The MLA format requires that you use which of the following methods of in-text citation

Citing sources no longer means endnotes or footnotes. It is a simple way of noting that you are borrowing an author's words or ideas by inserting a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in your paper that includes the author's last name and the page reference:

"It is vital for a designer to learn to see each element as a shape as well as a signifier of meaning" (White 39).

When the reader sees this reference to White, they know to refer to the Works Cited portion of the paper to find the complete bibliographic citation.

Paraphrasing:

The overuse of quotations may take away from the style or presentation of your essay; therefore, you may want to paraphrase the content or put the ideas of an author into your own words.  If you are paraphrasing, you need to cite the author and include a page number, but do not use quotation marks.

Citing Web Sites:

For web sites or other electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, you may simply cite the entire work or include a reference to the work in the text of your essay.  If the paragraphs are numbered, you may also cite the relevant paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation par., e.g. (Society of Graphic Designers of Canada, par. 4). If the author's name precedes the paragraph number in the citation, follow the name with a comma. Do not include unnumbered paragraphs.

Source: Modern Language Association. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009.

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Information required for a book referencce includes:

• Author(s) and/or editor(s)
• Title and subtitle
• Edition
• City of publication (for unfamiliar publishers)
• Publisher
• Year of publication
• Page numbers for quotes from the author

Examples of References:

One Author and Edition other than the First:

White, Alex W. The Elements of Graphic Design: Space, Unity, Page Architecture, and Type. 2nd ed., Allworth, 2011.

Two Authors:

Heller, Steven, and Veronqiue Vienne. Becoming a Graphic and Digital Designer: A Guide for Careers in Design. Wiley, 2015.

More Than Two Authors (Unfamiliar Publisher):

Cullen, Cheryl Dangel, et al. Graphic Design that Works: Secrets for Successful Logo, Magazine, Brochure, Promotion, and Identity Design. Gloucester, MA: Rockport, 2006.

Editor:

Bos, Ben, and Elly Bos, editors. AGI: Graphic Design since 1950. Thames & Hudson, 2007.

Chapter from a Book:

Thevarasa, Kanish A. "Administering a Design Consultancy."  The Business of Graphic Design: A Professional's Handbook, edited by Hilary Ashworth. Assoc. of Registered Graphic Designers of Ontario, 2001, pp. 75-96.

Examples of In-Text istereditations:

According to Alex White, a designer should "see each element as a shape as well as a signifier of meaning" (39).

Thevarasa states that one of the first steps to becoming a design consultant is "deciding if you have the right skills and temperament" (75).

"Today, creatives are breaking the norm and seeking outlets outside their identity when it comes to production" (Cullen et al., 190).

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 Information required for an article referencce includes:

• Author(s)
• Title and subtitle of article
• Title of journal, magazine, or newspaper
• Volume and issue number of journal
• Year of publication for journal
• Date (month, day, year) for magazine or newspaper
• Page numbers for article
• Medium of publication

Examples of References:

One Author (Journal Article):

Daichendt, G. James. "The Bauhaus Artist-Teacher: Walter Gropius's Philosophy of Art Education." Teaching Artist Journal, vol. 8, no. 3,  July-Sept. 2010, pp. 157-64.

More than Two Authors (Journal Article):

Wilkins, Arnold, et al. "Typography for Children May Be Inappropriately Designed." Journal of Research in Reading, vol. 32, no. 4, Nov. 2009: pp. 402-12.

Magazine Article:

Osterer, Irv. "Expressive TyPOgraPHy." Arts & Activities, vol. 151, no. 2, Mar. 2012, p. 39.

Newspaper Article (No Author's Name Provided):

"A Letter Home? Designer's Font of Knowledge Is a Break from Type Casting." Hamilton Spectator, 10 Sep. 2010, p. G09.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

According to Wilkins et al., most of the type faces used for children are sans serif (402).

As its first director and intellectual leader, Gropius influenced the Bauhaus school perhaps more than any other individual (Daichendt 157).

Typographical play is an integral part of the education of young communication and design professionals (Osterer).

Numbers and letters are the latest trend in decorative items, dishware and home furnishings ("Letter Home").

An in-text citation is the brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work. It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in your reference list. The brief form usually consists of:

• family name of the author(s), and
• year of publication.

In-text citations will look the same, regardless of whether you're referencing a journal article, a report, or a video.

For a brief (4-minute) introduction to in-text referencing, view the video below:

Please note that the closed captions might obscure some of the detail in this video. If viewing the video with subtitles, we recommend you click on the diagonal arrow on the video toolbar to watch the video in Panopto.

In-text citations can either be in parenthetical form, or have part of the citation included in the narrative of your work:

Parenthetical citation

The general form is (Author, date), within parentheses. Parenthetical citation is also known as information-prominent citation: it is used to emphasise the information being cited.

A parenthetical citation should directly follow the idea being cited. Include it within the punctuation of the sentence. For instance:

... as has been shown in a recent study (Mihrshahi & Baur, 2018), and discussed at length in the literature in years past (Smith, 2007).

Narrative citation

You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work, but you must include both the author and the date of the work you wish to cite within the body of your text. There are multiple ways to include a citation within the narrative. Here are two examples:

Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .

In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .

Narrative citation is also known as author-prominent citation. Narrative citations place more emphasis on the author of the work you are using. This type of citation can introduce some variety into your writing, and will sound more natural in an oral presentation than a citation at the end of the sentence. However, it does require more skill to use clearly.

Academic Skills Essentials has tip sheets and tutorials on writing clearly and appropriately in a variety of academic writing genres, and on integrating others' ideas into your work with appropriate attribution.

• If the work you are citing has one or two authors, include them in your citation every time. Separate two authors with an ampersand (&) in parenthetical citations, but write out the word 'and' if discussing the work in-text.
• If the work has 3 or more authors, your brief in-text citation will give only the family name of the first author, followed by "et al." (which means "and others").
• If the author is a company, government organisation, or other group, use the full name in your citation.
• If you have multiple authors with the same name or no author, click on the appropriate question under In-Text Citations: Advanced below.

APA 7 Tutorial: Citing References in Text

Learn how to cite references in the text, including basic in-text citation formats, citing multiple works, achieving clarity, and formatting in-text citations with missing author and/or date information.

Academic Writer, © 2020 American Psychological Association.

Direct quotations

If you are including a word-for-word quote from another work, you must enclose the quote in quotation marks and add the page number or numbers to your citation. For electronic sources where there is no page number, use the paragraph number or section heading.

You may also optionally include a page or paragraph number when it would help the reader locate the relevant information in a long or complex text, even when you have paraphrased instead of quoting. Note: Some Schools prefer that you only provide a page number for a quotation, so check with your lecturer to understand their preference.

 If your quote spans more than one page in the source, use the abbreviation "pp." instead of "p.":

(Pitcan et al., 2018, pp. 170-171).

To cite information from a work with no page numbers, click on "How do you cite a specific part of a text?" below.

For quotations with 40 or more words, the formatting of both the quotation and the citation are slightly different. The quotation is offset from your text, and the punctuation of the quote comes before the in-text citation.

Example:

Social media users will share different types of content on different sites, often basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site will react.

Many participants curated a respectable online presence by avoiding sexual innuendo and censoring opinions on controversial topics. Aviva was “very wary about the things [she] puts online.” . . . She described her online self as a different “form.” She chose to present a fragment of herself, because certain facets of her being would be unacceptable to her imagined audience. (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. 170)

Note the ellipsis (. . .) in the quote above. This indicates that some text from the original work was omitted for this quotation. For more information on quotations in APA 7th style, refer to Sections 8.25 - 8.36 in the Publication Manual, the APA Style website here, or the tutorial below.

APA 7 Tutorial: Direct Quotations and Paraphrases

Learn how to cite and format direct quotations, including short quotations and block quotations; make and indicate changes to quotations; and cite paraphrased material.

Academic Writer, © 2020 American Psychological Association.