiU respect
Neither prosperity, nor him.
adversity, has im- Their talents are more
proved him. brilliant than useful.
He can acquire no vir- Notwithstanding his po-
tue, unless he make verty, he is a wise
some sacrifices. and worthy person.
Let him that standeth, If our desires are mo-
take heed lest he derate, our wants will
falL be few.
If thou wert his supe- Hope often amuses, but
rior, thou shouldst seldom satisfies us.
not have boasted. Though he is lively, yet
He will be detected, he is not volatile,
though he deny the O peace I how desirable
fact. art thou I
If he has promised, he I have been often oc-
should act accord- cupied, alas I with
ingly. trifles.
142 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Strange I that we should Hail, simplicity I source
be so infatuated. of genuine joy.
O I the humiliations to Behold I how pleasant
which vice reduces it is for brethren to
us. dwell together in
Hark I how sweetly the unity,
woodlark sings ! Welcome again I my
Ah I the delusions of long lost friend,
hope!
SECT. VII.
A few instances of the same words constituting
several of the parts of speech.
Calm was the day, and miseries, which are
the scene delightful. stealing softly after
We may expect a calm them.
after a storm. A little attention will
To prevent passion, is rectify some errors.
easier than to calm Though he is out of
it. danger, he is still
Better is a little with afraid.
content, than a great He laboured to still the
deal with anxiety. tumult
The gay and dissolute Still waters are com-
think little of tVie tsxouIy deepest.
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 143
Damp air is unwhole- He has seen much of
some. the world, and been
Guilt often casts a damp much caressed. '
over our sprightliest His years are more than
hours. hers ; but he has not
Soft bodies damp the more knowledge,
sound much more The more we are bless-
than hard ones. ed, the more grate-
Though she is rich and ful we should be.
fair, yet she is not The desire of getting
amiable. more is rarely satis-
They are yet young, and fied.
must suspend their He has equal know-
judgment yet awhile. ledge^ but inferior
Many persons are bet- judgment.
ter than we suppose She is his inferior in
them to be. sense, but his equal
The few and the many in prudence.
have their preposses- We must make a like
sions. space between the
Few days pass without lines.
some clouds. Every being loves its
Much money is cor- like,
rupting. Behave yourselves like
Think much, and speak meii«
little.
144
EKGLISH GRAMMAR.
We are too apt to like
most, no n
pernicious compa-
quired.
ny.
I will submit
He may go or stay as
mission bri
he likes.
It is for our
They strive to learn.
be tempera
He goes to and fro.
I for better
To his wisdom we owe
I have a regai
our privilege.
He is esteei
The proportion is ten
on his own
to one.
and on th
He served them with
parents.
his utmost ability.
Both of then
When we do our ut-
praise.
SECT. VIIL
Promiscuous Exercises in Etymological
In your whole behaviour, be hu
obliging.
Virtue is the universal charm.
True politeness has its seat in the he
We should endeavour to please, rath
shine and dazzle.
Opportunities occur daily for streng:
ourselvcB the habits o£ virtue.
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 145
Compassion prompts us to relieve the wants of
others.
A good mind is unwilling to give pain to
either man or beast.
Peevishness and passion often produce, from
trifles, the most serious mischiefs.
Discontent often nourishes passions, equally-
malignant in the cottage and in the palace*
A great proportion of human evils is created
by ourselves.
A passion for revenge has always been con-
sidered as the mark of a little and mean mind.
If greatness flatters our vanity, it multiplies our
dangers.
To our own failings we are commonly blind.
The friendships of young persons are often
founded on capricious likings.
In your youthful amusements, let no unfairness
be found.
Engrave on your minds this sacred rule : " Do
unto others, as you wish that they should do unto
you."
Truth and candour possess a powerful charm ;
they bespeak universal favour.
After the first departure froia ^YDL<(iKs6^:\<k^^^^
o
146 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
seldom in our power to stop : one artifi
rally leads on to another.
Temper the vivacity of youth, Tidth ;
mixture of serious thought.
The spirit of true religion is social^ k
cheerful.
Let no compliance with the intempera
of others, ever betray you into profane s
In preparing for another world, we i
neglect the duties of this life.
The manner in which we employ oui
time, may decide our future happiness o;
Happiness does not grow up of its own
it is the fruit of long cultivation, and tl:
sition of labour and care.
A plain understanding is often joii
great worth.
The brightest parts are sometimes fou
out virtue or honour.
How feeble are the attractions of th
form, when nothing within corresponds t
Piety and virtue are particularly grac
becoming in youth.
Can we, untouched by gratitude, v:
profusion of good^ vrbicVi Vke ^Nme Uai
around us?
EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. 147
There is nothing in human life more amiable
and respectable, than the character of a truly
humble and benevolent man.
What feelings are more uneasy and painful^
than the workings of sour and angry passions ?
No man can be active in disquieting others,
who does not, at the same time, disquiet himself.
A life of pleasure and dissipation is an enemy
to health, fortune^ and character.
To correct the spirit of discontent, let us con-
sider how little we deserve, and how much we
enjoy.
As far as happiness is to be found on earth,
we must look for it, not in the world, or the
things of the world ; but within ourselves, in our
temper, and in our heart.
Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into
ridicule, they honour it at the bottom of their
hearts.
Of what small moment to our real happiness
are many of those injuries which draw forth our
resentment I
In the moments of eager contention, every-
thing is magnified and distorted in its appear-
ance.
Multitudes, in the moat o\i?.c\«^ ^\a5ass«ia»% «ksw
o ^
148
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
not less eager in their petty broils^ nor le
mented by their passions, than if princely h
were the prize for which they contended.
^ The smooth stream, the serene atmos
the mild zephyr, are the proper emblem
gentle temper, and a peaceful life. Amo
sons of strife, all is loud and tempestuous.
PART IV.
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.
RULE I.
Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds
of flour.
What avails the best sentiments^ if persons do
not live suitably to them ?
Thou should love thy neighbour^ as sincerely
as thou loves thyself.
From a fear of the world's censure, to be
ashamed of the practice of precepts, which the
heart approves and embraces^ mark a feeble and
imperfect character.
The erroneous opinions which we form con-
cerning happiness and misery, gives rise to all
the mistaken and dangerous passions that em-
broils our life.
The mechanism of clocks and watches, were
totally unknown a few centuries ago.
The number of the inhabitants of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, do not e^e^^^ ^v^<e«CL\sSSssss«a*s
o S
150 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Nothing but vain and foolish pursuits delight
some persons.
RULE II.
Idleness and ignorance is the parent to many
vices.
Patience and diligence, like faith^ removes
mountains.
What signifies the counsel and care of pre-
ceptors, when youth think they have no need of
assistance ?
RULE III.
Man's happiness or misery are, in a great
measure, put into his own hands.
Man is not such a machine as a clock or a
watch, which move merely as they are moved.
Speaking impatiently to servants, or anything
that betrays inattention or ill-humour, are cer**
tainly criminal.
When sickness, infirmity, or reverse of fortune,
affect us, the sincerity of friendship is proved.
Let it be remembered, that it is not the utter-
ing, or the hearing of ceTtain N70xd%) tUajt consti^
tute the worship of the A\tni^\it^.
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 151
BULE IV.
The British Parliament are composed of Queen^
Lords, and Commons.
A great number do not always argue strength.
The council was not unanimous^ and it sepa-
rated without coming to any determination.
KULE V.
They which seek wisdom, will certainly find her.
I do not think that any person should incur
censure for being tender of their reputation.
Thou who has been witness of the fact, can
give an account of it.
The child whom we have just seen^ is wholesome-
ly fed, and not injured by bandages or clothing.
He is like a beast of prey, who destroys with^..
out pity.
RULE VI.
If he will not hear his best friend, whom shall
be sent to admonish him ?
The persons who conscience and virtue sup«
port, may smile at the caprices of fortune.
It is not to be expected that they, whom in
early life, have been dark and deceitful, should
afterwards become fair and in^enxjiwx.^*
' They who have laboured to ixvak^ xxs» ^^^ ^'^^
2 IEKGLI8H GRAMMAR.
}od are the persons who we ought to love and
espect, and whom we ought to be grateful to.
From the character of those who you associate
withy your own will be estimated.
RULE VII.
Thou art the friend that hast often relieved
me, and that has not deserted me now in the
time of peculiar need.
I perceive that thou art a pupil who possesses
bright partSy but who hast cultivated them but
little.
I am the man who approves of wholesom'
discipline, and who recommend it to others ; bi
I am not a person who promotes useless severif
x)T who object to mild and generous treatment
RULE VIII.
These kind of indulgences soften and ii
the mind.
Instead of improving yourselves, you
been playing this two hours.
Those sort of favours did real injury
the appearance of kindness.
The chasm made by the earthquake w
ty foot broad> and one loxm^e^ i^V^Q\c
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 153
RULE IX.
The fire, the air, the earth, and the water, are
four elements of the philosophers.
We are placed here under a trial of our virtue.
The profligate man is seldom or never found
to be^ the good husband^ the good or the bene-
ficent neighbour.
His error was accompanied with so little con-
trition and candid acknowledgement, that he
found a few persons to intercede for him.
There were so many mitigating circumstances
attending his misconduct, particularly that of his
open confession, that he found few friends who
were disposed to interest themselves in his favor.
RULE X.
Thy ancestors virtue is not thine.
Thy fathers oflfence will not condemn thee.
A mothers tenderness and a fathers care are
natures gifts* for mans advantage.
A mans manner's frequently influence his
fortune.
RULE XI.
Who have I reason to love so much as this
friend of my youth ?
54* ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The man wlio he raised from obscurity is dead.
He and they we know, but who art thou ?
Ye only have I known of all the families of
the earth.
We should fear and obey the author of our
being, even he who has power to reward or
punish us for ever.
He loves we.
He invited my brother and I.
They that help me I will reward.
Ye only have I known.
She that is idle and mischievous reprove
sharply.
ft
He who committed the offence thou shouldst
correct^ not I who am innocent.
He exposes hisself too much.
Who did they entertain so freely ?
He will I protect who you unjustly persecut
As they esteemed theirselves wise they expos
their weakness.
Whosoever you send, I will receive.
Let thou and I make the experiment.
1 hey who opulence has made proud, and
luxury has corrupted, are not happy.
Who should we esteem more than the
^uidgood?
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 155
Who, of all the men in the world, do you think
I saw the ofher dav?
it
Do you know who I mean ?
Thou chantress of the woods among
I woo, to hear thy evening song.
It was US who went there.
It was me who wrote the letter.
We are them for whom you sought.
Do not be surprised, it is me.
I am sure it was them we met.
I told you it was him.
You are her that promised to be here to-day.
He so much resembled his brother, that, at first
sight, I took it to be he.
I saw a person whom I supposed to be she.
Who do you think him to be ?
Let him be whom he may, I am not afraid
of him.
I am your cousin, him from whom you received
the letter yesterday.
She is the person who I understood it to have
been.
Was it them that did it ?
I believe it to have been they.
Whom do you think \s t\ie 8kW&»tl
156 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
RULE XII.
It is better live on a little^ than outlive a great
deaL
You ought not walk too hastily.
I have seen some young persons to conduct
themselves very discreetly.
RULE XIII.
The next new year's day, I shall be at school
three years.
From the little conversation I had with him,
he appeared to have been a man of letters.
It would have given me great satisfaction, to
relieve him from that distressed situation.
We should respect these persons^ because they
continue long attached to us.
In the treasury belonging to the cathedral in
this city, is preserved with the greatest venera-
tioU) for upwards of six hundred years, a dish
which they pretend to be made of emerald.
I have compassion on the multitude, because
they continue with me now three days.
And he that was dead sat up luid began to
speak.
I should be obliged to \ivm> v£ ke N^ill gratiff
ioe ia that particular..
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 157
This fashion has been formerly much admired.
Ye will not come unto me that ye might have
life.
I was at Brighton and seen the king.
It would have given me great satisfaction to
relieve him from that distressed situation.
They completed the business by the time you
came.
He hath given me the treasure and he hath
taken it away.
It would have afforded me no satisfaction if I
could perform it.
I always intended to have rewarded my son
according to his merit.
His sickness was so great, that I often feared
he would have died before our arrival.
I intended to have written to you last week.
The Stoics believed that all crimes were equal*
The professor, in his lecture^ said, that fever
always produced thirst.
From the little conversation I had with him>
he appeared to have been a man of letters.
I II know thy thoughts.
You cannot if my heart were in your hand.
158 ENGLISH GRAMMAR,
RULE XIV*
Esteeming theirselves wise^ they became fools.
Suspecting not only ye, but they also^ I was
studious to avoid all intercourse.
From exposing hisself too freely in different
climates, he entirely lost his health.
RULE xv.
He was pleasing not often, because he was
vain.
William nobly acted, though he was unsuc-
cessful.
Unless he have more government of himself,
he will be always discontented.
Never sovereign was so much beloved by the
people.
He was determined to invite back the king
and to call together his friends*
We may happily live, though our possessions
be smalL
RULE XVI.
Be honesty nor take no shape nor semblance
of disguise.
There cannot be nothing more insignificant
than vanity.
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 159
The measure is so exceptionable^ that we can-
not by no means permit it
RULE XVII.
We are all accountable creatures^ each for
hisself.
Does that boy know who he speaks to ? Who
does he offer such language to ?
It was not he that they were angry with.
Will you go with I ?
To who will you give that book? This is
intended for thou?
He can do nothing of hisself.
With who do you live ?
I travelled with he and his father.
There is great friendship between he and she.
I do not know from who you had it«
She stood between he and me.
They willingly and of theirselves endeavoured
to make up the difference.
To who do you speak ? To he ?
What friend have I besides those.
He laid the suspicion upon somebody^ I know
not who, in the company.
Mark the prepositions which are imi^roi^e^V^
,uBed in the following senten^^^^i ^sA «s^'^>C^*2Q^
p ^
160 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
the right ones : — I thought on doing it ; he
died for thirst; I differ with you; their past
state was different to their present ; confide not
on man ; an exception to the general rule ;
agreeable with the sacred text; this should be
no discouragement for you ; he is glad of cala-
tnities ; this book is replete in errors ; he died of
the sword ; I will wait of you ; expert in his
work ; they live at America ; conformable with
his plan ; the Romans reduced the world to their
own power ; he is now at London ; he lives in
Hackney ; adapted for his capacity ; his present
was accepted of by his friend; he became a
martyr of Christianity ; I shall be in Paris ; we
intend to touch in Liverpool ; I have been to
London after having resided a year at France,
and now I live in Islington ; he was resolved of
going to Rome ; he was eager of recommending
it ; we are now reconciled with these difficulties ;
you have bestowed your favours on the most
deserving persons; the reptile has gone in its
hole ; the glass was broken in pieces ; distribute
these between the three ; I have an abhorrence
against such nefarious practices ; there is great
prejudice to the measure ; the whole country
was overrun with the enemy; the Athenians
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 161
were overwhelmed with a shower of stones ; the
colonel was shot by a musket balJ.
RULE XVIII.
My brother and him are tolerable gramma*
rians.
Did he not tell thee his fault, and entreated
thee to forgive him ?
Professing regard^ and to act differently, mark
a base mind.
This excellent person appeared to be fully re-
signed, either to live^ or to have died.
She and him are very unhappily connected.
To be moderate in our views, and proceeding
temperately in the pursuit of them, is the best
way to ensure success.
RULE XIX.
Though he urges me yet more earnestly, I
shall not comply, unless he advances more
forcible reasons.
She disapproved the measure^ because it were
very improper.
Though the fact be extraordinary, it certainly
did happen.
/ 2NGLISH GRAMMAR.
I shall walk in the fields to-day, unless it
lins.
As the governess were present, the children
behaved properly.
. If he acquires riches, they will corrupt hb
mind, and be useless to others.
Though he be in adversity, he does not
despond.
If he executes the business well, he shall be
rewarded.
If he acquires knowledge^ it will improve his
condition.
Though he calls every day, I will not see
him.
If he was to come, it would give us much
pleasure.
If he do remain quiet, it is because the mastr
is present.
Unless he complies, no hope remain for hir
If thou live virtuously, thou art happy.
If eating be necessary to man, he ought
to be a glutton.
O that his heart was tender.
As the governess were present^ the chi
behaved orderly.
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 163
Except he comes, we cannot go on with our
work.
Unless he studies more, he will never be
learned.
Though her chastity be proper, it gives her
no claim to praise.
' If he is alone, inform him of the circum-
stance.
Whether thou wast then able to do it, is
uncertain.
Was he to examine the affair, the truth must
appear.
Would he act so disinterested a part, if he was
so circumstanced ?
Whether he go to-night or to-morrow is not
yet known.
You must not do it, though he presses you yet
more earnestly.
He may trifle with this business, till he loses
his chance of success.
Be ready to succour such persons who need
thy assistance.
They had no sooner risen, but they applied
themselves to their studies.
Such men that act treacherously > Q.>ij^ ^js^
be avoided.
164 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
He feared lest you would forsake hiuL
This is no other but the gate of Paradise.
Though he afflict me so, will I trust in him.
We cannot attend to the one or the other.
I doubt not but that he is possessed of me-
rit
He is not as diligent and learned as his
brother.
I must be so candid to own that I have been
mistaken.
The one is equally deserving as the other.
It is so clear as I need not explain it.
As far as I am able to judge^ he acquitted
himself honourably.
I do not doubt but that I shall succeed.
He would not do it himself^ nor let jne do it.
He must go himself or send his servant.
There is no condition so secure as cannot
admit of change.
He was as angry as he could not speak.
He is not as eminent and as much esteemed
as he thinks himself to be.
The multitude rebuked them, because they
should hold their peace.
They will not believe but what I have been in
fault
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX* 165
This is the man as I met.
Wait whilst I come.
RULE XX.
The business was much better executed by
his brother than he.
They are much greater gainers than me by
this unexpected event.
They know how to write as well as him ; but
he is a much better grammarian than them.
RULE XXI.
These counsels were the dictates of virtue^
and the dictates of true honour.
We must guard against either too great se-
verity, or facility of manners.
Verily, there is a reward for the righteous I
There is a God that judgeth in the earth.
By these happy labours, they who sow and
reap will rejoice together.
Averse either to contradict or blame, the too
complaisant man goes along with the manners
that prevail. .
In all stations and conditions, the important
relations take place, of masters and servants, and
huabands, and wives, aad ^^xea\& ^sv^ ^Sk^^^'ss^-*
:I66 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
and brothers and friends, and citizens and sub-
jects.
Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate ;
but avarice and cunning cannot gain friends.
A taste for useful knowledge, will provide for
us a great and noble entertainment, when others
leave us.
RULE XXII.
He is more bold and active^ but not so wbe
and studious as his companion.
Sincerity is as valuable, and even more va-
luable, than knowledge.
Neither has he, nor any other persons, sus-
pected so much dissimulation.
Several alterations and additions have been
made to the work.
No person was ever so perplexed, or sustained
the mortifications, as he has done to-day.
We hear the sound of the wind, but we can-
not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth.
The first proposal was essentially difierent, and
inferior to the second.
]SX£RCIS£S IN SYNTAX. 167
PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN
SYNTAX.
He may pursue what diversions he please* The
aristocracy of England is wealthy. Each indi-
vidual of the company were gratified. His mind
and spirit is invincible. The train of our ideas are
often interrupted. He need not be in so much
haste. George or I is the person. Those set of
books was a valuable present His conduct
evinced the most extreme vanity. These trees
are remarkable tall. I was informed about it.
This is he who I gave the book to. Eliza
always appears amiably. Bid him come to me.
' The master requested him and I to read more dis-
tinctly. It was us who went there. Thy rod
and thy staff they comfort me. Him being in
the country, I cannot comply with your request.
She is free of pain. Who shall I give it to?
I wrote to and cautioned the captain against it.
AH of them were older than me. Abuse of
mercies ripen us for judgment. ALL i& ^<>Aax% 1<^
Bet out • I find muc\i di^exi^X.^ ^'l ^^\sv% ^N-
168 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Every deed and every motive were good. If he
does but approve my endeavours, it will be an
ample reward. Unless he mean what he says he
is doubly faithless. I cannot admit of the pro-
priety of the measure. What signifies their
opinions? Both him and his son are men of
business. Is your father and mother well ? The
Lord Mayor accompanied by the city officers^
were at the hall. I and my uncle and aunt are
often interrupted at their meals. Upon seeing
I he turned pale. William and I am cousins.
Neither of them are remarkable for punctuality.
He or I rides through the grounds every day.
You and he is to settle the business. You, sir,
who was present, has a right to speak concerning
that affair. Request them children who are
talking to be silent. Whom is there that never
commits a fault ? Who made that noise ? Not
me. Of whom did you buy that hat? Of a
hatter, he who lives in Cheapside. He enters
deeper into the subject than his brother. I
never before saw such beautiful trees. This is
my wife's brother's partner's house. Give me
hold of it. It was no other but the king himself.
Was yqu present at last meeting?
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX* 169
A second deluge learning thus o*er-nm»
And the Monks finished what the Goths begun.
For why did he postpone it ? After I visited the
Continent I returned back to London. The
court of France, who gave the order, were cer-
tainly blameworthy. Such among us who follow
that profession. The assembly who met yester-
day. David^ the son of Jesse, was the youngest
of his brothers. He is by this time arrived. He
was sharpening of his instrument Neither good
or evil come of themselves. The subject will
clearly be understood after it has diligently been
studied. They have done their best, and should
be not reproached for not doing more. I do not
apprQve of it It was him who spoke first If
there was no cowardice there would be little
insolence. He or you is sure to be blamed. If
one takes a wrong method at first it will lead
them astray. Town or country are equally
agreeable to me. She or her sisters was present.
His being at enmity with Caesar and Antony
were the cause of perpetual discord. If thou
have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast
laid him. To do to others as we would they
should to us. Sincerity is as valuable, and even
170 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
more valuable^ than knowledge. No person was
ever so perplexed, or sustained the mortifica-
tions, as he has done to day. Whatever we do
secretly, shall be displayed and heard in the
clearest light. They enjoy also a free consti-
tution and laws. Several alterations and ad-
ditions have been made to the work.
SUPERFLUOUS AND LOW EXPRES-
SIONS.
EXAMPLES FOR CORRECTION.
They both met. Reckon up my account.
Fill that glass full. It is evident he was the first
aggressor. She threw it right in his face. Give
me this here, take that there. You have got the
money. They were conversing together. He
descended down the steps. For why do you
ask me ? You are the tallest of all the family.
Nothing else but that would satisfy him. He
called on me for to ask my opinion. The latter
end of that man is peace. What do you want it
for? The subject-matter of his sermon was
excellent. Are you going up to London ? The
gtolen gooda were restored again.
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 171
EXAMPLES OF BAD ARRANGEMENT
AND AMBIGUITY.
He has gone through the six first books of
Simson's Euclid. Lysias promised to his father
that he would never forsake his friends. The
eagle killed the hen, and ate her in her own nest.
You suppose him younger than I. The Divine
Being heapeth favours upon his servants ever
liberal and faithful. Solomon the son of David,
who built the temple of Jerusalem, was the
richest monarch of the Jewish people. When
our friendship is considered, how is it possible
that I should not grieve for his loss. The soldier
with a single companion, who passed for the
bravest man in the regiment, offered his ser-
vices. The first care of Aurelius was to marry
his daughter Lucilla once more to Claudius
Pompeianus, a man of misfortune, &c. The
senate of Rome ordered that no part of it should
be rebuilt : it was demolished to the ground, so
that travellers are unable to say where Carthage
stood at this day.
a 2
172 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
There is one or two chapters yet to be read*
Whose brother was Remus ? Romulus. Neither
man nor woman were admitted. Neither the
master nor his pupils is come. She is the same
lady who sung so sweetly. Whether they go or
stay makes no difference to me. There was bat
four witnesses. I have been to see the coro-
nation, and a fine sight it is. He is taller nor
me.
For ever in this humble cell,
Let thee and I, my fair one, dwell.
I had much rather not walk this morning. The
three first books are well written. He travelled
all over the country. He is a fine old veteran.
The neighbourhood was deluged with the burst-
ing of the river bank. He, though unknown to
us, we highly respect. This house is to let Of
two evils choose the least. Whenever I pass
the house he is always at the door. Henry
is a dutiful and affectionate boy. Joseph will
make a better painter than a lawyer. The per
sons who conscience and virtue support^ smile
at the caprices of fortune. I am purposed to do
iL He of all others made Wie ^TeaXje&\.^^x^ in
the company. As you are s^eeVaX«t-%^\i«x^A
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 173
reply to thee in the foUowiDg case. They were
deserted from the post of duty. Our cups are
quite empty. Where do you come from? Thomas
is not as docile as his brother. The enemy is not
as near as we expected them to be. This is the
duke's of Bridgwaters canaL The subject now
lays before us. You have not done nothing
to-day.
He, in all nature I explore,
He, in all creatures 1 adore.
Around; beneath, above.
Woe is I, for I am undone. Neither he nor his
brother pursued their first intention. Henry at
first, though he showed an unwillingness^ yet after-
wards he granted his request. Edward is eight
years older than him. I spoke to none but he.
He was banished England. John reads pretty.
Come here, James. Where are you going, Thomas?
Vice and folly produces mischief. The Lord
Mayor or some of the aldermen were expected
to have been present William and me are to
go home. I had the physician, the surgeon's, and
the apothecarys assistance. The Lords house
have finished their business. He dare not act
otherwise than he does. A good and a wise
maa is never less alone tliaa '^\Lea ^q^^» ^^Kxssi.
Q 3
174< ENGLISH GRAMMAB*
whom they seek is in the house. He is chosen a
speaker of the house of commons. They or he
are much to be blamed. Let each stand in.
their rank* A pillar sixty foot high. Only few
seems to notice them. The troop consist of fifty
men. They behaved noble in the affair. This
is a very universal opinion. After who is he
seeking? Lucetta is a modest woman^ whom, if
we flatter, she will be disconcerted. Thomas
and James have sold his land. This work is
easier performed than that Who are you ? says
I. He acted bolder than was expected. We
begun the harvest yesterday. She had no sooner
entered but she told me the reason of her visit
He put it in his pocket Lord^yron the poet's
works.
Shall then this verse to future age pretend ?
Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend.
He was very dexterous in smelling out the de-
signs of others. I saw James and his sister both
walking together. He knows nothing on it
Belisarius was general of all the forces under
the emperor Justinian the First, a man of rare
valour. Is not thy wickedness great, and thine
iniquities jjifinite? Thou art the person who
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 175
were here last year. It was they as did it. A
noble spirit disdaineth the malice of fortune ; his
greatness of soul is not to be cast down. The
library will be arranged in them beautiful rooms.
From whence came they ? I shall not go whilst
to-morrow. Who do you lodge with ? I know
who it was who said it. He was born at London,
but he died in Bath. The family who I attend
is going on the Continent. If he be sincere, I
am satisfied. I am the man who calls the hour
of the night I only spoke a few words on the
subject Her father and her mother were at
church. It is difficult to agree his conduct with
his professed principles. Who are you looking
for? This is lately come in fashion. It is no
more but his due. They have lived several years
at Holland. Ratterers flatter as long, and no
longer, than they have expectations of gain.
He is a man whom, as far as my observations ex-
tend, deserves your regard. John told the same
story as you told. Let your promises be such
that you can perform. This is the largest tree
which I have ever seen. This was a cause in
which justice exerted his power. After the
most straitest sect of our religion. His whole
life was spent in doing the good. You should
176 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
have given notice of the pupil leaving schooL
Art thou him that I saw yesterday ? The lines
are Johnson's, our great lexicographer's and
moralist's. I shall be done my work this evening.
They thought it to be I. There is, in fact, no
impersonal verbs. We were apprehensive lest
some misfortune had befallen you. A man may
see a metaphor or an allegory in a picture, as
well as read them in a description. The girl her
book is torn in pieces. He which commands his-
self commands the whole world. I offer observa-
tions which a long and chequered pilgrimage have
enabled me to make on man. Thine is the king-
dom, the power, and the glory. He acted
friendly and upright in the business. Though
he was a son, yet learned he obedience by the
things which he suffered. A horse and ass.
It is about a month ago that I have seen him.
Which be the oldest of the two ? To be good
and to do good is the great end of life. Every
means were used to reclaim the prodigal. Five
and seven makes twelve, and one make thirteen.
The number of the names together were about
an hundred and twenty. Neither in this world,
neither in the world to come. He mentioned it
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 177
over again. Lift up your book. And the third
part of the stars were smitten.
We have strict statues and most biting laws,
Which for this nineteen years we have let sleep.
A circle^ a square, a triangle, or a hexagon^ please
the eye by their regularities. Noah, for his god-
liness, and his family were the only persons pre-
served from the flood. It is true what he says,
but it is not applicable to the point. Did you see
the thunder and lightning last night ? Never as I
know of. You are a much greater loser than me
by him. On either side of the river was there the
tree of life. By continual mortifying our corrupt
affections. A stone is heavy and the sand weighty;
but a fOoVs wrath is heavier than them both. Do
you believe the tale what he tells ? Either of you
were as free as they are. Excellent well, my lord.
What then are their use ? Father, says he, what
brings you here ? Rapt into future times the bard
begun. I have received no letter, neither from
him nor his brother. Nevertheless, Asa his heart
was perfect with the Lord. What separates France
from Spain ? The Pyrenees mountains.
Whoever the king favours.
The cardinal will find employment for.
And far enough from court.
178 ENGLISH GKAHMAB.
The duke had not behaved with that loyalty as
was expected. To-morrow is Sunday. He did not
know who to suapecL The concourse of people
were so great, that with difficulty we passed
through them. In Iceland is several hot bcHlii^
springs. A part of them remun behind. Not to
govern his temper or to restr^ his tongue were
base. The ship Neptune foundered and lost her
crew, Thesepicturesof the king were sent to him
from Italy. The sewers most be kept so clear
as the water may run away. Nobody is so san-
guine to hope for it. Fare thee welli brother.
There are many shining qualities in the mind of
man, but there is none so useful as discretion.
Neither he nor his brother were included in the
indictment {indUement). A new gaol (Jaie) i
building. The whole corps {eore) are ordere
out Half the company are gone. The viscou
{vicouni) with his suite {twett) were in attet
ance. Who finds him in money ? The ene
fly. She learned her brother to read. Whet
it was I or they is no matter. There rem
two points for consideration. Is your br<
and sister at home ? Who should I see the
day, but our old teacher? He is an autho
J am much pleased with. Tbb is a ladies
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 179
kerchief. These are ladies gloves. These field's
are your*s. He was heard speak in his own de-
fence. He or I are to go. Out of the same
mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. He
would have went with us had he been invited.
Be that as it will. I only done one exercise.
His arguments were what follow.
Friend to my life, which did not you prolong,
The world had wanted many an idle song.
Poverty turns our thoughts too much on the
supplying our wants, and riches on the enjoying
our superfluities. They or she is at home. A
sooner day was proposed. The punishment is
suitably to the offence. Was it he who came
last? Yes^ it was him. Among whom was
Mary Magdalen and Mary the mother of James.
Go, flee thee away into the land of Judea. There
can be no doubt but that the pleasures of the
mind exceed those of sense. To despise the
poor^ or to envy the rich, are marks of a mind
little influenced by Christian principles. Whom
do you think he is? Enjoying health and to
live in peace are very great blessings. I, who
temptation surrounded on every side^ fell into
the snare. Though great has been his disobe-
180 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
dience and his folly, yet if he sincerely acknow-
ledges his misconduct, he will be forgiven. This
prodigy of learning, this scholar, critic^ and
antiquarian, were entirely destitute of breed-
ing. What do you think by it? On these
causes depend all the happiness or misery which
exists among men. Thou, Lord, who hath per-
mitted affliction to come upon us, shall deliver
us from it. We touched in Falmouth on our
way to Spain. This change is to the better.
False sex and queen more peijur*d than them
all. Did you wish to see it now? Can it be
him? Might I see your drawings? He has
written to his father yesterday. I have never an
article of that sort This is quite a summer's
day. I cautioned him because he should not do
it. Where should I begin from? Love each
other. I have no doubt but that he will attend.
They declared it treason to speak evil of the
king, queen, or his heirs. Nothing is more
lovelier than virtue. There was no other paper
but this. The ancients asserted that virtue was
its own reward. I have drank no spirituous
liquors this six years. You was much to blame.
Dare he venture ? Solid peace and contentment
EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 181
consists neither in beauty or riches, but in the
favour of God. Too much wealth are frequently
the occasion of poverty. Either they or he was
wrong. The reciprocations of love and friendship
between he and I, have been many and sincere*
These are the men who you might suppose was
the authors of it.
K
182 ENGLISH ORAMMAIU
PART V.
EXERCISES IN PARSING^ AS IT RESPECTS BOTH
ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.
SECT. I.
SyntcLcHcal Parsing Table.
Article* Why is it the definite article?
Why the indefinite ?
Why omitted? Why repeated?
Substantive. Why is it in the possessive case ?
Why in the objective case ?
Why in apposition?
Why is the apostrophic s omitted ?
Adjective* What is its substantive ?
Why in the singular, why in the
plural number ?
Why in the comparative degree
&c?
Why placed after its substantive ?
Why omitted ? Why repeated ?
EXERCISES IN PARSING. 183
ronoun^ What is its antecedent ?
Why is it in the singular, why in
the plural number ?
Why of the masculine, why of
the feminine, why of the neuter
gender ?
Why of the first, of the second, or
of the third person ?
Why is it in the nominative case ?
Why the possessive? Why the
objective ?
Why omitted ? Why repeated ?
irb. What is its nominative case ?
What case does it govern ?
Why is it in the singular? Why
in the plural number?
Why in the first person, &c ?
Why is it in the infinitive mood ?
Why in the subjunctive, &c. ?
Why in this particular tense ?
What relation has it to another
verb, in point of time ?
Why do participles sometimes go-
vern the objective case?
Why is the verb omitted? Why
repeated ?
R ^
184 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Adverb* What is its proper situation ?
Why is the double negative used ?
Why rejected ?
PrepositioTU What case does it govern ?
Which is the word governed ?
Why this preposition ?
Why omitted ? Why repeated ?
Conjunction. What moods, tenses^ or cases, does
it connect ? And why ? What
mood does it require? Why
omitted ? Why repeated ?
Interjection. Why does the nominative case follow
it ? Why the objective ? Why
omitted ? Why repeated ?
SECT. 11.
Specimens of Syntactical Parsing.,
Vice degrades us.
Vice is a common substantive of the neuter
gender, the third person^ in the singular number^
and the nominative case. Degrades is a regular
verb active^ indicative mood, present tense, third
person singular, agreeing with its nominative
" vice," according to rule i, which says ; (here
EXERCISES IK PARSING. 185
repeat the rule.) ^ is a personal pronoun, first
person plural^ in the objective case, and governed
by the active verb, " degrades," agreeably to
RULE XI, which says, &c.
He who lives virtuously prepares for all events.
He is a personal pronoun, of the third person,
singular number, and masculine gender. Who
is a relative pronoun, which has for its antece^
dent " he," with which it agrees in gender and
number, according to rule v, which says, &c.
Lives is a regular verb neuter, indicative mood,
present tense, third person singular, agreeing
with its nominative " who," according to rule vi,
which says, &c. Virtuously is an adverb of
quality. Prepares is a regular verb neuter, in-
dicative mood, present tense, third person singu-
lar, agreeing with its nominative " he/* For is
a preposition. All is an adjective pronoun, of
the indefinite kind, the plural number, and be-
longs to its substantive, " events," with which it
agrees, according to rule viii, which says, &c.
Events is a common substantive, of the third
person, in tjie plural number, and the objective
case, governed by the preposition " for,'* accord-
ing to rule XVI I, which says, &c.
R 3
186 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
If folly entice the6, reject its allurements.
i/T is a copulative conjunction. FoUy is a
common substantive, of the third person, in the
singular number, and the nominative case. En'
iice is a regular verb active^ subjunctive mood,
present tense, third person singular, and is
governed by the conjunction " if," according to
RULE XIX, which says, &c. Thee is a personal
pronoun, of the second person singular, in the
objective case, governed by the active verb *f en-
tice," agreeably to rule xi, which says, &c.
Reject is a regular active verb, imperative mood,
second person singular^ and agrees with its nomi-
native '' thou," implied. Its is a personal pro-
noun, third person, singular number, and of the
neuter gender, to agree with its substantive
" folly," according to rule v, which says, &c#
It is in the possessive case, governed by the
noun " allurements," agreeably to rule x, which
says, &c. Allurements is a common substantive,
of the neuter gender, the third person, in the
plural number, and the objective case, governed
by the verb " reject," according to rule xi,
which says, &c
EXERCISES IN PARSING. 187
SECT. III.
Exercises on the first, second^ third, and fourth
Rules of Syntax,*
1. The contented mind spreads ease and cheer-
fulness around it.
The school of experience teaches many useful
lessons.
In the path of life are many thorns, as well as
flowers.
Thou shouldst do justice to all men, even to
enemies.
2. Vanity and presumption ruin many a pro-
mising youth.
Food^ clothing, and credit, are the rewards of
industry.
He and William live together in great harmony*
3. No age> nor condition, is exempt from
trouble.
Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition,
is not attainable by idle wishes.
4. The British nation is great and generous.
* In parsing these Exercises, the pupil should repeat the
respective rules oS syntax, and show that they apply to the
sentences whidi he is parsing.
188 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
The company is assembled; it is composed
of persons possessing very different sentiments.
A herd of cattle, peacefully grazing, affords a
pleasing sight.
SECT. IV.
Exercises on the fifthy sixths seventh, and eighth
Rules of Syntax,
5. The man who is faithfully attached to reli-
gion, may be relied on with confidence.
The vices which we should especially avoid,
are those which most easily beset us.
6. They who are born in high stations, are not
always happy.
Our parents and teachers are the persons
whom we ought, in a particular manner, to
respect.
If our friend is in trouble, we, whom he knows
and loves, may console him.
?• Thou art the man who has improved his
privileges, and who will reap the reward.
I am the person, who owns a fault committed
and who disdains to conceal it by falsehood.
8. That sort of pleasure weakens and debases
the mind.
EXERCISES IN PAR&CNG. 189
Even in these times, there are aaany persons
-who, from disinterested motives, are solicitous to
promote the happiness of others.
SECT. V
Exercises on the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
Rules of Syntax.
9. The restless, discontented person, is not a
good friend^ a good neighbour, or a good sub-
ject.
The young, the healthy, and the prosperous,
should not presume on their advantages.
10. The scholar's diligence will secure the
tutor's approbation.
The good parent's greatest joy, is, to see his
children wise and virtuous.
11. Wisdom and virtue ennoble us. Vice and
folly debase us.
Whom can we justly love, as them who have
endeavoured to make us wise and happy ?
12. When a person has nothing to do, he is
almost always tempted to do wrong.
We need not urge Charles to do good; he
loves to do it.
We dare not leave our studies without per-
mission.
190 BN'I'ISH GRAMMAR.
SECT. VI.
Exercises an the thirteen^ fourteenth, Jlfteenthf
sixteenth, and seventeenth Rules of Syntax,
13. The business is at length completed ; but
long ago, I intended to do it
I expected to see' the king before he left
Windsor.
The misfortune did happen: but we early
hoped and endeavoured to prevent it
To have been censured by so judicious a friend,
would have greatly discouraged me.
14. Having early disgraced himself, he became
mean and dispirited.
Knowing him to be my superior, I cheerfully
submitted.
15. We should always prepare for the worst,
and hope for the best
A young man, so learned and virtuous, pro-
mises to be a very useful member of society.
When our virtuous friends die, they are not
lost for ever ; they are only gone before us to a
happier world.
16. Neither threatenings, nor any promises,
could make him violate the truth.
EXERCISES IN PARSING. l91
Charles is not insincere; and therefore we
may trust him.
17* From whom was that information re-
ceived ?
To whom do that house, and those fine gar-
dens, belong ?
SECT. VII.
Exercises on the eighteenth^ nineteenth^ twentieth^
twenty-first, and twentt/'Second Rules of Syntax,
18. He and I commenced our studies at the
same time.
If we contend about trifles, and violently
maintain our opinion, we shall gain but few
friends.
19. Though James and myself are rivals, we
do not cease to be friends.
If Charles acquire knowledge, good manners,
and virtue, he will secure esteem.
William is respected, because he is upright
and obliging.
20. These persons are abundantly more op-
pressed than we are.
Though I am not so good a scholar as he
192 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
is, I am^ perlapSy not less attentive than he, to
study.
21. Ciiarles was a. man of ]&nowledge> learn-
ing, politeness, and religion.
Li our travels, we saw much to approve, and
much to condemn.
22. The book is improved by many useful
corrections, alterations, and additions.
She is more talkative and lively than her bro-
ther, but not so well informed, nor so uniformly
cheerful.
SECT. VIII.
Promiscuous Exercises in Syntactical Parsing.
They strive to learn. .He goes to and fro.
To his wisdom we owe our privilege. The pro-
portion is ten to one. He has served them with
his utmost ability. When we do our utmost^
no more is required. I will submit, for I ■ know
submission brings peace. It is for our health to
be temperate. O I for better times. I have a
regard for him. He is esteemed both on his
own account, and on that of his parents. Both
of them deserve praise. I rest, then, upoh this
argument. He arrived then, and not till then.
PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 193
Hei^apped his cloak about him. He some-
times rides about. I have not seen him since
that time. Since it must be done, do it wil-
lingly. He commenced practice long since. I
shall be near you presently. He was near falling
from his horse. By what means shall I obtain my
object ? Regard the quality rather than the quan-
tity of what you read. Yesterday was a fine day.
I rode out yesterday. I shall write to-morrow.
To-morrow may be brighter than to-day They
travelled further than they intended. Wait till you
have further orders. John is writing upon the
writing-desk ; his writing is better than Joseph's.
Virtue is the universal charm. Discomposed
thoughts, agitated passions, and ruffled temper^
poison every pleasure in life. Patience and
diligence, like faith, remove mountains. To be
totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real
defect in character. The most acceptable sacri-
fice is that of a contrite and humble heart. Too
many of the pretended friendships of youth are
mere combinations in pleasure. The intermix-
ture of evil in human society serves to exercise
the suffering graces and virtues of the good.
The sun, the moon, and the stars, are the glory
s
194 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
of nature. Good order in our affairs^ not mean
savings, produces great profit. The great busi^
ness of life is to be employed in doing justly,
loving mercy, and walking humbly with our
Creator.
In fiuth and hope the world will disagree.
But all mankind's concern is charity.
True politeness has its seat in the heart We
should endeavour to please, rather than to shine
and dazzle. Opportunities occur daily for
strengthening in ourselves the habits of virtue.
Compassion prompts us to relieve the wants of
others. A good mind is unwilling to give pain
to either man or beast Peevishness and passion
often produce^ from trifles, the most serious mis-
chiefs. Discontent often nourishes passions,
equally malignant in the cottage and in the
palace. A passion for revenge has always been
considered as the mark of a little and mean
mind. If greatness flatters our vanity, it multi-
plies our dangers. To our own failings we are
commonly blind. The friendships of young
persons are often founded on capricious likings.
In your youthful amusements let no unfairness
be found. Engrave on your minds this sacred
rule : ** Do unto others as you wish that they
PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 195
should do unto you/' Truth and candour pos-
sess a powerful charm ; they bespeak universal
favour. After the first departure from sincerity,
it is seldom in our power to stop ; one artifice
generally leads on to another. Temper the vi-
vacity of youth, with a proper mixture of senous
thought. The spirit of true religion is social,
)dnd, and cheerful.
Proceed yet Either, and a prospect take
Of the swift stream, and of the standing lake.
Lei no compliance with the intemperate mirth of
others ever betray you into profane sallies. In
preparing for another world, we must not neglect
the duties of this life. The manner in which we
employ our present time may decide our future
happiness or misery. Happiness does not grow
up of its own accord ; it is the fruit of long cul*
tivation, and the acquisition of labour and care.
A plain understanding is often joined with great
worth. The brightest parts are sometimes found
without virtue or honour. How feeble are the
attractions of the fairest form when nothing
Svithin corresponds to them I Piety and virtue
are particularly graceful and becoming in youth.
Can we, untouched by gratitude, view that pro-
fusion of good, which the Divine hand pours
a 2
196 ENGLISH GRAMMAR*
around as? There is nothiog in human life
more amiable and respectable^ than the charao
ter of a truly humble and benevolent man» What
feelings are more uneasy and distressful, than the
workings of sour and angry passions. No man
can be active in disquieting others^ who does not,
at the same time, disquiet himself. A life of
pleasure and dissipation is an enemy to health,
fortime, and character.
If there is a Power above us —
And that there is, all Nature cries aloud
Through all her works, — he must delight in virtue.
To correct the spirit of discontent, let usi con-
sider how little we deserve, and how much we
enjoy. As far as happiness is to be found on
earth, we must look for it, not in the worid, or
the things of the world ; but within ourselves, in
our temper, and in our heart. Though bad
men attempt to turn virtue into ridicule^ they
honour it at the bottom of their hearts. Of what
small moment to our real happiness^ are many of
those injuries which draw forth our resentment?
In the moments of eager contention, every thing
is magnified and distorted in its appearance.
Multitudes in the most obscure stations, are not
less eager in their petty broils, nor less tonnented
FROMISCUOtJS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 197
by their passions, than if princely honours were
•the prize for which they contend. The smooth
stream, the serene atmosphere, the mild zephyr,
are the proper emblems of a gentle temper, and
a peaceful life. I have always preferred cheer-
fulness to mirth ; the latter I consider as an act,
the former as a habit, of the mind. Were the
liar to assert the truth ever so earnestly he
would scarcely be believed.
Upon thy mother's knee^ a new-bom child.
Weeping thou sat*st, whilst all around thee smiled ;
So live, that, sinking into death*s long sleep,
Calm thou may'st smile, whilst all around thee weep.
We should be grateful for those dispensations of
Providence that teach us humility. No station
is so high, no power is so great, no name is so
fair, as to prevent men from being hurt by
malice and envy. Let no reproach make you
lay aside religion ; the frowns of the world are
nothing to the smiles of heaven. If thy brother
shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his
fault between thee and him alone. He is of all
human beings the happiest who has a conscience
untainted by guilt, and a mind so well regulated
as to accommodate itself to the will of heaven.
Being condemned by his own heart, the wicked
198 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
man is completely miserable. Had the man of
dissipation listened to the remonstrances of rea-
son, his ruin might have been prevented. Shame
being lost^ there is little hope that any virtuous
principle will be retained. Give me understand-
ing that I may keep thy law. Speaking to the
purpose exceeds eloquence. Having obtained
the object, which he had so long sought, he gave
up his profession, and went to reside with his
friend Clifton.
'T is our part
As Christians, to forget the wrongs we feel ;
To pardon trespasses; our very foes
To love and cherish ; to do good to all ;
Live peaceably ; and be in all acts.
Wise as the serpent, gentle as the dove.
Without love to God, the enjoyment of him is
unattainable : now, as, that we may love God, it
is necessary to know him ; so, that we may know
him, it is necessary to study his works. It is of
the utmost importance to us, that we associate
principally with the wise and virtuous; when,
therefore, we choose our companions, we ought
to be extremely cautious in our selection.
Be not overcome by the injuries you meet
with, so as to pursue revenge ; by the disasters
of life^ so as to sink into despair ; by the evil
PROMISCUOUS EXBRCISES IN PARSING. 199
examples of the world, so as to follow them in
sin. Overcome injuries^ by forgiveness ; disasters^
by fortitude ; evil examples^ by firmness of prin-
ciple.
Sobriety of mind is one of those virtues, which
the present condition of human life strongly in-
culcates. The uncertainty of its enjoyments
checks presumption; the multiplicity of its
dangers demands perpetual caution. Modera-
tion, vigilance, and self-government, are duties
incumbent on all ; but especially on such as are
beginning the journey of life.
The charms and comforts of virtue are inex-
pressible ; and can only be justly conceived by
those who possess her. The consciousness of
Divine approbation and support, and the steady
hope of future happiness, communicate a peace
and joy, to which all the delights of the world
bear no resemblance.
If we knew how much the pleasures of this
life deceive and betray their unhappy votaries ;
and reflected on the disappointments in pursuit,
the dissatisfaction in enjoyment, or the uncertainty
of possession, which every where attend them ;
we should cease to be enamoured with these
brittle and transient joys : and should wisely fix
200 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
our hearts on those virtuous attainments, which
the world can neither give nor take away.
Order is Heaven's first law ; and this confest.
Some are, and must be, greater than the rest.
More rich, more wise ; but who infers from hence
That such are happier, shocks aU common sense.
Needful austerities our wills restrain ;
As thorns fence in the tender plant from harm.
Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence.
But health conasts with temperance alone ;
And peace, Oh, virtue !* peace is all thy own.
On earth, nought precious is obtain'd,
But what is painful too ;
By travel and to travel bom.
Our sabbaths are but few.
Who noble ends by noble means obtains, '
Or £Euling, smiles in exile or in chains.
Like good Aurelius, let him reign, or bleed »
Like Socrates, that man is great indeed.
Our hearts are &sten*d to this world.
By strong and endless ties ;
But every sorrow cuts a string.
And urges us to rise.
Oft pining cares in rich brocades are drest, .
And diamonds glitter on an anxious breast.'
PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN PARSING. 201
Teach me to feel another's wo,
To hide the fault I see ;
That mercy I to others show.
That mercy show to me.
This day be bread, and-peace, my lot ;
All else beneath the sun
Thou know*st if best bestow*d or not.
And let thy will be done.
Vice is a monster of so irightfid mien.
As, to be hated, needs but to be seen ;
Yet seen too oft, fimiiliar with her face.
We first endure, then pity, then embrace.
If nothing more than purpose in thy power.
Thy purpose firm, is equal to the deed :
Who does the best his circumstance allows.
Does well, acts nobly ; angels could no more.
In fidth and hope the world will disagree
But all mankind's concern is charity.
To be resigned when ills betide.
Patient when favours are denied.
And pleased with fiivours giv'n ;
Most surely this is Wisdom's part.
This is that incense of the heart.
Whose fragrance smells to Heav'n.
All fame is foreign, but of true desert ;
Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart.
One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers, and of loud huzzas ;
And more true joy Marcellus exiled feels,
Than Cassar with a senate at his heels.
202 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Their sober wishes never learn*d to stray ;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life.
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
What nothing earthly gives, or can destroy.
The soul's calm sunshine, and the heartfelt joy.
Is virtue's prize.
Pity the sorrows of a poor old man.
Whose trembling limbs have borne him to thy door;
Whose days are dwindled to the shortest span ;
Oh ! give relief, and Heav'n will bless thy store.
Who lives to nature, rarely can be poor ;
Who lives to &ncy, never can be ridi.
When -young, life's journey I began.
The glitt'ring prospect charm'd my eyes ;
I saw, along th* extended plain,
Joy after joy successive rise.
But soon I found 't was all a dream ;
And leam'd the fond pursuit to shun.
Where few can reach their purposed aim.
And thousands daily are undone.
•T is greatly wise to talk with our past hours ;
And ask them what report they bore to Heav*n.
All nature is but art, unknown to thee ;
All chance, direction which thou canst not see ;
All discord, harmony not understood ;
All partial evil, universal good.
« IS PARSING- «0*
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\
VM ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PART VI.
EXERCISES IN PROSODY.
1. Of how many parts does Prosody consi
2. What is Accent?
3. What is Quantity?
4. What is Emphasis ?
5. What are Pauses ?
6. In what do Tones consist?
7. What is the difference between Prose
Poetry?
8. How many Verses form a Couplet ?
9. What is a Stanza ?
10. What is the difference between lam
Trochaic, Anapaestic, and Dactylic verse ?
11. Name the metre which is used in the
lowing verses, and divide them into their pro
feet
Dftughter of Jove, relentless pow*r.
Thou tamer of the \iumaxi\n«N*^
Whose iron scourge sjoiSl tott' Aii%\Msat
The bad affTight« affiict ^ft^>wX\,
EXERCISES IN PROSOPY. 205
Bound in thy adamantine chain.
The proud are taught to taste of pain ;
And purple tyrants vainly groan
With pangs unfelt before, unpitied and alone.
By the streams that ever flow.
By the fragrant winds that blow
0*er th* Elysian fiow*rs ;
By those happy souls who dwell
In yellow meads of Asphodel,
Or Amaranthine bow*rs :
By the heroes* armed shades,
Glittering through the gloomy glades ;
By the youths that dy*d for love.
Wandering in the myrtle grove.
Restore, restore Eurydice to life ;
O take the husband, or return the wife I
The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold.
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold ;
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea.
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.
Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green.
That host with their banners at sunset were seen :
Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath blown.
That host on the morrow lay withered and strown.
For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast.
And breathed in the fiice of the foe as he pass'd ;
And the eyes of the sleepers wax'd deadly and chill.
And their hearts but once heav'd, and for ever grew stilL
And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide.
But through it there roll*d not the breath oCKU \(tvdi&\
And the foam of his gasping lay wYiolb^ on V2Q&\?aa^
And cold as the spray of the TOcVAyesJCvA^ «s>^
T
206 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
And there lay the rider distorted and pale,
With the dev on his brow, and the rust on his mail ;
And the tents were all silent, the banners alone.
The lanoes unlifted, the trumpet unblown.
And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail.
And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal ;
And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword.
Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord.
Send her rictorious,
Happy and glorious.
Long to reign over us,
God save the Queen !
Sound an alarm to the slaves of a tyranny !
Let the defender of liberty rise i
207
PART VII.
EXSRCISES IN PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.
COMMA.
The tutor by instruction and discipline/ lays
the foundation of the pupil's future honour.
Self-conceit^ presumption, and obstinacy, blast
the prospect of many a youth.
Deliberate slowly^ execute promptly.
To live soberly righteously .and piously com-
prehends the whole of our duty.
The path of piety and virtue pursued with a
firm and constant spirit will assuredly lead to
happiness.
Continue my dear child to make virtue the
principal study.
Peace of mind being secured we may smile at
misfortunes.
He who is a stranger to industry may possess
but he cannot enjoy*
Beware of those rash and dangerous con-
T 2
5S08 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
nexions which mav afterwards load thee with dis-
V
honour
SEMICOLON.
The path of truth is a plain and a safe path *
that of falsehood is a perplexing maze.
Modesty is one of the chief ornaments of
youth and has ever been esteemed a presage of
rising merit.
Heaven is the region of gentleness and friend-
ship, hell of fierceness and animosity.
COLON.
Often is the smile of gaiety assumed whilst
the heart aches within ^though folly may laugh
guilt will sting.
There is no mortal truly wise and restless at
the same time wisdom is the repose of minds.
PERIOD.
We ruin the happiness of life when we attempt
to raise it too high a tolerable and comfortable
state is all that we can propose to ourselves on
earth peace and contentment not bliss nor trans-
port are the full portion of man perfect joy is
reserved for heaven.
EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION, ETC. 209
INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION.
!*o lie down on the pillow after a day spent in
iperance in beneficence and in piety how
let it is
Ve wait till to-morow to be happy alas why
to-day shall we be younger are we sure we
11 be healthier will our passions become
}ler and our love of the world less
To each his sufferings all are men
Condemn*d alike to groan
The tender for another's pain
Th* unfeeling for his own
Yet ah why should they know their fate
Since sorrow never comes too late
And happiness too swiftly flies
Thought would destroy their paradise
No more where ignorance is bliss
'Tis folly to be wise
Now the golden Mom aloft
Waves her dew-bespangled wing
With vermil cheek and whisper soft
She wooes the tardy Spring
Till April starts and calls around
The sleeping fragrance from the ground
And lightly o*er the living scene
Scatters his freshest tenderest green
New-born flocks in mstic dance
Frisking ply theb feeble feet
Forgetful of thcii wintry trance
The birds his presence greet
210 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
But chief the skylark warbles high
His trembling thrilling ecstasy
And lessening horn the dazzled sight
Melts into aiv and liquid light
Write the following paragraphs with the proper
stops and capitals: —
there were two very powerful tyrants engaged
in a perpetual war against each other the name
of the first was luxury and of the second avarice
the aim of each of them was no less than univer-
sal monarchy ovar the hearts of mankind luxury
had many generals under him who did him great
service as pleasure mirth pomp and fashion ava-
rice was likewise very strong in his officers being
faithfully served by hunger industry care «nd
watchfulness he had likewise a privy counsellor
who was always at his elbow and whispering
something or other in his ear the name of this
privy counsellor was poverty as avarice con-
ducted himself by the counsels of poverty his
antagonist was entirely guided by the dictates
and advice of plenty who was his first counsellor
and minister of state that concerted all his mea-
sures for him and never departed out of his
sjgbU
EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION, ETC. 211
the moon is in her summer glow
but hoarse and high the breezes blow
and racking o*er her face the cloud
varies the tincture of her shroud
on barnards towers and teess stream
she changes as a guilty dream ,
when conscience with remorse and fear
goads sleeping &ncy8 wild career
her light seem'd now the blush of shame
seemd now fierce angers darker flame
shifting that shade to come and go
like apprehensions hurried glow
then sorrows livery dims the «ir
and dies in darkness like despair
such varied hues the warder sees
reflected from the woodland tees
then from old baliols tower looks forth
sees the clouds mustering in the nortii
hears upon turret roof and wall
by fits the plashing rain drop fall
lists to the breezes boding sound
and wraps his shaggy mantle round
1 despaired at first said the corporal of being
able to bring back your honour any kind of in-
telligence concerning the poor sick lieutenant is
he in the army then said my uncle toby he is
said the corporal and in what regiment said my
uncle toby ill tell your honour replied the corpo-
ral everything straight forward as I learnt it
then trim ill fill another p\p^ m<\\S£^ ^<qs\!^^\sS^
and not interrupt thee tiW lYiQW. \«sX \q^^ ^^ "^^
212 ENGLISH GRAMMAl^.
down at thy ease trim in the window seat and
begin thy story again the corporal made his old
bow which generally spoke as plain as a bow
could speak it your honour is good and having
done that he sat down as he was ordered and
began the story to my uncle toby over again in
pretty nearly the same words
Divide the following poem into its verses, and
put the proper stops and capitals :^
vital spark of heavenly flame quit oh quit this
mortal frame trembling hoping lingering flying
oh the pain the bliss of dying cease fond nature
cease thy strife and let me languish into life hark
they whisper angels say sister spirit come away
what is this absorbs me quite steals my senses
shuts my sight drowns my spirits draws my breath
tell me my soul can this be death the world re-
cedes it disappears heaven opens on my eyes my
ears with sounds seraphic ring lend lend your
wings i mount i fly o grave where is thy victory
o death where is thy sting.
THE END.
Printed lay A.. Sw>Tnw«oo\>»,