Sample Dilution Laboratory Ware Dilutions play a crucial role in quantitative estimations. The concentration of the analyte whenever high requires a single or multi stage dilution before estimation. Similarly dilutions are essential for preparing standard solutions for generation of calibration plots. In this article critical concepts on dilutions are clarified with illustrative calculations, along with the explanation of “how to prepare 100 ppm solution.” Thus, you won’t have any doubts regarding the topic. But before moving on to the critical role of dilutions in quantitative estimations, you must first see what exactly dilution is and what is its general purpose. This information will further help you understand the concept of dilution better. What Is Dilution?A mixture in chemistry consists of two parts: a solvent and a solute. Dilution simply means adding more solvent to the solution so that it decreases the concentration of the solute. This way, the amount of solute remains the same, while the total sample volume increases. For example, you can add more water to sugar syrup to dilute it and reduce the strength of sugar in the entire mixture. The technique comes in handy when you have to deal with unknown substances. The concentration of a solution is usually stated in terms of mass percentage, molarity, molality, mole fraction, or normality. Hence, you have to take care of what unit you have taken, initially while diluting the mixture. The same has to be maintained throughout the process to obtain accurate results. The two significant benefits obtained by diluting a sample are:
All in all, we can conclude that quantitative estimations become more comfortable and accurate with the help of dilution. It is incredibly crucial to perform dilution because most of the chemical components are found in high concentrations. Using them as they are won’t provide you with the correct results of the analysis. Now, let’s move on to ppm solution preparation, along with an example of the same. Volume or Weight RequirementBefore you start any quantitative estimation you have to do elementary calculations to arrive at weight or volume requirements of standards.For this purpose, you will first have to learn how to make ppm solution from the given sample. Example – weight requirement What weight of sodium chloride is required to make 100 ppm of sodium ion solution from NaCl standard? SolutionFormula weight of NaCl = 23+35.5 = 58.5 23 g of Na is present in 58.5 g of NaCl Therefore, 1 g of Na is present in 58.5/23 = 2.5 g of NaCl 1 ppm solution will contain 1 mg or 0.001 g Na/liter of solution Therefore 100 ppm solution will contain 100 mg or 0.1 g Na / per litre of solution 1 g of Na is present in 2.5 g NaCl Therefore 0.1 g of Na is present in 2.5/1.0 X 0.1 = 0.25 g of NaCl Thus 0.25 g of NaCl dissolved in 1 L volume will give rise to 100 ppm Na solution. Now, you know how to prepare a 100 ppm solution for Na. Example – volume requirements You have 1000 ppm Ca standard solution. How would you proceed to make 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm solutions SolutionThe basic relationship for dilutions is C1 x V1 = C2 x V2 where C1 is initial concentration of standard solution (1000 ppm) V1 is the volume of stock solution(1ml) to be diluted to get 100 ml of 10 ppm solution C2 will be 1, 2, 5 or 10 ppm for respective dilution standards V2 will be final volume of standards obtained after completion of dilutions The individual dilutions calculations are illustrated below: Stage – 1 1000 ppm standard to 100 ppm (10 fold dilution) 1.0 X 1000 ppm = V2 X 100 ppm V2 = 1 X 1000 /100 = 10 ml It means, for 10 ppm solution preparation from the given 1000 ppm, you will have to increase the volume to 10 ml. Stage – 2 dilutions of 100 ppm to 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm concentrations using 10 ml volumetric flasks 100X V (10 ppm) = 10 X 10 V (10 ppm) = 10 X 10 / 100 = 1ml 100 X V (5ppm ) = 5 X 10 V (5ppm) = 5 X10 / 100 = 0.5 ml 100X V(2 ppm) = 2 X10 V (2 ppm) = 2X10 / 100 = 0.2 ml 100X V(1 ppm) = 1 X 10 V (1 ppm) = 1 X10 /100 = 0.1 ml The above dilutions stages are illustrated in the video. So you can conveniently understand the process and perform it according to the requirements. Suggested precautions for dilutions. These will help you perform the process without any mistakes. This way, you will be able to conduct the desired ppm solution preparation calculation.
Remember that the quality of your estimations in terms of accuracy and precision is in direct proportion to the care taken at each stage of serial dilution. Error at any stage gets multiplied in subsequent stages so utmost care should be exercised during dilutions operations. Otherwise, the results won’t be correct, and the process will have to be conducted again. More Analytical Chemistry Interview Questions
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