What assessment findings would clue the nurse that the client is experiencing respiratory difficulties?

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Noisy Breathing Characteristics in Term Infants

TypeDefinitionCauses
StertorSonorous snoring sound, mid-pitched, monophonic, may transmit throughout airways, heard loudest with stethoscope near mouth and noseNasopharyngeal obstruction—nasal or airway secretions, congestion, choanal stenosis, enlarged or redundant upper airway tissue or tongue
StridorMusical, monophonic, audible breath sound. Typically high-pitched. Types: Inspiratory (above the vocal cords), biphasic (at the glottis or subglottis), or expiratory (lower trachea)Laryngeal obstruction—laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, vascular ring, papillomatosis, foreign body
WheezingHigh-pitched, whistling sound, typically expiratory, polyphonic, loudest in chestLower airway obstruction—MAS, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
GruntingLow- or mid-pitched, expiratory sound caused by sudden closure of the glottis during expiration in an attempt to maintain FRCCompensatory symptom for poor pulmonary compliance—TTN, RDS, pneumonia, atelectasis, congenital lung malformation or hypoplasia, pleural effusion, pneumothorax